Sideritis perfoliata
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID643fecdb513a1124052214 |
| Scientific name | Sideritis perfoliata |
| Authority | L. |
| First published in | Sp. Pl. : 575 (1753) |
Ethnobotanical Use Top
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Important notice
- Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
- Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
- Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
- Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.
Among the peoples of the Greek Aegean islands, dried aerial parts of Sideritis perfoliata (formerly S. syriaca) are steeped as mountain tea; Hanlidou et al. (2004) recorded infusions of the plant for colds, sore throats, and digestive complaints. In central and western Anatolia (Turkey), women and elders drink it as a common household tea to soothe colds and fevers, and Sezik et al. (2001) documented S. perfoliata among Turkish medicinal plants used in decoctions and infusions. On the Dalmatian coast of Croatia, rural informants have used infusions of the herb for colds and upper‑respiratory complaints (Tuttmann, 1971), and across the broader Balkans, dried aerial parts or flowering tops are infused and taken as a wintertime tonic (Everest and Ozturk, 2005).
Mild tea recipe (traditional preparation): Boil 250 ml of water, add 1–2 g of dried aerial parts (leaves, stems, and flowers), cover, and steep 5–8 minutes; strain. Repeat the infusion up to 2–3 times daily during a cold. Use only small amounts of the aerial parts. Pregnant or nursing women should avoid concentrated preparations, and anyone allergic to Lamiaceae (mint family) plants should proceed with caution.
The aerial parts contain flavonoids such as apigenin and luteolin, the phenylpropanoid rosmarinic acid, and a sesquiterpene lactone—14‑deoxy‑11,12‑didehydroandrographolide—along with essential oils dominated by 1,8‑cineole (eucalyptol) and α‑pinene; these constituents have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties (Erdemoglu et al., 2003), which plausibly account for the tea’s long‑standing use against colds and upper‑respiratory irritation.
Today, dried Sideritis perfoliata is available as a commercial tea throughout the Balkans, and modern pharmacology continues to investigate its antioxidant and antimicrobial potential (Erdemoglu et al., 2003; Everest and Ozturk, 2005).
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
- Essential oil: extracted from dried aerial parts, used as a fragrance ingredient.
- Extracts: concentrated essential‑oil preparations used in perfumery and cosmetics.
Industrial and craft applications:
- The essential oil serves as a fragrance component in fine fragrances, soaps, shampoos, lotions, and household cleaners.
- It is employed in natural candles, incense, and aromatherapy diffusers to impart a fresh, herbaceous scent.
Fragrance and cosmetics:
- Essential oil and extracts are incorporated into perfume blends for top‑note herbaceous accords.
- The oil is used in body lotions, creams, and deodorants to provide a lingering natural fragrance.
Properties relevant to use:
- Essential‑oil yields from dried aerial parts typically range from 0.5 % to 2 % (w/w).
- GC‑MS analyses of samples from several Mediterranean locales report the major constituents as α‑pinene (20–30 % of total oil), β‑pinene (10–15 %), 1,8‑cineole (15–20 %), and camphor (5–10 %); smaller amounts of sesquiterpenes (≤5 %) are also present.
- Total phenolic content, measured as gallic acid equivalents, has been reported in the range of 15–25 mg GAE g⁻¹, contributing to antioxidant capacity and oil stability.
Standards and regulation:
- Production and trade of S. perfoliata essential oil follow International Fragrance Association (IFRA) standards, which set safety limits and usage guidelines.
- Quality control typically includes specific gravity, refractive index, optical rotation, and GC‑MS profiling in accordance with ISO 11014 (Essential oils – General requirements) and relevant national pharmacopoeial monographs for essential oils.
Sustainability and sourcing:
- S. perfoliata is a perennial herb native to rocky, calcareous slopes of the Mediterranean, where it forms localized populations.
- Over‑harvesting of wild plants for essential‑oil extraction has been documented in parts of Greece and Turkey, leading to local declines and inclusion in national Red List categories (Vulnerable to Near‑Threatened).
- Conservation measures include ex‑situ cultivation, seed banking, and the establishment of sustainable harvesting guidelines that limit wild collection to a maximum of 5 % of the population per year.
- Programs promoting organic cultivation have been initiated to supply essential‑oil demand while preserving wild habitats.
Scientific/model‑organism use:
- The species is employed in comparative phytochemical studies to profile essential‑oil and phenolic composition across the Sideritis genus, supporting chemotaxonomic differentiation.
- GC‑MS datasets from multiple populations have been deposited in public repositories, facilitating comparative metabolomics within Lamiaceae.
- Population‑genetic analyses using microsatellite markers have been performed to assess gene flow and genetic structure, informing conservation planning for Mediterranean Lamiaceae.
- Preliminary genome‑survey sequencing data are available in public archives, providing a basis for future reference‑genome assembly and comparative genomics within the family.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Navicularia perfoliata | (L.) Soják | Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Prír. 148: 79 (1979 publ. 1980) |
| Sideritis perfoliata var. condensata | Boiss. | Fl. Orient. 4: 714. 1879 |
| Stachys perfoliata | (L.) Peruzzi, Bartolucci & Soldano | Inform. Bot. Ital. 46: 82 (2014) |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| Arabic | فزر محيطي الأوراق |
Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Sideritis perfoliata subsp. athoa | (Papan. & Kokkini) Baden | Mount. Fl. Greece 2: 91 (1991) |
| Sideritis perfoliata subsp. perfoliata | Unknown |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Asia-temperate click to expand
-
Western Asia
- Cyprus
- Lebanon-Syria
- Palestine
- Turkey
-
Western Asia
-
Europe click to expand
-
Southeastern Europe
- Greece
- Yugoslavia
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Southeastern Europe
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000310350 |
| Tropicos | 17600656 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:459041-1 |
| The Plant List | kew-191551 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 914836 |
| Observations.org | 138249 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 155256 |
| IPNI | 459041-1 |
| iNaturalist | 782890 |
| GBIF | 7307504 |
| EPPO | SIEPE |
| Elurikkus | 586234 |
| CMAUP | NPO11135 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives | |||||
| Syringic Acid | 10742 | Click to see | 198.17 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / M-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives | |||||
| Vanillic Acid | 8468 | Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(=O)O)O | 168.15 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols | |||||
| Syringaldehyde | 8655 | Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)C=O | 182.17 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Hydrocarbons / Unsaturated hydrocarbons / Branched unsaturated hydrocarbons | |||||
| Gamma-Terpinene | 7461 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00601-X |
| > Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans | |||||
| Syringaresinol, (+)- | 443023 | Click to see | 418.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids | |||||
| beta-Ocimene, (3Z)- | 5320250 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00601-X |
| Linalool | 6549 | Click to see | 154.25 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00601-X |
| Myrcene | 31253 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00601-X |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Aromatic monoterpenoids | |||||
| P-Cymene | 7463 | Click to see | 134.22 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00601-X |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids | |||||
| (+-)-alpha-Pinene | 6654 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00601-X |
| alpha-Thujene | 17868 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00601-X |
| Beta-Pinene | 14896 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00601-X |
| Sabinene | 18818 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00601-X |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids | |||||
| 4-Terpineol, (+/-)- | 11230 | Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)(C(C)C)O | 154.25 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00601-X |
| Alpha-Terpinene | 7462 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00601-X |
| Limonene, (+/-)- | 22311 | Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)C(=C)C | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00601-X |
| Terpinolene | 11463 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00601-X |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| (-)-alpha-Curcumene | 442360 | Click to see | 202.33 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00601-X |
| Caryophyllene | 5281515 | Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C2CC(C2CC1)(C)C | 204.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00601-X |
| Curcumene | 92139 | Click to see | 202.33 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00601-X |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Iridoid O-glycosides | |||||
| [(1S,4aR,7S,7aS)-5-hydroxy-7-methyl-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-7-yl] acetate | 23640094 | Click to see | 390.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.2333 |
| [5-hydroxy-7-methyl-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-7-yl] acetate | 14355412 | Click to see CC(=O)OC1(CC(C2C1C(OC=C2)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O)C | 390.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.2333 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids | |||||
| (3R,4aR,6aS,9S,10aS,10bR)-3-ethenyl-3,4a,7,7,10a-pentamethyl-2,5,6,6a,8,9,10,10b-octahydro-1H-benzo[f]chromen-9-ol | 21593578 | Click to see | 306.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80713-X |
| (3R,4aS,6aR,9R,10aR,10bS)-3-ethenyl-3,4a,7,7,10a-pentamethyl-2,5,6,6a,8,9,10,10b-octahydro-1H-benzo[f]chromen-9-ol | 21680741 | Click to see | 306.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80713-X |
| 3-ethenyl-3,4a,7,7,10a-pentamethyl-2,5,6,6a,8,9,10,10b-octahydro-1H-benzo[f]chromen-9-ol | 73809949 | Click to see | 306.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80713-X |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives | |||||
| (-)-beta-Sitosterol | 222284 | Click to see | 414.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 6beta-Hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one | 9823926 | Click to see | 428.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Stigmast-4-en-3-one | 5484202 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CCC4=CC(=O)CCC34C)C)C(C)C | 412.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Oligosaccharides | |||||
| [4-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl] (Z)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate | 131752795 | Click to see | 756.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.2333 |
| CID 14034195 | 14034195 | Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)CO)OCCC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)OC5C(C(C(CO5)O)O)O)O)O | 756.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.2333 |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Azolidines / Imidazolidines / Hydantoins | |||||
| (5E)-5-[[(3R,4S)-4-ethyl-5-oxooxolan-3-yl]methylidene]-1-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione | 11499651 | Click to see CCC1C(COC1=O)C=C2C(=O)NC(=O)N2C | 238.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Furanoquinolines | |||||
| Dictamnine | 68085 | Click to see | 199.20 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Quinolones and derivatives / Hydroquinolones | |||||
| 4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-quinolone | 182073 | Click to see | 189.21 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives | |||||
| [(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate | 6476334 | Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)OC)O)CO)OCCC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O | 638.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.2333 |
| [6-[2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-3-yl] 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate | 74027662 | Click to see | 638.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.2333 |
| 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl 3-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-4-O-[(2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoyl]-beta-D-glucopyranoside | 132274946 | Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)CO)OCCC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O | 624.60 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209209054633 https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.2333 |
| Martynoside | 5319292 | Click to see | 652.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.2333 |
| Verbascoside | 5281800 | Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)CO)OCCC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O | 624.60 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209209054633 https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.2333 |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Furanocoumarins / Angular furanocoumarins | |||||
| (8S)-5-hydroxy-8-prop-1-en-2-yl-8,9-dihydrofuro[2,3-h]chromen-2-one | 44310181 | Click to see | 244.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 7-hydroxycoumarins | |||||
| 3-(1,1-Dimethylallyl)scopoletin | 5377569 | Click to see CC(C)(C=C)C1=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2OC1=O)O)OC | 260.28 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Scopoletin | 5280460 | Click to see | 192.17 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |