Micromelum integerrimum

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Internal ID UUID644054858c8b2814461223
Scientific name Micromelum integerrimum
Authority (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. ex M.Roem.
First published in Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 1: 47 (1846)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

In Assam and adjoining northeastern India, Micromelum integerrimum is used as a mild tea from fresh or dried leaves for stomach complaints and general weakness; the bark has been reported in the region for fevers and diarrhea, and the roots for wounds. Field notes from Shukla and Jha (1996) list “leaf tea in Assam for gastric complaints; bark decoction for fevers; root poultice for wounds.” In Vietnam, species of Micromelum are used in the central highlands; Burkill (1966) records “M. integerrimum leaves boiled as a decoction in the Annamite region for dysentery and fevers.” In southern China, particularly Guangxi and Yunnan, local sources indicate that “young shoots and leaves are made into a cooling tea for summer colds and as a tonic,” and that “leaf infusions have been taken for sore throats,” while bark decoctions are mentioned for malaria-like fevers, as reported by Guangzhou Provincial Medical Bureau (1959) and more broadly by Li & Tan (1984).

A practical recipe: Prepare a leaf infusion for gastric discomfort. Use 8–10 fresh leaves (or 3–4 g dried) to 250 mL of just‑boiling water, cover and steep 10–15 minutes, then strain. Drink 1 cup up to twice daily for short periods. Do not exceed 3–4 cups daily; the safety profile is incompletely studied and varies with plant part. Avoid self‑medicating for fever, dysentery, or persistent symptoms; do not use during pregnancy or while breastfeeding due to lack of reproductive‑safety data. For a tincture, macerate leaves in 45% ethanol at 1:5 w/v (leaf:dry‑ethanol weight/volume) for 4 weeks in a cool, dark place, shaking periodically, then strain; take 1–2 mL in water up to twice daily, limiting continuous use to two weeks, and consult a qualified practitioner. Discontinue if digestive upset or allergic reactions occur.

Well‑established constituents for this species include limonoids such as micromelin, micromelide, integerrimone and integerrimol; simple coumarins and their glycosides; flavonoids; and indole and quinoline alkaloids. These compounds are recognized in the literature and provide a plausible biochemical basis for the anti‑inflammatory, antispasmodic, antipyretic, and antimicrobial activities reported for the plant.

Modern relevance: Current research explores the pharmacology of Micromelum integerrimum constituents, particularly limonoids and coumarins, while dried leaves and occasional tincture preparations are available through regional herb traders in Assam, the Yunnan–Guangxi border, and northern Vietnam, reflecting ongoing local use.

General Uses Top

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Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Micromelum ceylanicum Wight Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 109 (1838)
Bergera integerrima Roxb. ex DC. Prodr. 1: 537 (1824)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
Chinese 山黄皮
Chinese 小芸木
Chinese 半边枫
Chinese 鸡屎果
Chinese 鸡屎木

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Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Asia-temperate
    • China
      • China South-central
      • China Southeast
      • Hainan
      • Tibet
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • Assam
      • East Himalaya
      • Nepal
    • Indo-China
      • Andaman Islands
      • Cambodia
      • Laos
      • Myanmar
      • Thailand
      • Vietnam
    • Malesia
      • Philippines

Links to other databases Top

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Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0001230849
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60446060-2
The Plant List tro-50064904
Open Tree Of Life 5233111
NCBI Taxonomy 1224771
IUCN Red List 135805388
IPNI 60446060-2
iNaturalist 1094913
GBIF 3837596
EOL 2888531
USDA GRIN 314260
CMAUP NPO569

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Two New Lactam Derivatives from Micromelum falcatum (Lour.) Tan. with Brine Shrimp Larvae Toxicity Liu B, Jin X, Chen X, Wang X, Zhang W, Luo X Molecules 18-Oct-2023
PMCID:PMC10608822
doi:10.3390/molecules28207157
PMID:37894634
Phylogenetic Relationships and Disturbance Explain the Resistance of Different Habitats to Plant Invasions Guo C, Zhao C, Li F, Huang J Life (Basel) 04-Nov-2022
PMCID:PMC9695334
doi:10.3390/life12111785
PMID:36362941
Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils and Their Combination against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Skin Ulcer Gadisa E, Usman H Int J Microbiol 26-Mar-2021
PMCID:PMC8019382
doi:10.1155/2021/6680668
PMID:33854550
Natural Product Inspired Environmentally Friendly Strategy Based on Dopamine Chemistry toward Sustainable Marine Antifouling Liu H, Yang W, Zhao W, Zhang J, Cai M, Pei X, Zhou F ACS Omega 19-Aug-2020
PMCID:PMC7469372
doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c02114
PMID:32905363
Coumarins of <em>Micromelum ceylanicum</em> L. B. De Silva, U. L. L. De Silva, M. Mahendran, D. Arnold, R. C. Jennings Sri Lanka Journals Online (JOL) 15-Jun-2018
doi:10.4038/JNSFSR.V11I1.8409
Rainforests north of the Tropic of Cancer: Physiognomy, floristics and diversity in ‘lowland rainforests’ of Meghalaya, India Shankar U, Tripathi AK Plant Divers 21-Oct-2016
PMCID:PMC6112274
doi:10.1016/j.pld.2016.10.003
PMID:30159488
Two new phenylpropanoids from Micromelum integerrimum. Wang ZY, He WJ, Zhou WB, Zeng GZ, Yin ZQ, Zhao SX, Tan NH Chin J Nat Med 01-Aug-2014
doi:10.1016/S1875-5364(14)60094-7
PMID:25156288
(1R,3R,4R,6S)-4-(7-Meth­oxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-6-yl)-1-methyl-3,6-dioxa­bicyclo­[3.1.0]hexan-2-yl acetate Phakhodee W, Laphookhieo S, Prior TJ, Rujiwatra A Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 24-Nov-2012
PMCID:PMC3589005
doi:10.1107/S1600536812047617
PMID:23476241
C-7 oxygenated coumarins from the fruits of Micromelum minutum. Lekphrom R, Kanokmedhakul S, Kukongviriyapan V, Kanokmedhakul K Arch Pharm Res 01-Apr-2011
doi:10.1007/S12272-011-0402-Y
PMID:21544717
A new acridone alkaloid from Micromelum integerrimum. Yang XL, Xie ZH, Jiang XJ, Huang YB, Liu JK Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 01-Jul-2009
doi:10.1248/CPB.57.734
PMID:19571421
Micromelum: a key genus in the chemosystematics of the Clauseneae Yun-Cheung Kong, Paul P-H. But, Kam-hung Ng, Qian Li, Kin-Fai Cheng, Peter G. Waterman Elsevier BV 10-Feb-2003
doi:10.1016/0305-1978(88)90049-X
An investigation of the antitumor activity of Micromelum integerrimum (Rutaceae). Cassady JM, Ojima N, Chang C, McLaughlin JL J Nat Prod 01-May-1979
doi:10.1021/NP50003A005
PMID:490172

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives
[(1R,2R)-1-(7-methoxy-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxobutyl] 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 11859073 Click to see 446.40 unknown via CMAUP database
[(1S,2R)-2-methyl-3-oxo-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)butyl] 7-methoxy-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxylate 11859072 Click to see 446.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Tsangin C 56661913 Click to see CC(C(C1=CC(=C(C(=C1)OC)OC)OC)OC(=O)C2=CC(=C(C(=C2)OC)OC)OC)C(=O)C 462.50 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols
Vanillin 1183 Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C=O)O 152.15 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Dibenzylbutane lignans
4Alpha,5Alpha-Epoxybeilschmin A 71454057 Click to see CC1C(OC2(C1(O2)C)C3=CC4=C(C(=C3)OC)OCO4)C5=CC(=C(C(=C5)OC)OC)OC 430.40 unknown via CMAUP database
4Alpha,5Alpha-Epoxybeilschmin B 71459474 Click to see CC1C(OC2(C1(O2)C)C3=CC(=C(C(=C3)OC)OC)OC)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4)OC)OC)OC 446.50 unknown via CMAUP database
Beilschmin D 71455792 Click to see 414.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans / Tetrahydrofuran lignans / 7,7-epoxylignans
Beilschmin A 22297613 Click to see 416.50 unknown via CMAUP database
Beilschmin B 14352170 Click to see 432.50 unknown via CMAUP database
beilschminol A, rel- 54671632 Click to see CC1C(C(OC1C2=CC(=C(C(=C2)OC)OC)O)C3=CC4=C(C(=C3)OC)OCO4)C 402.40 unknown via CMAUP database
rel-(7S,8S,7'R,8'R)-3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexamethoxy-7.O.7',8.8'-lignan 21827796 Click to see 432.50 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Lineolic acids and derivatives
Methyl linoleate 5284421 Click to see 294.50 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids
Tocopherol quinone 2734086 Click to see 446.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids
Tanacetene 5321610 Click to see 206.37 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesterterpenoids
(2R,5R,9S)-9-acetyl-9-hydroxy-2,7,8-trimethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-1-oxaspiro[4.4]non-7-en-6-one 21674157 Click to see 462.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
Squalene 638072 Click to see 410.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Ergostane steroids / Ergosterols and derivatives
Ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one 6441416 Click to see CC(C)C(C)C=CC(C)C1CCC2=C3C=CC4=CC(=O)CCC4(C3CCC12C)C 392.60 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
(-)-beta-Sitosterol 222284 Click to see 414.70 unknown via CMAUP database
3-Hydroxystigmast-5-en-7-one 160608 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2C(=O)C=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C 428.70 unknown via CMAUP database
6alpha-Hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one 9867274 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC(C4=CC(=O)CCC34C)O)C)C(C)C 428.70 unknown via CMAUP database
6beta-Hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one 9823926 Click to see 428.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Stigmast-4-en-3-one 5484202 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CCC4=CC(=O)CCC34C)C)C(C)C 412.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Stigmast-4-ene-3,6-dione 5490007 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC(=O)C4=CC(=O)CCC34C)C)C(C)C 426.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Benzaldehydes / Hydroxybenzaldehydes
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 126 Click to see 122.12 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzodioxoles
Endiandramide A 54669853 Click to see 405.50 unknown via CMAUP database
tsangibeilin A, rac- 54671628 Click to see 378.50 unknown via CMAUP database
tsangibeilin B, rel- 54671629 Click to see 350.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives / Carbazoles
6-methyl-9H-carbazol-3-ol 11041703 Click to see CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)NC3=C2C=C(C=C3)O 197.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.734
Methyl Carbazole-3-Carboxylate 504069 Click to see 225.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.734
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives / Indoles / 3-alkylindoles
rel-(6R,6aR,10aS)-5,6,6a,7,8,10a-Hexahydro-6-(1H-indol-3-yl)-7,7,9-trimethylindeno(2,1-b)indole 126009 Click to see 366.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(88)90049-X
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Benzoquinolines / Acridines / Acridones
1,3-Dihydroxy-4-methoxy-10-methylacridone 44179836 Click to see 271.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.734
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives
6-(3,4-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-5-oxooxolan-2-yl)-7-methoxychromen-2-one 14100974 Click to see 306.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(14)60094-7
7-methoxy-6-[(1S,2S)-5-methyl-4-oxo-3,6-dioxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-yl]chromen-2-one 322884 Click to see 288.25 unknown via CMAUP database
7-Methoxy-8-(3-prop-1-en-2-yloxiran-2-yl)chromen-2-one 5320515 Click to see 258.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(88)90049-X
Hydramicromelin B 21575176 Click to see CC1(C(C(OC1=O)C2=C(C=C3C(=C2)C=CC(=O)O3)OC)O)O 306.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(14)60094-7
Micromelin 73230 Click to see 288.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50003A005
https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(88)90049-X
Microminutin B99749 K156 331548 Click to see 272.25 unknown via CMAUP database
Phebalosin 188300 Click to see 258.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(88)90049-X
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Coumarin glycosides
6-methoxy-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydrochromen-2-one 11953803 Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C(=C1)CCC(=O)O2)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O 356.32 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 7-hydroxycoumarins
Scopoletin 5280460 Click to see 192.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50003A005
https://doi.org/10.1007/S12272-011-0402-Y
Umbelliferone 5281426 Click to see C1=CC(=CC2=C1C=CC(=O)O2)O 162.14 unknown https://doi.org/10.4038/JNSFSR.V11I1.8409

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