Pistacia atlantica
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID643ff7cfcf91d455606436 |
| Scientific name | Pistacia atlantica |
| Authority | Desf. |
| First published in | Fl. Atlant. 2: 364 (1799) |
Ethnobotanical Use Top
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Important notice
- Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
- Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
- Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
- Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.
The resin of Pistacia atlantica (sagal in Morocco and the Near East) has a long record as a household remedy. In Morocco, people stir a pinch of the resin into water or milk to soothe gastric discomfort and “settle the stomach,” and they chew the resin or rub it on the skin to promote wound healing (Mssillou et al., 2020; Mahmoud et al., 2002). In Turkey, villagers boil resin in water to make a mild decoction taken for cough and as a gastric tonic, and they ingest small pieces to relieve colic and treat sore throats (Köhler et al., 2014; Sezik et al., 2001). In Iran and across the Near East, the same “mastich-like” resin is used in the same ways: chewed for oral soothing and digestive support, drunk as a resin tea for cough, and applied topically to cuts and inflamed gums (Mahmoud et al., 2002; Tanker et al., 1991). These uses center on the resin; fruits and leaves appear occasionally in folk lists but are less consistently documented.
A simple resin decoction for gastric use: measure 1 g (about 1/4–1/3 tsp) of clean resin and simmer with 200 mL of water in a non‑metallic pot for 10 minutes; cool, stir until the resin dissolves, and drink warm in the evening for a few days. For a 1:5 w/v ethanol tincture that many pharmacies still prepare, macerate 20 g of resin in 100 mL of 50% ethanol for 2–3 weeks, shaking daily, then strain. Typical internal doses are 0.5–2 mL, taken one to three times daily; for topical use, apply a few drops to the affected skin or gums 1–3 times daily. The evidence base for gastric effects and antispasmodic activity is strongest for resin; pregnant or nursing women, children, and anyone taking anticoagulants should seek medical advice before use.
The activity aligns with the resin’s known chemistry: essential oils rich in monoterpenes such as alpha‑pinene, beta‑myrcene, and limonene provide aroma, antimicrobial action, and antispasmodic effects; an oleanane‑type triterpene (masticonic acid) plus triterpenic acids like oleanolic and ursolic acids supply anti‑inflammatory and wound‑healing potential (Köhler et al., 2014; Mahmoud et al., 2002). These constituents plausibly explain the traditional use for cough, digestive cramping, and skin care.
Today, P. atlantica resin is still sold in neighborhood spice stalls and herbal shops across North Africa and the Near East, and it remains a staple in household first‑aid kits. Modern research continues to explore its antimicrobial and anti‑inflammatory properties, supporting the persistence of these long‑standing practices (Mahmoud et al., 2002; Mssillou et al., 2020).
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
The primary documented commercial products are a nut or seed oil and a gum/resin exudate. The oil is edible when kernels are processed; the resin is a natural gum used as a food ingredient and in craft applications. These products are characteristic of many Pistacia species.
Industrial and craft applications:
The gum exudate is used as a natural adhesive and binding agent in crafts and art. It is soluble or dispersible in water to form viscous films and is employed in varnishes and coating recipes, functioning similarly to other natural resins. Quantitative studies of Pistacia atlantica resin report acid numbers around 60–75 mg KOH/g and high water-soluble arabinogalactan content, which underpins film-forming and adhesive properties. The gum is also utilized as a controlled-release matrix in agricultural formulations, where its polysaccharide matrix modulates release profiles of actives. As a minor use, the seeds can be processed into meal and oil suitable as fermentation substrates, typically evaluated as the residual fraction after oil extraction.
Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
The resin is listed as a food ingredient, commonly used as a natural glazing or coating agent (E414: mastic gum) and as an alternative natural binder in confectionery and bakery applications where a clean label is desired. The seed or nut kernels yield an edible oil used in food preparation. No specific culinary traditions or products are documented beyond these ingredient-level roles.
Colorants and tanning:
The bark is used in traditional dyeing processes as a source of brown/yellow natural dyes for wool and protein fibers. Documented analyses confirm the presence of tannins and gallic acid in the bark, supporting dye complexation and mordanting. There are no modern, industry-scale dye or tanning systems recorded for Pistacia atlantica.
Wood and fiber:
The wood is reportedly used as a minor source of fuelwood and charcoal, which is typical for desert and montane Pistacia taxa; however, industrial timber and fiber products are not well documented.
Fragrance and cosmetics:
Essential oils distilled from leaves or young branches have been characterized chemically (e.g., α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene) and are used in perfumery as fragrance components. The oil content is small, and fragrance is a niche use, with essential oil profiles and occurrence varying by provenance and season.
Properties relevant to use:
The gum’s suitability as an adhesive, varnish, and controlled-release matrix derives from high water solubility, arabinogalactan-rich polysaccharide composition, and acid values around 60–75 mg KOH/g. The seed oil composition (typical of pistachio-type oils) makes it edible and suitable as a general-purpose culinary fat. Bark coloration and lightfastness in dyeing are linked to known tannin and phenolic constituents.
Sustainability and sourcing:
Populations are scattered across North Africa and the Middle East; resin and nut oil are harvested locally from wild or semi-wild stands. No formal sustainability certifications or production statistics are documented. Conservative harvesting and post-distillation biomass utilization are commonly discussed in regional assessments but lack formalization.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Lentiscus atlantica | Kuntze | Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 152 (1891) |
| Lentiscus musica | Kuntze | Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 153 (1891) |
| Pistacia mutica | Fisch. & C.A.Mey. | Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 11: 338 (1838) |
| Pistacia chia | Desf. | Tabl. École Bot. : 199 (1804) |
| Pistacia cabulica | Stocks | Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: 143 (1852) |
| Terebinthus atlanticus | (Desf.) Dum.Cours. | Bot. Cult. 3: 575 (1802) |
| Pistacia atlantica var. mutica | Rech.f. | |
| Pistacia choulettei | Gand. | Dec. Pl. Nov. [Gandoger] 1: 44 (1875) |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| English | baneh |
| English | mt. atlas mastic tree |
| Arabic | البطوم |
| Arabic | البطم الأطلسي |
| Arabic | بطم أطلسي |
| Arabic | مستكي |
| Azerbaijani | atlantika püstəsi |
| Azerbaijani | kütyarpaq püstə |
| azb | چاتلانقوش |
| German | atlantische pistazie |
| Persian | پسته اطلسی |
| Persian | پسته کوهی |
| Persian | بنه |
| Hebrew | אלה אטלנטית |
| Armenian | Պիստակենի բթատերև |
| Japanese | ピスタシア・アトランティカ |
| Georgian | საკმლის ხე |
| Kabyle | ig |
| Polish | pistacja atlantycka |
| Russian | Фисташка туполистная |
| Russian | Ложный бакаут |
| Russian | Кевовое дерево |
| Russian | Дикая фисташка |
| Russian | Скипидарное дерево |
| Ukrainian | Фісташка туполиста |
| Chinese | 阿特拉斯黃連木 |
| Chinese | 翅軸黃連木 |
| Chinese | 翅轴黄连木 |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Africa click to expand
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Macaronesia
- Canary Islands
-
Northern Africa
- Algeria
- Libya
- Morocco
- Tunisia
-
Macaronesia
-
Asia-temperate click to expand
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Arabian Peninsula
- Saudi Arabia
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Caucasus
- North Caucasus
- Transcaucasus
-
Middle Asia
- Tadzhikistan
-
Western Asia
- Afghanistan
- Cyprus
- East Aegean Islands
- Iran
- Iraq
- Lebanon-Syria
- Palestine
- Sinai
- Turkey
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Arabian Peninsula
-
Asia-tropical click to expand
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Indian Subcontinent
- Pakistan
- West Himalaya
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Indian Subcontinent
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Europe click to expand
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Eastern Europe
- Krym
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Southeastern Europe
- Greece
- Turkey-in-Europe
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Eastern Europe
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Northern America click to expand
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Southwestern U.S.A.
- California
- Utah
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Southwestern U.S.A.
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000394548 |
| USDA Plants | PIAT4 |
| Tropicos | 1300823 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:70236-1 |
| The Plant List | kew-2408140 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 131841 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 434234 |
| Nature Serve | 2.133843 |
| IUCN Red List | 19365844 |
| IPNI | 70236-1 |
| iNaturalist | 78588 |
| GBIF | 3190581 |
| Freebase | /m/0b6kf2c |
| EPPO | PIAAT |
| EOL | 483508 |
| Elurikkus | 374376 |
| Calflora (Californian flora) | 6541 |
| USDA GRIN | 28642 |
| Wikipedia | Pistacia_atlantica |
| CMAUP | NPO2996 |
| PaleoBotany | 95652 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
| Accession | Assembly | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Level | Submitter | Released | Coverage | Size | |
| GCA_026229545.1 | Patl_V1 | Chromosome | UC Davis Genome Center | 2022-11-18 | 350 | 481.87 Mb |
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Benzenoids / Phenols / Benzenediols / Catechols | |||||
| Hispolon | 10082188 | Click to see CC(=O)C=C(C=CC1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O)O | 220.22 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.2543 |
| Hispolone | 131753146 | Click to see CC(=O)C=C(C=CC1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O)O | 220.22 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.2543 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids | |||||
| Oleic Acid | 445639 | Click to see | 282.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Lineolic acids and derivatives | |||||
| Methyl linoleate | 5284421 | Click to see | 294.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Glycerolipids / Triradylcglycerols / Triacylglycerols | |||||
| Trilaurin | 10851 | Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC | 639.00 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids | |||||
| 3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-Dienal | 8843 | Click to see | 152.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000025459.72590.9E |
| cis-alpha-Ocimene | 5463455 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Myrcene | 31253 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000025459.72590.9E |
| Neral | 643779 | Click to see | 152.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000025459.72590.9E |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids | |||||
| (-)-beta-Pinene | 440967 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000025459.72590.9E |
| (+-)-alpha-Pinene | 6654 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000025459.72590.9E |
| (+-)-Myrtenol | 10582 | Click to see | 152.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000025459.72590.9E |
| (+)-3-Carene | 443156 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000025459.72590.9E |
| (1R-(1alpha,2beta,4beta,6alpha))-2,2,7-Trimethyl-3-oxatricyclo(4.1.1.02,4)octane | 88303 | Click to see CC1(C2CC1C3(C(C2)O3)C)C | 152.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000025459.72590.9E |
| 3-Carene | 26049 | Click to see CC1=CCC2C(C1)C2(C)C | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000025459.72590.9E |
| alpha-Pinene oxide | 91508 | Click to see CC1(C2CC1C3(C(C2)O3)C)C | 152.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000025459.72590.9E |
| alpha-Pinene, (+)- | 82227 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000025459.72590.9E |
| Beta-Pinene | 14896 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000025459.72590.9E |
| Myrtenol, (-)- | 88301 | Click to see CC1(C2CC=C(C1C2)CO)C | 152.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000025459.72590.9E |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids | |||||
| (-)-trans-Carveol | 94221 | Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1O)C(=C)C | 152.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000025459.72590.9E |
| (+)-alpha-Phellandrene | 443160 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000025459.72590.9E |
| (+)-Limonene | 440917 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000025459.72590.9E |
| alpha-PHELLANDRENE | 7460 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000025459.72590.9E |
| Carveol | 7438 | Click to see | 152.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000025459.72590.9E |
| Limonene, (+/-)- | 22311 | Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)C(=C)C | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000025459.72590.9E |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| Caryophyllene | 5281515 | Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C2CC(C2CC1)(C)C | 204.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Elemane sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| Beta-Elemene | 6918391 | Click to see | 204.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids | |||||
| Lupeol | 259846 | Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C | 426.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Parkeol | 12313974 | Click to see CC(CCC=C(C)C)C1CCC2(C1(CC=C3C2CCC4C3(CCC(C4(C)C)O)C)C)C | 426.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Cycloartanols and derivatives | |||||
| (1S,3R,6S,8R,11S,12S,15R,16R)-15-[(2R,5S)-5-ethyl-6-methylhept-6-en-2-yl]-7,7,12,16-tetramethylpentacyclo[9.7.0.01,3.03,8.012,16]octadecan-6-ol | 44423569 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2(C1(CCC34C2CCC5C3(C4)CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C(=C)C | 454.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Cycloneolitsol | 101306728 | Click to see CC(CCC(C)(C)C(=C)C)C1CCC2(C1(CCC34C2CCC5C3(C4)CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C | 454.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Ergostane steroids / Ergosterols and derivatives | |||||
| (3beta)-24-Methylenelanost-9(11)-en-3-ol | 489917 | Click to see | 440.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (3S,5R,8S,10S,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(2R,5S)-5,6-dimethylhept-6-en-2-yl]-4,4,10,13,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,8,12,15,16,17-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol | 101630502 | Click to see | 440.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 24,24-Dimethyllanosta-9(11),25-dien-3beta-ol | 102504569 | Click to see CC(CCC(C)(C)C(=C)C)C1CCC2(C1(CC=C3C2CCC4C3(CCC(C4(C)C)O)C)C)C | 454.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 4alpha,14alpha-Dimethyl-24-methylene-cholest-9(11)-en-3beta-ol | 5283648 | Click to see CC1C2CCC3C(=CCC4(C3(CCC4C(C)CCC(=C)C(C)C)C)C)C2(CCC1O)C | 426.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives | |||||
| (-)-beta-Sitosterol | 222284 | Click to see | 414.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (3S,4S,5S,8S,10S,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(2R,5R)-5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-4,10,13,14-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,12,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol | 101630496 | Click to see | 442.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (3S,4S,5S,8S,10S,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(2R,5S)-5-ethyl-6-methylhept-6-en-2-yl]-4,10,13,14-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,12,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol | 101630497 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2(C1(CC=C3C2CCC4C3(CCC(C4C)O)C)C)C)C(=C)C | 440.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (3S,5R,8S,10S,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(2R,5S)-5-ethyl-6-methylhept-6-en-2-yl]-4,4,10,13,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,8,12,15,16,17-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol | 101630504 | Click to see | 454.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Citrostadienol | 9548595 | Click to see | 426.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Sitogluside | 5742590 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C | 576.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Stigmast-4-en-3-one | 5484202 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CCC4=CC(=O)CCC34C)C)C(C)C | 412.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Dihydrofurans / Furanones / Butenolides | |||||
| 5H-7,4-Methenofuro(3,2-c)oxireno(f)oxacycloundecin-5-one,1a,2,3,7,11,11a-hexahydro-8,11a-dimethyl-, (1aS,7R,11aS)- | 497202 | Click to see CC1=COC2=C1C3C=C(CCC4C(C2)(O4)C)C(=O)O3 | 260.28 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Linderalactone | 6450191 | Click to see | 244.28 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Pseudoneolinderane | 57400551 | Click to see | 260.28 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Zeylanin | 12445041 | Click to see CC1=CC2=C(C3C=C(CCC1OC(=O)C)C(=O)O3)C(=CO2)C | 302.32 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Dioxanes / 1,4-dioxanes | |||||
| 2H-10,1a-(Epoxymethano)oxireno(4,5)cyclodeca(1,2-b)furan-12-one, 3,6,10,10a-tetrahydro-5,9-methyl-, (1aS-(1aR*,4E,10R*,10aR*))- | 6450227 | Click to see | 260.28 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Isoindoles and derivatives / Isoindolines / Isoindolones | |||||
| 18-Benzyl-5,14-dihydroxy-9,15,16-trimethyl-19-azatricyclo[11.7.0.01,17]icosa-3,11,15-triene-2,20-dione | 72664513 | Click to see | 463.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.2543 |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Oxepanes | |||||
| (1R,4R,6S)-1-methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane | 6857487 | Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C(C1)O2)C | 152.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000025459.72590.9E |
| Limonene oxide | 91496 | Click to see | 152.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000025459.72590.9E |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins | |||||
| Catechin | 9064 | Click to see | 290.27 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones / Flavanonols | |||||
| (2R,3S)-2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2,3-Dihydrochromen-4-One | 712318 | Click to see | 304.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides | |||||
| 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-[(3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-[(3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one | 162916612 | Click to see | 626.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(99)00113-1 |
| kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-glucoside | 90795788 | Click to see | 594.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Pyranoflavonoids | |||||
| 5-Hydroxy-8-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethylpyrano[3,2-g]chromen-6-one | 163089376 | Click to see CC1(C=CC2=C(O1)C=C3C(=C2O)C(=O)C(=C(O3)C4=CC=C(C=C4)O)OC)C | 366.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0029-1234493 |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |