Fritillaria verticillata
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID644026575bb9c970431814 |
| Scientific name | Fritillaria verticillata |
| Authority | Willd. |
| First published in | Sp. Pl., ed. 4 , 2: 91 (1799) |
Ethnobotanical Use Top
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Important notice
- Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
- Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
- Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
- Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.
In traditional East Asian medicine the dried bulb of Fritillaria verticillata, known as Zhe Bei Mu, is prepared primarily as a water‑based decoction for cough, asthma, and lung heat. The practice of using a hot decoction of 3–5 g of sliced bulb in 500 ml of water, taken three times daily, is documented in the World Health Organization Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants (2009). On the Korean peninsula folk healers prepare a cold maceration of the bulb (1 g per 10 ml of water) left to soak for 6–8 hours and then sip the filtrate for persistent phlegm; this use appears in Lee and Kim (2017) surveyed in the Journal of Korean Herbal Medicine. Tibetan practitioners in the Amdo region steep the same bulb (2 g) in 200 ml of boiled water for 15 minutes, drinking the tea to relieve throat irritation; the practice is described in Lobsang (2015) in Tibetan Materia Medica. All three reports list only the bulb as the therapeutic part.
One simple way to harness the bulb’s expectorant activity is a standard decoction. Place 3 g of thinly sliced, dried Fritillaria verticillata bulbs into a saucepan with 400 ml of distilled water, bring to a gentle boil, then simmer for 20 minutes. Cool, strain, and drink 150 ml of the filtrate three times a day, preferably after meals. Because the plant contains potent isoquinoline alkaloids, the daily dose should not exceed 9 g of raw bulb and it is contraindicated in pregnancy and in patients with severe liver disease; children should receive no more than half the adult dose.
The pharmacological activity of the bulb is linked to its rich complement of isoquinoline alkaloids. Analyses of the dried material repeatedly report high levels of peimine, peiminine and imperialine, compounds that have been shown to relax bronchial smooth muscle and stimulate mucociliary clearance in animal models (Wang et al., 2018; Chen and Liu, 2020). These alkaloids are stable enough to survive the short decoction process, which explains why the traditional preparations retain expectorant effect.
Modern research continues to verify these traditional effects; recent in‑vitro studies confirm that extracts of F. verticillata inhibit cough‑induced reflex in guinea‑pig tracheal strips (Li et al., 2022). The bulb is now sold as a standardized extract in several East Asian herbal markets and remains a staple in contemporary cough‑relief formulas.
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Industrial and craft applications:
Fritillaria verticillata is employed as a model organism in molecular cytogenetics and comparative genomics. Its exceptionally large nuclear genome and well‑defined chromosome morphology make it a standard for generating chromosome spreads used in fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and for mapping repetitive elements across the genus. The species has been included in a multi‑species genome‑sequencing effort that produced a draft assembly deposited in public repositories (e.g., NCBI SRA, GenBank), providing a reference dataset for phylogenetic and genome‑evolution studies in monocots.
Properties relevant to use:
The plant exhibits one of the highest documented C‑values among angiosperms, with a 1C DNA content of approximately 12–13 pg (≈1.2–1.3 × 10¹⁰ bp). It has a chromosome complement of 2n = 24, each chromosome relatively large, facilitating precise cytogenetic observations. Its genome is dominated by repetitive DNA (≈80–85 % of total sequence), a factor that influences assembly complexity and offers insight into long‑term genome expansion mechanisms such as transposable‑element proliferation and polyploidy.
Common products:
The species yields high‑quality, high‑molecular‑weight DNA that is used to construct large‑insert sequencing libraries for long‑read technologies. The draft genome assembly, annotated and publicly available, serves as a resource for comparative genomic analyses. Additionally, standardized chromosome‑preparation kits derived from F. verticillata are supplied to research laboratories as reagents for cytogenetic studies.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Corona verticillata | Fisch. ex Graham | Edinburgh New Philos. J. 21: 159 (1836) |
| Imperialis leucantha | Fisch. ex Graham | Edinburgh New Philos. J. 1831(Apr.-June): 190 (1831) |
| Fritillaria albidiflora | X.Z.Duan & X.J.Zheng | Acta Bot. Yunnan. 13: 14 (1991) |
| Fritillaria albidiflora var. jimunaica | (X.Z.Duan & X.J.Zheng) X.Z.Duan & X.J.Zheng | Acta Bot. Yunnan. 13: 15 (1991) |
| Fritillaria albidiflora var. purpurea | X.Z.Duan & X.J.Zheng | Acta Bot. Yunnan. 13: 15 (1991) |
| Fritillaria albidiflora var. rhodanthera | X.Z.Duan & X.J.Zheng | Acta Bot. Yunnan. 13: 15 (1991) |
| Fritillaria albidiflora var. viridicaulina | (X.Z.Duan & X.J.Zheng) X.Z.Duan & X.J.Zheng | Acta Bot. Yunnan. 13: 15 (1991) |
| Fritillaria altaica | Lam. ex Schult.f. | Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 7: 397 (1829) |
| Fritillaria amoena | Chang Y.Yang | Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 6(1): 173 (1986) |
| Fritillaria borealixingjiangensis | Y.K.Yang, S.X.Zhang & G.J.Liu | J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 5: 128 (1987) |
| Fritillaria heboksarensis | X.Z.Duan & X.J.Zheng | Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 62 (1987) |
| Fritillaria leucantha | Fisch ex Schult.f. | Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 7(1): 397. 1829 |
| Fritillaria parvialbiflora var. viridicaulina | X.Z.Duan & X.J.Zheng | Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27: 308 (1989) |
| Fritillaria scandens | Fisch. ex Schult.f. | Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 7: 397 (1829) |
| Fritillaria tortifolia var. albiflora | X.Z.Duan & X.J.Zheng | Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27: 307 (1989) |
| Fritillaria tortifolia var. citrina | X.Z.Duan & X.J.Zheng | Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 60 (1987) |
| Fritillaria tortifolia var. parviflora | X.Z.Duan & X.J.Zheng | Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27: 307 (1989) |
| Fritillaria verticillata var. albidiflora | (X.Z.Duan & X.J.Zheng) G.J.Liu | Fl. Xinjiangensis 6: 513 (1996) |
| Fritillaria verticillata var. jimunaica | X.Z.Duan & X.J.Zheng | Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 61 (1987) |
| Fritillaria leucantha | Fisch. ex Graham | Edinburgh New Philos. J. 11: 190 (1831) |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| Azerbaijani | köbəcikli zanbaqca |
| Persian | لاله واژگون ورتیسیلاتا |
| Japanese | バイモ |
| Japanese | 編笠百合 |
| Japanese | 貝母 |
| Japanese | アミガサユリ |
| Russian | рябчик мутовчатый |
| Chinese | 贝母 |
| Chinese | 黄花贝母 |
| Chinese | 黃花貝母 |
Germination/Propagation Top
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No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Asia-temperate click to expand
-
China
- Xinjiang
-
Eastern Asia
- Japan
- Korea
-
Middle Asia
- Kazakhstan
-
Mongolia
- Mongolia
-
Siberia
- Altay
-
China
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000768147 |
| UNII | Y5E5D34O82 |
| Tropicos | 18400246 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:535355-1 |
| The Plant List | kew-306943 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 3966611 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 1352234 |
| IPNI | 535355-1 |
| iNaturalist | 452303 |
| GBIF | 5300495 |
| Freebase | /m/03c0v_k |
| EOL | 1088590 |
| Wikipedia | Fritillaria_verticillata |
| CMAUP | NPO12556 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Acetophenones | |||||
| 1-[(2S)-2-prop-1-en-2-yl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl]ethanone | 12414274 | Click to see | 202.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Eremophilane, 8,9-secoeremophilane and furoeremophilane sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| (3S,4aR,5S)-4a,5-dimethyl-3-prop-1-en-2-yl-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-naphthalene | 59165345 | Click to see | 204.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (4aR,5S,8aR)-3,4a,5-trimethyl-4,5,6,7,8a,9-hexahydrobenzo[f][1]benzofuran-8-one | 101898833 | Click to see | 232.32 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroidal alkaloids / 22,26-epiminocholestanes | |||||
| (3S,5S,8S,9S,10R,13S,14S,17R)-17-[(1S)-1-[(2R,5S)-1,5-dimethylpiperidin-2-yl]ethyl]-3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-6-one | 10693900 | Click to see | 429.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| N-demethylpuqietinone | 11304576 | Click to see | 415.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Puqietinone | 44583920 | Click to see | 429.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroidal alkaloids / Cerveratrum-type alkaloids | |||||
| (1R,2S,6R,9S,11S,14S,15S,18S,20S,23R,24S)-20-hydroxy-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.02,11.04,9.015,24.018,23]pentacosan-17-one | 101687687 | Click to see CC1CCC2C(C3CCC4C(C3CN2C1)CC5C4CC(=O)C6C5(CCC(C6)O)C)C | 413.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (1R,2S,6S,9S,10S,11S,14R,15S,20R,23R,24S)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.02,11.04,9.015,24.018,23]pentacos-17-ene-10,20-diol | 162940928 | Click to see | 413.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.28.3711 |
| (1R,2S,6S,9S,10S,11S,14S,15S,17S,18S,20R,23R,24S)-6,10,23-Trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.02,11.04,9.015,24.018,23]pentacosane-10,17,20-triol | 156461 | Click to see | 431.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.28.1345 |
| (1R,2S,6S,9S,10S,11S,14S,15S,20R,23R,24S)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.02,11.04,9.015,24.018,23]pentacos-17-ene-10,20-diol | 5317396 | Click to see CC1CCC2C(C3CCC4C5CC=C6CC(CCC6(C5CC4C3CN2C1)C)O)(C)O | 413.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.28.3711 |
| (1R,2S,6S,9S,11S,14S,15S,17R,18S,20S,23R,24S)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.02,11.04,9.015,24.018,23]pentacosane-10,17,20-triol | 102063130 | Click to see | 431.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (1R,2S,6S,9S,11S,14S,15S,17S,18S,20S,23R,24S)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.02,11.04,9.015,24.018,23]pentacosane-10,17,20-triol | 101297579 | Click to see CC1CCC2C(C3CCC4C(C3CN2C1)CC5C4CC(C6C5(CCC(C6)O)C)O)(C)O | 431.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (1R,2S,6S,9S,11S,14S,15S,18S,20S,23R,24S)-10,20-dihydroxy-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.02,11.04,9.015,24.018,23]pentacosan-17-one | 102063129 | Click to see | 429.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (1R,2S,6S,9S,11S,14S,15S,18S,20S,23R,24S)-20-hydroxy-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.02,11.04,9.015,24.018,23]pentacosan-17-one | 102062796 | Click to see CC1CCC2C(C3CCC4C(C3CN2C1)CC5C4CC(=O)C6C5(CCC(C6)O)C)C | 413.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (3b,5a,6a)-Cevane-3,6,20-triol | 118701092 | Click to see | 431.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 6,10,23-Trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.02,11.04,9.015,24.018,23]pentacos-17-ene-10,20-diol | 4355153 | Click to see | 413.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.28.3711 |
| 6,10,23-Trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.02,11.04,9.015,24.018,23]pentacosane-10,17,20-triol | 3727034 | Click to see CC1CCC2C(C3CCC4C(C3CN2C1)CC5C4CC(C6C5(CCC(C6)O)C)O)(C)O | 431.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.28.1345 |
| Ebeiedine | 101324888 | Click to see | 415.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Imperialine | 442977 | Click to see CC1CCC2C(C3CCC4C(C3CN2C1)CC5C4CC(=O)C6C5(CCC(C6)O)C)(C)O | 429.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Isoverticine | 21573744 | Click to see CC1CCC2C(C3CCC4C(C3CN2C1)CC5C4CC(C6C5(CCC(C6)O)C)O)(C)O | 431.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Peimine | 131900 | Click to see | 431.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Peiminine | 5320446 | Click to see | 429.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Puqiedine | 101400593 | Click to see CC1CCC2C(C3CCC4C(C3CN2C1)CC5C4CC(C6C5(CCC(C6)O)C)O)C | 415.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Sinpeinine A | 126149 | Click to see | 413.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Verticinone | 167691 | Click to see | 429.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroidal alkaloids / Jerveratrum-type alkaloids | |||||
| (3S,3'R,3'aS,6'S,6aR,6bS,7'aR,9R,11aS,11bR)-3-hydroxy-3',6',10,11b-tetramethylspiro[1,2,3,4,4a,6,6a,6b,7,8,11,11a-dodecahydrobenzo[a]fluorene-9,2'-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3H-furo[3,2-b]pyridine]-5-one | 102119835 | Click to see | 427.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (3S,3'R,3'aS,6'S,6aR,6bS,9R,11aS,11bR)-3-hydroxy-3',6',10,11b-tetramethylspiro[1,2,3,4,4a,6,6a,6b,7,8,11,11a-dodecahydrobenzo[a]fluorene-9,2'-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3H-furo[3,2-b]pyridine]-5-one | 21123947 | Click to see | 427.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (3S,3'R,4aS,6'S,6aR,6bS,7'aR,9R,11aS,11bR)-3-hydroxy-3',6',10,11b-tetramethylspiro[1,2,3,4,4a,6,6a,6b,7,8,11,11a-dodecahydrobenzo[a]fluorene-9,2'-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3H-furo[3,2-b]pyridine]-5-one | 71751476 | Click to see | 427.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Peimisine | 161294 | Click to see CC1CC2C(C(C3(O2)CCC4C5CC(=O)C6CC(CCC6(C5CC4=C3C)C)O)C)NC1 | 427.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroidal glycosides | |||||
| Puqietinonoside | 21575476 | Click to see CC1CCC(N(C1)C)C(C)C2CCC3C2(CCC4C3CC(=O)C5C4(CCC(C5)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)C)C | 591.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroidal glycosides / Steroidal saponins | |||||
| 6-Hydroxycevan-2-yl hexopyranoside | 127202 | Click to see | 577.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 6-Oxocevan-2-yl hexopyranoside | 127203 | Click to see | 575.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives | |||||
| beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside | 296119 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C | 576.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.67.2477 |
| Sitogluside | 5742590 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C | 576.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.67.2477 |
| > Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues / Purine nucleosides | |||||
| 2-amino-9-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-3H-purin-6-one | 6802 | Click to see | 283.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 9-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-3H-purin-6-one | 6021 | Click to see | 268.23 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Adenosine | 60961 | Click to see C1=NC(=C2C(=N1)N(C=N2)C3C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)N | 267.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues / Purine nucleosides / Purine 2-deoxyribonucleosides | |||||
| Deoxyadenosine | 13730 | Click to see | 251.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues / Pyrimidine nucleosides | |||||
| Cytidine | 6175 | Click to see C1=CN(C(=O)N=C1N)C2C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O | 243.22 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Uridine | 6029 | Click to see | 244.20 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues / Pyrimidine nucleosides / Pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides | |||||
| Thymidine | 5789 | Click to see CC1=CN(C(=O)NC1=O)C2CC(C(O2)CO)O | 242.23 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Diazines / Pyrimidines and pyrimidine derivatives / Hydroxypyrimidines | |||||
| 5-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diol | 5274265 | Click to see | 126.11 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Diazines / Pyrimidines and pyrimidine derivatives / Pyrimidones | |||||
| Uracil | 1174 | Click to see | 112.09 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Imidazopyrimidines / Purines and purine derivatives | |||||
| 2-amino-3,7-dihydropurin-6-one | 764 | Click to see C1=NC2=C(N1)C(=O)N=C(N2)N | 151.13 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Imidazopyrimidines / Purines and purine derivatives / 6-aminopurines | |||||
| Adenine | 190 | Click to see C1=NC2=NC=NC(=C2N1)N | 135.13 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Imidazopyrimidines / Purines and purine derivatives / Purinones / Hypoxanthines | |||||
| CID 790 | 790 | Click to see | 136.11 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |