Abelmoschus esculentus
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID644006376c555334335045 |
| Scientific name | Abelmoschus esculentus |
| Authority | Moench |
| First published in | Methodus : 617 (1794) |
Ethnobotanical Use Top
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Important notice
- Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
- Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
- Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
- Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.
In West Africa, particularly Nigeria and Ghana, the fresh or dried leaves of Abelmoschus esculentus are commonly prepared as a decoction for cough, fever and mild gastrointestinal upset. Burkill (1995) notes that the leaf decoction is taken hot and may be sweetened with honey. In India, the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (1999) records that a mild infusion of the young leaves is used as a demulcent for sore throat and cough, and the preparation is often taken warm with a pinch of rock‑salt. In the Caribbean, Roberts (2007) documents that a decoction of the mature pods is employed to alleviate dysentery and to calm irritated intestines; the brew is simmered for twenty minutes before the liquid is strained and drunk.
Among the Yoruba of southwestern Nigeria, Chukwu et al. (2016) report that fresh leaves are mashed into a paste with water and applied as a poultice to inflamed skin lesions, while a macerated leaf mixture is also used to reduce swelling after minor trauma. In the same region, a cold maceration of the pods is sometimes taken as a soothing drink for ulcer patients, though this use is less common than the leaf decoction.
To make a simple mild tea, place one loosely packed tablespoon (≈2 g) of dried okra leaves in a cup and pour 250 ml of just‑boiling water over them. Cover and steep for 10 minutes, then strain through a fine mesh. The resulting amber‑colored infusion has a slightly sweet, mucilaginous taste and can be drunk 1–2 times daily. As a food‑grade plant, okra leaf tea is generally safe, but large amounts may cause mild laxative effects due to the high mucilage content; pregnant women are advised to limit intake to modest amounts.
Scientific analyses of Abelmoschus esculentus identify mucilaginous polysaccharides—primarily rhamnogalacturonan I and II—alongside flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol, phenolic acids including caffeic acid, and modest amounts of vitamins A and C. These compounds collectively provide demulcent, anti‑inflammatory and antioxidant activity, which aligns with the traditional soothing uses described above. Recent pharmacological studies have shown that okra polysaccharides can modulate gut microbiota and improve glucose tolerance, fueling interest in its medicinal applications and prompting commercial production of dried okra leaf tea in specialty herbal markets worldwide.
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
Mature pods and immature seeds are consumed as a vegetable; immature seeds are also eaten fresh. Pods may be used fresh, frozen, canned, pickled, or dehydrated (slices, rings, flakes), and immature seeds can be roasted and ground to produce a flour.
Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
Pods contribute thickening and mouthfeel to soups and stews; this property is attributed to their neutral, water-soluble mucilaginous polysaccharides (galactomannan-rich). Immature seeds yield an edible oil with fatty-acid composition dominated by linoleic and oleic acids; the oil is suitable for cooking and frying. Roasted seed flour is used as a baking additive or coffee substitute/flavoring in blends, without health claims.
Properties relevant to use:
The mature pod mucilage exhibits high water solubility and viscosity, enabling it to function as a hydrocolloid thickener and stabilizer. The seed oil is distinguished by high linoleic and oleic levels and low saturated fatty acids, supporting its culinary utility.
Wood and fiber:
Small-diameter stems produce fiber suitable for paper-making, with technical pulping performance documented as a source of short-fiber kraft pulp.
Scientific/model-organism use:
The species is maintained in reference databases and used in genetics and breeding research, providing genomic resources for crop-improvement programs.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Abelmoschus bammia | Webb | Fragm. Fl. Aethiop.-Aegypt. : 48 (1854) |
| Abelmoschus longifolius | Kostel. | Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 5: 1859 (1936) |
| Abelmoschus officinalis | Endl. | Cat. Hort. Vindob. 2: 253 (1842) |
| Abelmoschus praecox | Sickenb. | Mém. Inst. Égypt. 4: 192 (1901) |
| Abelmoschus tuberculatus | Pal & Har B.Singh | Bot. Gaz. 113: 458 (1952) |
| Abelmoschus tuberculatus var. deltoidefolius | T.K.Paul & M.P.Nayar | Bull. Bot. Surv. India 24: 215 (1982 publ. 1983) |
| Hibiscus bammia | Tozzetti | Ann. Mus. Imp. Fis. Firenze 2: 57 (1810) |
| Hibiscus esculentus | L. | Sp. Pl. : 696 (1753) |
| Hibiscus ficifolius | Mill. | Gard. Dict. ed. 8 : n.º 15 (1768) |
| Hibiscus hispidissimus | A.Chev. | Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. xx. 326 (1940). |
| Hibiscus praecox | Forssk. | Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. : 125 (1775) |
| Hibiscus esculentus var. praecox | (Forssk.) A.Chev. | Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 20: 323. 1940 |
| Hibiscus esculentus var. textilis | A.Chev. | Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 20: 325. 1940 |
| Hibiscus longifolius | Willd. | Sp. Pl., ed. 4 , 3: 827 (1800) |
| Hibiscus esculentus var. elongatus | Berliand | Zemledel. Turtsiya [Zhukovsky] 562, 887. 1933 |
| Hibiscus esculentus var. vavilovii | Berliand | Zemledel. Turtsiya [Zhukovsky] 562, 887. 1933 |
| Hibiscus esculentus var. vulgaris | Berliand | Zemledel. Turtsiya [Zhukovsky] 562, 887. 1933 |
| Hibiscus esculentus var. zhukovskyi | Berliand | Zemledel. Turtsiya [Zhukovsky] 562, 887. 1933 |
| Abelmoschus praecox var. hispidus | Sickenb. | Mém. Inst. Égypt. 4: 192. 1901 |
| Abelmoschus praecox var. pubescens | Sickenb. | Mém. Inst. Égypt. 4: 192. 1901 |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| English | okra |
| English | ladyfinger |
| English | gumbo |
| English | ladies' finger / lady's finger |
| English | okra / ocra |
| English | okra plant |
| English | ladies' finger |
| English | lady's finger |
| English | ocra |
| Spanish | angu |
| Spanish | yambo |
| Spanish | gombo |
| Spanish | ocra |
| Spanish | naju |
| Spanish | bolondrón |
| Spanish | bombo |
| Spanish | okra |
| Spanish | gumbo |
| Spanish | calalú |
| Spanish | bamia |
| Spanish | nangu |
| Spanish | gambo |
| Spanish | abelmosco comestible |
| Spanish | aji turco |
| Spanish | ají turco |
| Spanish | bolondron |
| Spanish | bombó |
| Spanish | cafe del pais |
| Spanish | cafe del país |
| Spanish | café del pais |
| Spanish | café del país |
| Spanish | calalu |
| Spanish | chaucha turca |
| Spanish | chicombo |
| Spanish | chicombó |
| Spanish | chimbombo |
| Spanish | chumbombo |
| Spanish | chumbombó |
| Spanish | cocra |
| Spanish | gambó |
| Spanish | gombó |
| Spanish | guingambo |
| Spanish | guingambó |
| Spanish | guingombo |
| Spanish | guingombó |
| Spanish | gumbó |
| Spanish | jolocin |
| Spanish | jolocín |
| Spanish | molondron |
| Spanish | molondrón |
| Spanish | najú |
| Spanish | Ñaju |
| Spanish | Ñajú |
| Spanish | nangú |
| Spanish | Ñangu |
| Spanish | Ñangú |
| Spanish | quiabeiro |
| Spanish | quiabo |
| Spanish | quigombo |
| Spanish | quigombó |
| Spanish | quillobo |
| Spanish | quimbombo |
| Spanish | quimbombó |
| Spanish | quingambo |
| Spanish | quingombo |
| Spanish | quingombó |
| Spanish | semilla de culebra |
| Spanish | yambó |
| Spanish | yerba de culebra |
| Akan | nkruma |
| Amharic | ባሚያ |
| Arabic | باميا |
| Arabic | البامية |
| Arabic | بامي |
| Arabic | باميه |
| Arabic | بامية |
| Azerbaijani | bamiyə |
| azb | بامییه (بیتکی) |
| bcl | okra |
| Belarusian | бамія |
| Bulgarian | бамя |
| bho | भिण्डी |
| Bengali | ঢেড়শ |
| Bengali | ঢেঁড়স |
| Bengali | ঢেঁরস |
| Bengali | ভেন্ডি |
| Bengali | ঢেঁড়শ |
| Bosnian | bamija |
| Catalan | gombo |
| Catalan | okra |
| Catalan | gumbo |
| Catalan | ocro |
| Catalan | ocra |
| Czech | ibišek jedlý |
| Czech | okra |
| Czech | ibiškovec jedlý |
| Welsh | ocra |
| Danish | okra |
| dag | maani |
| German | okraschote |
| German | okra |
| dv | ބާމިޔާ |
| Greek | Μπάμιες |
| Greek | Μπάμια |
| Esperanto | gombo |
| Estonian | okra |
| Basque | okra |
| Persian | بامیه |
| Finnish | okra |
| French | okra |
| French | bahmia |
| French | calou en guyane |
| French | corne grecque |
| French | gombo |
| Galician | okra |
| Galician | quiabo |
| gom | ಬೆಂಡಾ |
| Gujarati | ભીંડો |
| Gujarati | ભીંડા |
| Hausa | kuɓewa |
| Hebrew | במיה |
| Hindi | ढेंड़स |
| Hindi | भिंडी |
| Hindi | रामतुरई |
| Hindi | भिण्डी |
| ht | kalalou |
| Hungarian | bámia |
| Hungarian | okra |
| Armenian | բամիա |
| iba | retak lendir |
| Indonesian | bendi |
| Igbo | osisi okro |
| ilo | okra |
| Icelandic | okra |
| Italian | gombo |
| Italian | okra |
| Italian | abelmosco commestibile |
| Italian | abelmosco esculento |
| Japanese | オクラ |
| Japanese | ネリ |
| Japanese | アメリカネリ |
| Japanese | 陸蓮根 |
| Japanese | okra |
| Japanese | 秋葵 |
| jv | bendi |
| Georgian | ბამი |
| kbp | manɩyɛ |
| kcg | kusat |
| Kazakh | Бамия |
| Kannada | ಬೆಂಡೆಕಾಯಿ |
| Kannada | ಬೆಂಡೆ |
| Korean | 오크라 |
| ks | بِھنڈی |
| ks | بِنڈی |
| ku | bamye |
| ln | dɔngɔ́dɔngɔ́ |
| Lithuanian | valgomoji ybiškė |
| Latvian | dāmu pirkstiņi |
| Latvian | Ēdamais hibisks |
| Latvian | okra |
| Latvian | bāmija |
| mai | भिन्डी |
| mcn | zúlnà |
| Malagasy | Ôkra |
| Macedonian | Бамја |
| Malayalam | okra |
| Malayalam | വെണ്ടക്ക |
| Malayalam | വെണ്ടയ്ക്ക |
| Malayalam | വെണ്ട |
| mos | maana |
| Marathi | रामतुरई |
| Marathi | भेंडी |
| mrj | Бами |
| Malay | pokok bendi |
| Malay | bendi |
| Malay | kacang arab |
| Malay | kacang bendi |
| Malay | kacang lendir |
| Burmese | ရုံးပတီပင် |
| nan | kak-tāu |
| Norwegian Bokmål | okra |
| Nepali | भिण्डी |
| Nepali | राम्-तोरियाँ |
| Nepali | रामतोरियाँ |
| Dutch | okra |
| Norwegian Nynorsk | okra |
| Oriya | ଭେଣ୍ଡି |
| Punjabi | ਭੀਂਡੀ |
| Punjabi | ਭਿੰਡੀ |
| Polish | okra |
| Polish | piżmian jadalny |
| Punjab | بھنڈی |
| Pashto | بېنډۍ |
| Portuguese | quiabo |
| Romanian | ocra |
| Romanian | bamie |
| Romanian | bamă |
| Russian | абельмош съедобный |
| Russian | гомбо |
| Russian | дамские пальчики |
| Russian | окра (растение) |
| Russian | бамия |
| sa | भिण्ड |
| sa | अस्रपत्त्रक |
| sa | करपर्ण |
| sa | क्षेत्रसम्भव |
| sa | चतुष्पुण्ड्र |
| sa | वृत्तबीज |
| sa | सुशाक |
| sa | भिण्डिः |
| sat | ᱰᱷᱮᱬᱚᱥ |
| sat | ᱵᱷᱩᱱᱰᱤ |
| sat | ᱵᱷᱮᱰᱣᱟ |
| sat | ᱵᱷᱮᱲᱣᱟ |
| sd | ڀيِنڊيِ |
| sd | ڀينڊي |
| Serbo-Croatian | bamija |
| Sinhala | බණ්ඩක්කා |
| Slovak | ibištek jedlý |
| skr | بھنڈی |
| Slovenian | okra |
| Slovenian | jedilni oslez |
| Slovenian | moškatni oslez |
| Slovenian | hibiscus abelmoschus |
| Slovenian | muškatni oslez |
| Shona | derere |
| Albanian | bamja |
| Serbian | bamija |
| su | bindi |
| Swedish | okra |
| Swahili | mbamia |
| Tamil | வெண்டிக்காய் |
| Tamil | வெண்டை |
| Tamil | வெண்டைக்காய் |
| Tamil | வெண்டி |
| tcy | ಬೇಂಡಾಯಿ |
| Telugu | బెండ |
| Telugu | బెండ కాయ |
| Telugu | బెండకాయలు |
| Telugu | బెండకాయ |
| Thai | กระเจี๊ยบเขียว |
| Thai | กระเจี๊ยบมอญ |
| Thai | มะเขือทวาย |
| Thai | มะเขือมอญ |
| Thai | กระเจี๊ยบ |
| Turkish | bamyanın faydaları |
| Turkish | bamya |
| Ukrainian | гібіск їстівний |
| Ukrainian | бамія їстівна |
| Urdu | بهنڐي |
| Urdu | ڐهينڙس |
| Urdu | رام ترئي |
| Urdu | بھنڈی |
| Uzbek | gambo |
| Uzbek | bamiya |
| Vietnamese | đậu bắp |
| Vietnamese | mướp tây |
| xmf | ბამი (ჩანარი) |
| Yoruba | ila |
| Chinese | 秋葵 |
| Chinese | 黄蜀葵 |
| Chinese | 咖啡黄葵 |
| Chinese | 糊麻 |
| Chinese | 羊角豆 |
| Chinese | 越南芝麻 |
| Chinese | 黄秋葵 |
| Chinese | 黄茄花 |
| Chinese | 黃秋葵 |
| Chinese | 咖啡黃葵 |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Africa click to expand
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East Tropical Africa
- Tanzania
- Uganda
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Macaronesia
- Cape Verde
-
Northeast Tropical Africa
- Chad
- Eritrea
- Sudan
-
South Tropical Africa
- Angola
- Mozambique
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
-
Southern Africa
- Kwazulu-Natal
- Northern Provinces
-
West Tropical Africa
- Benin
- Burkina
- Gambia
- Guinea-Bissau
- Ivory Coast
- Mali
- Mauritania
- Niger
- Nigeria
- Senegal
- Sierra Leone
- Togo
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West-central Tropical Africa
- Central African Republic
- Congo
- Gabon
- Gulf Of Guinea Islands
- Zaïre
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Western Indian Ocean
- Comoros
-
East Tropical Africa
-
Asia-temperate click to expand
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Arabian Peninsula
- Oman
-
China
- China South-central
- China Southeast
- Hainan
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Asia-tropical click to expand
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Indian Subcontinent
- Assam
- Bangladesh
- East Himalaya
- India
- Pakistan
- Sri Lanka
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Indo-China
- Andaman Islands
- Cambodia
- Laos
- Myanmar
- Nicobar Nicobar
- Thailand
- Vietnam
-
Malesia
- Borneo
- Jawa
- Malaya
- Philippines
-
Indian Subcontinent
-
Europe click to expand
-
Eastern Europe
- Krym
- South European Russia
- Ukraine
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Southeastern Europe
- Albania
- Bulgaria
- Greece
- Romania
-
Eastern Europe
-
Northern America click to expand
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Mexico
- Mexico Southwest
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North-central U.S.A.
- Illinois
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Southeastern U.S.A.
- Alabama
- Florida
- Georgia
- Louisiana
- Maryland
- Mississippi
- North Carolina
- South Carolina
- Virginia
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Mexico
-
Pacific click to expand
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Northwestern Pacific
- Caroline Islands
- Marianas
- Marshall Islands
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Southwestern Pacific
- Fiji
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Northwestern Pacific
-
Southern America click to expand
-
Caribbean
- Bahamas
- Cayman Islands
- Cuba
- Dominican Republic
- Haiti
- Jamaica
- Leeward Islands
- Puerto Rico
- Southwest Caribbean
- Venezuelan Antilles
- Windward Islands
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Northern South America
- Venezuela
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Western South America
- Peru
-
Caribbean
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000510862 |
| UNII | 505GKC6541 |
| Florida Plant Atlas | 1716 |
| Flora of Alabama | 5456 |
| USDA Plants | ABES |
| Tropicos | 19601060 |
| INPN | 447298 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:558006-1 |
| The Plant List | kew-2609574 |
| Missouri Botanical Garden | 282605 |
| PFAF | Abelmoschus esculentus |
| Open Tree Of Life | 514975 |
| Observations.org | 124633 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 455045 |
| Nature Serve | 2.160888 |
| IPNI | 558006-1 |
| iNaturalist | 157765 |
| GBIF | 3152707 |
| Freebase | /m/025s18p |
| EPPO | ABMES |
| EOL | 584458 |
| Elurikkus | 366119 |
| USDA GRIN | 619 |
| Wikipedia | Okra |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
| Accession | Assembly | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Level | Submitter | Released | Coverage | Size | |
| GCA_035048815.1 | WUR_AEscu_1 | Scaffold | Okra Genome Consortium | 2024-01-03 | 95 | 1.11 Gb |
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
| Title | Authors | Publication | Released | IDs | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| On-farm crop diversity, conservation, importance and value: a case study of landraces from Western Ghats of Karnataka, India | Puneeth GM, Gowthami R, Katral A, Laxmisha KM, Vasudeva R, Singh GP, Archak S | Sci Rep | 10-May-2024 |
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| Tissue culture and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of the oil crop sunflower | Chen F, Zeng Y, Cheng Q, Xiao L, Ji J, Hou X, Huang Q, Lei Z | PLoS One | 09-May-2024 |
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| Unleashing the promise of emerging nanomaterials as a sustainable platform to mitigate antimicrobial resistance | Rahman S, Sadaf S, Hoque ME, Mishra A, Mubarak NM, Malafaia G, Singh J | RSC Adv | 01-May-2024 |
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| Pest risk assessment of African Leucinodes species for the European Union | Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Mally R, Czwienczek E, Gobbi A, López Mercadal J, Maiorano A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Pautasso M, Rossi E, Stancanelli G, Tramontini S, Van der Werf W | EFSA J | 29-Apr-2024 |
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| Risk assessment of Retithrips syriacus for the EU | Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, van der Werf W, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Bezerra Lima ÉF, Makowski D, Crotta M, Gobbi A, Golic D, Maiorano A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Rossi E, Terzidou A, Vicent Civera A | EFSA J | 29-Apr-2024 |
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| Electrospun nanofibers synthesized from polymers incorporated with bioactive compounds for wound healing | Palani N, Vijayakumar P, Monisha P, Ayyadurai S, Rajadesingu S | J Nanobiotechnology | 27-Apr-2024 |
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| Exploring Gluten Assessment in Marketed Products through a Sandwich ELISA Methodology Based on Novel Recombinant Antibodies | Garcia-Calvo E, García-García A, Rodríguez S, Martín R, García T | Foods | 26-Apr-2024 |
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| Commodity risk assessment of Petunia spp. and Calibrachoa spp. unrooted cuttings from Kenya | Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Manda RR, Schulz OM, Akrivou A, Antonatos S, Beris D, Debode J, Kritikos C, Kormpi M, Lacomme C, Manceau C, Papachristos D, Reppa C, Gardi C, Potting R | EFSA J | 25-Apr-2024 |
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| Promoting Seed Germination of Some Plant Species by Rhamnolipid Produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Ghazi Faisal Z | Scientifica (Cairo) | 25-Apr-2024 |
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| Ethnobotanical assessment of antidiabetic medicinal plants in District Karak, Pakistan | Nazar A, Adnan M, Shah SM, Bari A, Ullah R, Tariq A, Ahmad N | BMC Complement Med Ther | 24-Apr-2024 |
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| Economic assessment of using Bermudagrass stockpiling and annual cereal pasture to extend grazing in cow-calf operations | Sestak J, Biermacher JT, Brorsen BW, Rogers JK | Transl Anim Sci | 22-Apr-2024 |
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| Role of nutraceutical against exposure to pesticide residues: power of bioactive compounds | Sajad M, Shabir S, Singh SK, Bhardwaj R, Alsanie WF, Alamri AS, Alhomrani M, Alsharif A, Vamanu E, Singh MP | Front Nutr | 17-Apr-2024 |
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| Era of bast fibers-based polymer composites for replacement of man-made fibers | Santos CM, Santos TF, Aquino MS, Mavinkere Rangappa S, Siengchin S, Suyambulingam I | Heliyon | 17-Apr-2024 |
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| Development of a PCR-based assay for specific and sensitive detection of Fusarium buharicum from infected okra plant | Paul SK, Gupta DR, Ino M, Ueno M | PLoS One | 16-Apr-2024 |
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| Viral Threats to Fruit and Vegetable Crops in the Caribbean | Tennant P, Rampersad S, Alleyne A, Johnson L, Tai D, Amarakoon I, Roye M, Pitter P, Chang PG, Myers Morgan L | Viruses | 13-Apr-2024 |
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Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |