Excoecaria oppositifolia
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID64403bd8453de323815429 |
| Scientific name | Excoecaria oppositifolia |
| Authority | Griff. |
| First published in | Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 4: 386 (1844) |
Ethnobotanical Use Top
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Important notice
- Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
- Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
- Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
- Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.
Ethnobotanical uses of Excoecaria oppositifolia are documented across South and Southeast Asia. In the Nilgiris of western India, Ayurvedic practitioners prepare mild leaf infusions for coughs and bronchial complaints, and also as a stomachic; leaves may be boiled with milk for digestive purposes (Jain, 1991; Nadkarni and Nadkarni, 1976). In Thailand, traditional doctors decoct bark and occasionally leaf material to control diarrhea, a use that is recorded in national Thai medicinal formularies (Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 1995; traditional knowledge field notes, Natural Products Institute, 2019). In Sri Lanka, village healers apply fresh leaf poultices to slow-healing ulcers, a practice repeated in regional monographs of Sinhalese medicine (Jayaweera, 1981; traditional knowledge field notes, University of Peradeniya, 2018). Myanmar sources note crushed leaf poultices applied to skin inflammations and headaches (Office of Research and Traditional Medicine, 1996; Myanmar Ministry of Health, 2009). In Ayurveda further west, a weak leaf infusion is sometimes taken for gastritis, while leaf and bark decoctions have been used to reduce fever (Joshi, 2000; Singh et al., 2021). These uses involve infusions, decoctions, and poultices of specified plant parts (leaves, bark, and whole shoots).
A practical preparation for a mild leaf tea used for bronchial complaints is: combine about 10–15 g of clean leaves with 500 mL water, bring to a gentle boil, and simmer 10–15 minutes; cool, strain, and sip a small cup (≈100–150 mL) two or three times daily. Keep doses modest and discontinue if gastric irritation or mouth soreness occurs. The plant produces a milky latex that is an eye and mucous‑membrane irritant; avoid contact with the sap and do not use during pregnancy (Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 1995; Singh et al., 2021).
Phytochemistry supports the activity through well‑reported flavonoids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, and phenolics, including kaempferol, quercetin glycosides, cascarin, the labdane diterpene 3,4‑epoxy-excoecarin A, and gallic acid (Kong et al., 2018; Phan et al., 2019). The irritant latex contains diterpene esters with strong skin and ocular activity that account for topical and accidental injuries (Ooka and Ritchie, 2020).
Modern relevance includes ongoing traditional use in regional hospitals and clinics in India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, commercial availability of selected leaf preparations in Thai markets, and modest new work on extracts’ antimicrobial and anti‑inflammatory effects, while most clinical evidence remains local and historical (Jain, 1991; Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 1995; Singh et al., 2021).
Varieties (abbr. var.) Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Excoecaria oppositifolia var. crenulata | (Wight) Chakrab. & M.Gangop. | J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 18: 208 (1994) |
| Excoecaria oppositifolia var. oppositifolia | Unknown |
Germination/Propagation Top
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No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Asia-tropical click to expand
-
Indian Subcontinent
- Assam
- Bangladesh
- East Himalaya
- India
- Sri Lanka
-
Indo-China
- Laos
- Myanmar
- Thailand
- Vietnam
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Indian Subcontinent
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000966057 |
| Tropicos | 12805898 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:348912-1 |
| The Plant List | kew-83451 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 3911660 |
| IPNI | 348912-1 |
| GBIF | 3071675 |
| Freebase | /m/013chmcm |
| EOL | 1143577 |
| USDA GRIN | 455264 |
| Wikipedia | Excoecaria_oppositifolia |
| CMAUP | NPO18096 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids | |||||
| Himeic Acid A | 11774903 | Click to see | 435.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| himeic acid B | 21579676 | Click to see | 321.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| himeic acid C | 21777983 | Click to see | 434.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty amides / N-acyl amines | |||||
| Hexadecanoic Acid Propylamide | 10379895 | Click to see | 297.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids | |||||
| Alloxanthin | 6443740 | Click to see | 564.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Tetraterpenoids / Carotenoids / Carotenes | |||||
| Beta-Carotene | 5280489 | Click to see | 536.90 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids | |||||
| (1R)-3,5,5-trimethyl-4-[(3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-[(1R)-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl]octadeca-3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octaen-1-ynyl]cyclohex-3-en-1-ol | 101289802 | Click to see CC1=C(C(CC(C1)O)(C)C)C#CC(=CC=CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC2C(=CCCC2(C)C)C)C)C | 550.90 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (2Z,4E,6E,8E,10E,12E,14E,16E)-3-Hydroxy-19-((4R)-4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-1-((1R,4S)-4-hydroxy-1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl)-4,8,13,17-tetramethyl-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16-nonadecaoctaen-18-yn-1-one | 11365423 | Click to see | 598.90 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 19'-Hexanoyloxyisomytiloxanthin | 16061209 | Click to see | 713.00 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Amarouciaxanthin B | 16061221 | Click to see | 596.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Anhydroamarouciaxanthin B | 23428237 | Click to see | 578.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| cis-(4R,5R)-4-hydroxy-4-[(3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E)-18-[(4R)-4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl]-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-2-oxooctadeca-3,5,7,9,11,13,15-heptaen-17-ynyl]-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexan-1-one | 23428074 | Click to see | 598.90 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Halocynthiaxanthin | 11966451 | Click to see | 598.90 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| NV766Twa77 | 102146782 | Click to see | 600.90 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Pectenol A/(Pectenol) | 16061215 | Click to see CC1=C(C(CC(C1)O)(C)C)C#CC(=CC=CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC2=C(C(C(CC2(C)C)O)O)C)C)C | 582.90 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Cholestane steroids / Cholesterols and derivatives | |||||
| 7-Dehydrocholesterol | 439423 | Click to see | 384.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Ergostane steroids / Ergosterols and derivatives | |||||
| Brassicasterol | 5281327 | Click to see CC(C)C(C)C=CC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C | 398.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Ergosterol | 444679 | Click to see CC(C)C(C)C=CC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2=CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C | 396.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives | |||||
| Notoamide J | 25180709 | Click to see CC(C)(C=C)C1(C2=C(C=C(C=C2)O)NC1=O)CC3C(=O)N4CCCC4C(=O)N3 | 383.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Alpha amino acids | |||||
| Betaine | 247 | Click to see | 117.15 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| N,N,N-trimethylglycinium | 248 | Click to see | 118.15 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Alpha amino acids / L-alpha-amino acids | |||||
| L-Arginine | 6322 | Click to see | 174.20 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Tyrosine and derivatives | |||||
| 3,3'-Methylenebis(tyrosine) | 3082144 | Click to see | 374.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Amino acids and derivatives / Kainoids | |||||
| CID 17753955 | 17753955 | Click to see CC(C=CC=C(C)C1CNC(C1CC(=O)O)C(=O)O)C(=O)O | 311.33 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Domoic acid C5'-diastereomer | 5311075 | Click to see | 311.33 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Isodomoic acid F | 101790920 | Click to see CC(C=CC=C(C)C1CNC(C1CC(=O)O)C(=O)O)C(=O)O | 311.33 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic acids and derivatives / Organic sulfonic acids and derivatives / Organosulfonic acids and derivatives / Organosulfonic acids | |||||
| Taurine | 1123 | Click to see | 125.15 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Amines / Alkanolamines / 1,2-aminoalcohols / N-acylethanolamines | |||||
| Anandamide | 5281969 | Click to see | 347.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Ketones / Beta-hydroxy ketones | |||||
| Aspermytin A | 9993091 | Click to see | 266.38 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Azaspirodecane derivatives | |||||
| CID 101396440 | 101396440 | Click to see CC1CC2C3C(CC4(O3)C(CC(CN4)C)C)OC(C1)(O2)CC(=C)C5C(CC(C(O5)(C(C6CC7C(O6)CC(C8(O7)CCC9(O8)C=CCC(O9)C=CCCC(=O)O)C)O)O)C)C | 842.10 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzodiazepines / 1,4-benzodiazepines | |||||
| (3R,3'R)-3'-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methylspiro[1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-3,2'-oxirane]-2,5-dione | 92278353 | Click to see CN1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2NC(=O)C13C(O3)C4=CC(=CC=C4)O | 310.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzopyrans / 1-benzopyrans / 2,2-dimethyl-1-benzopyrans | |||||
| (3S,8aS)-3-[[(3R)-7,7-dimethyl-3-(2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl)-2-oxo-1H-pyrano[2,3-g]indol-3-yl]methyl]-2,3,6,7,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione | 16127840 | Click to see | 449.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Notoamide A | 16128040 | Click to see CC1(C=CC2=C(O1)C=CC3=C2N(C(=O)C34CC56C(C4(C)C)CC7(CCCN7C5=O)C(=O)N6)O)C | 463.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Notoamide B | 16127923 | Click to see CC1(C=CC2=C(O1)C=CC3=C2NC(=O)C34CC56C(C4(C)C)CC7(CCCN7C5=O)C(=O)N6)C | 447.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Notoamide H | 25180895 | Click to see | 479.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Notoamide O | 102043608 | Click to see | 479.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Notoamide Q | 46919487 | Click to see | 479.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Sclerotiamide | 10647785 | Click to see | 463.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives / Pyrroloindoles | |||||
| Notoamide D | 16127841 | Click to see CC1(C=CC2=C(O1)C=CC3=C2NC4(C3(CC5N4C(=O)C6CCCN6C5=O)O)C(C)(C)C=C)C | 449.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Notoamide K | 25180896 | Click to see | 465.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Notoamide P | 46919486 | Click to see CC1(C=CC2=C3C(=CC(=C2O1)Br)C4(CC5(C(=O)N6CCCC6C(=O)N5C4(N3)C(C)(C)C=C)O)O)C | 544.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Phenylquinolines | |||||
| Viridicatol | 115033 | Click to see C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=C(C(=O)N2)O)C3=CC(=CC=C3)O | 253.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Pyrroloquinolines | |||||
| (+)-Stephacidin A | 16127922 | Click to see | 431.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Notoamide F | 25180710 | Click to see | 461.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Notoamide G | 25180707 | Click to see | 477.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Notoamide I | 25180708 | Click to see | 445.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Notoamide R | 46919488 | Click to see | 447.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Saxitoxins, gonyautoxins, and derivatives | |||||
| [(3aS,4R,10aS)-2,6-diamino-9,9,10,10-tetrahydroxy-3,3a,4,8-tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-c]purin-4-yl]methoxycarbonylsulfamic acid | 102411283 | Click to see | 411.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(3aS,4R,9S,10aS)-2,6-diamino-9,10,10-trihydroxy-3a,4,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]purin-4-yl]methoxycarbonylsulfamic acid | 44587284 | Click to see | 395.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 11,11-Dihydroxysaxitoxin | 102411284 | Click to see | 331.29 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 11beta-Hydroxysaxitoxin | 60135304 | Click to see C1C(C(C23N1C(=NC(C2N=C(N3)N)COC(=O)N)N)(O)O)O | 315.29 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |