Genipa americana - Unknown
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Internal ID UUID64403cd930a84504444727
Scientific name Genipa americana
Authority L.
First published in Syst. Nat. ed. 10 , 2: 931 (1759)

Description Top

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Genipa americana, also known as the genip tree, is a species of tree in the Rubiaceae family. It is found in the tropical forests of North and South America, as well as the Caribbean. The trees can grow up to 30 meters tall and have smooth bark and glossy dark green leaves. The flowers are white to yellowish and produce a thick-skinned edible fruit. This tree is native to the Americas and is used for various purposes such as dye for tattoos and skin painting, as well as for its edible fruits and strong wood.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Genipa americana var. riobranquensis Kuhlm. Publ. Inst. Nac. Pesq. Amazônia Bot. 5: 4 (1957)
Gardenia brasiliensis Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 763 (1824)
Gardenia genipa Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. : 51 (1788)
Gardenia hexandra Willd. Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 243. 1819 [Dec 1819]
Gardenia oblongifolia Poir. Encycl. , Suppl. 2: 708 (1812)
Genipa americana var. caruto K.Schum. Fl. Bras. 6(6): 352 (1889)
Genipa americana f. grandifolia Chodat & Hassl. Bull. Herb. Boissier , sér. 2, 4: 171 (1904)
Genipa americana f. jorgensenii Steyerm. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 353 (1972)
Genipa americana f. parvifolia Chodat & Hassl. Bull. Herb. Boissier , sér. 2, 4: 171 (1904)
Genipa barbata C.Presl Symb. Bot. 2: 13 (1832)
Genipa brasiliana A.Rich. Mém. Rubiac. : 164 (1830)
Genipa brasiliensis Baill. Hist. Pl. 7: 374 (1880)
Genipa caruto Kunth Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 407 (1820)
Genipa codonocalyx Standl. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 17: 446 (1914)
Genipa excelsa K.Krause Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40: 327 (1908)
Genipa humilis Vell. Fl. Flumin. 2: t. 142 (1829)
Genipa oblongifolia Ruiz & Pav. Fl. Peruv. 2: 67 (1799)
Genipa oleosa Rojas Acosta Cat. Hist. Nat. Corrientes : 67, 166 (1897)
Genipa pubescens DC. Prodr. 4: 379 (1830)
Genipa venosa Standl. J. Washington Acad. Sci. 18: 168 (1928)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English jagua
Spanish jagua
Spanish maluco
Spanish jagua azul
Spanish lluale
Spanish shagua
Spanish tejoruco
Spanish xagua
Catalan huito
German jenipapo
Persian جنیپاپو
gn Ñandypa
Hebrew ג'ניפה אמריקנה
Korean 제니팝나무
koi Генипа
kv Генипа
lbe Генипа
Lithuanian amerikinė genipa
mrj Генипа
Portuguese jenipapeiro
Portuguese bujê
Quechua witu
Quechua wituq
Quechua jagua
Quechua huito
Russian Генипа
udm Генипа
Chinese 靛欖
Chinese 靛榄
Chinese 大果茜

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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No subspecies added yet.

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Northern America
    • Mexico
      • Mexico Gulf
      • Mexico Southeast
      • Mexico Southwest
  • Southern America
    • Brazil
      • Brazil North
      • Brazil Northeast
      • Brazil South
      • Brazil Southeast
      • Brazil West-central
    • Caribbean
      • Cuba
      • Dominican Republic
      • Haiti
      • Leeward Islands
      • Puerto Rico
      • Trinidad-Tobago
      • Windward Islands
    • Central America
      • Belize
      • Costa Rica
      • El Salvador
      • Guatemala
      • Honduras
      • Nicaragua
      • Panamá
    • Northern South America
      • French Guiana
      • Guyana
      • Suriname
      • Venezuela
    • Southern South America
      • Argentina Northeast
      • Paraguay
    • Western South America
      • Bolivia
      • Colombia
      • Ecuador
      • Peru

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000971808
UNII C22I013G6O
USDA Plants GEAM
Tropicos 27900116
INPN 629766
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:751331-1
The Plant List kew-89085
Open Tree Of Life 771037
Observations.org 357506
NCBI Taxonomy 58486
IUCN Red List 61958206
IPNI 751331-1
iNaturalist 118965
GBIF 2895593
Freebase /m/01t5y0
EPPO GEIAM
EOL 1096067
USDA GRIN 395
Wikipedia Genipa_americana

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical Profiles and Selected Biological Activities of Various Morphological Parts of Ligustrum vulgare Litewski S, Koss-Mikołajczyk I, Kusznierewicz B Molecules 13-Jan-2024
PMCID:PMC10819685
doi:10.3390/molecules29020399
PMID:38257312
Applications of Plant Bioactive Compounds as Replacers of Synthetic Additives in the Food Industry Nieto G, Martínez-Zamora L, Peñalver R, Marín-Iniesta F, Taboada-Rodríguez A, López-Gómez A, Martínez-Hernández GB Foods 21-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10778451
doi:10.3390/foods13010047
PMID:38201075
Therapeutic potentials of iridoids derived from Rubiaceae against in vitro and in vivo inflammation: A scoping review Jaafar A, Zulkipli MA, Mohd Hatta FH, Jahidin AH, Abdul Nasir NA, Hazizul Hasan M Saudi Pharm J 16-Nov-2023
PMCID:PMC10788517
doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101876
PMID:38226349
Crypsis by background matching and disruptive coloration as drivers of substrate occupation in sympatric Amazonian bark praying mantises de Alcantara Viana JV, Campos Duarte R, Vieira C, Augusto Poleto Antiqueira P, Bach A, de Mello G, Silva L, Rabelo Oliveira Leal C, Quevedo Romero G Sci Rep 15-Nov-2023
PMCID:PMC10652001
doi:10.1038/s41598-023-46204-x
PMID:37968331
Macro and trace element compositions and physicochemical parameters of guajiru fruits (Chrysobalanus icaco l.) from two Brazilian states de Melo Rodrigues YJ, dos Santos NR, Lordelo Guimarães Tavares PP, Eugênia de Oliveira Mamede M, Menezes-Filho JA Heliyon 22-Sep-2023
PMCID:PMC10520804
doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20291
PMID:37767506
An improved folate stable isotope dilution assay of unexploited food sources from Brazil Obermaier L, da Mata BP, Perego CH, Sivieri K, Salgaço MK, dos Santos AG, Boehni R, Groehn V, Knapp JP, Rychlik M Front Nutr 05-Sep-2023
PMCID:PMC10508286
doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1252497
PMID:37731402
Hunting practices in southwestern Amazonia: a comparative study of techniques, modalities, and baits among urban and rural hunters Oliveira MA, Braga-Pereira F, El Bizri HR, Morcatty TQ, Doria CR, Messias MR J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 03-Jul-2023
PMCID:PMC10318826
doi:10.1186/s13002-023-00599-z
PMID:37400859
The oral repellent – science fiction or common sense? Insects, vector-borne diseases, failing strategies, and a bold proposition Bauer IL Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 28-Jun-2023
PMCID:PMC10308739
doi:10.1186/s40794-023-00195-9
PMID:37381000
Re-Examination of Several Elsinoë Species Reported from Japan Ujat AH, Ono T, Hattori Y, Nakashima C Mycobiology 15-Jun-2023
PMCID:PMC10288934
doi:10.1080/12298093.2023.2219049
PMID:37359956
New Trends in Supercritical Fluid Technology and Pressurized Liquids for the Extraction and Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Agro-Industrial and Marine Food Waste Fraguela-Meissimilly H, Bastías-Monte JM, Vergara C, Ortiz-Viedma J, Lemus-Mondaca R, Flores M, Toledo-Merma P, Alcázar-Alay S, Gallón-Bedoya M Molecules 29-May-2023
PMCID:PMC10254675
doi:10.3390/molecules28114421
PMID:37298897
Female naturalists and the patterns of suppression of women scientists in history: the example of Maria Sibylla Merian and her contributions about useful plants Mariath F, Baratto LC J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 12-May-2023
PMCID:PMC10182609
doi:10.1186/s13002-023-00589-1
PMID:37173737
Ultrasound applications in drying of fruits from a sustainable development goals perspective Fernandes FA, Rodrigues S Ultrason Sonochem 04-May-2023
PMCID:PMC10193121
doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106430
PMID:37167783
Tissue engineering modalities in skeletal muscles: focus on angiogenesis and immunomodulation properties Namjoo AR, Abrbekoh FN, Saghati S, Amini H, Saadatlou MA, Rahbarghazi R Stem Cell Res Ther 15-Apr-2023
PMCID:PMC10105969
doi:10.1186/s13287-023-03310-x
PMID:37061717
Genipin increases extracellular matrix synthesis preventing corneal perforation Donovan C, Sun M, Cogswell D, Margo CE, Avila MY, Espana EM Ocul Surf 03-Mar-2023
PMCID:PMC10440284
doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2023.02.003
PMID:36871831
Effect of Antigen Structure in Subunit Vaccine Nanoparticles on Humoral Immune Responses Park J, Champion JA ACS Biomater Sci Eng 27-Feb-2023
PMCID:PMC10015428
doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01516
PMID:36848229

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Benzenoids / Anthracenes / Anthraquinones / Hydroxyanthraquinones
6,1'-O,O-dimethylaverantin 60199901 Click to see CCCCCC(C1=C(C=C2C(=C1O)C(=O)C3=C(C2=O)C=C(C=C3O)OC)O)OC 400.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.53.1342
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Terphenyls / P-terphenyls
Echoside E 76314408 Click to see CN1C2=C(C(=C(C(=C2SC1=O)C3=CC=CC=C3)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)C(=O)O)O)O)O)C5=CC=CC=C5 525.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.53.1342
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acid esters / Fatty acid methyl esters
methyl (4aR,7aR)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(4-methoxy-4-oxobutyl)-1-oxo-5,7a-dihydro-4aH-cyclopenta[c]pyridine-4-carboxylate 162860031 Click to see COC(=O)CCCN1C=C(C2CC=C(C2C1=O)CO)C(=O)OC 323.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.632
methyl 7-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(4-methoxy-4-oxobutyl)-1-oxo-5,7a-dihydro-4aH-cyclopenta[c]pyridine-4-carboxylate 73298976 Click to see COC(=O)CCCN1C=C(C2CC=C(C2C1=O)CO)C(=O)OC 323.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.632
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Iridoids and derivatives
(1R)-1alpha,7aalpha-Dihydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4aalpha,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester 16655217 Click to see COC(=O)C1=COC(C2(C1CC=C2CO)O)O 242.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.632
Genipin 442424 Click to see COC(=O)C1=COC(C2C1CC=C2CO)O 226.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.632
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)85186-8
Methyl 1-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate 23340 Click to see COC(=O)C1=COC(C2C1CC=C2CO)O 226.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.632
methyl 1,7a-dihydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-4a,5-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate 73298977 Click to see COC(=O)C1=COC(C2(C1CC=C2CO)O)O 242.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.632
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Iridoid O-glycosides
(1S,4aS,5R,7S,7aS)-5,7-dihydroxy-7-methyl-1-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid 162985513 Click to see CC1(CC(C2C1C(OC=C2C(=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O)O 392.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.632
(1S,4aS,7S,7aS)-7-hydroxy-7-methylol-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methylol-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-4a,7a-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[d]pyran-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester 138113473 Click to see COC(=O)C1=COC(C2C1C=CC2(CO)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O 404.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50078A032
5,7-dihydroxy-7-methyl-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid 14378605 Click to see CC1(CC(C2C1C(OC=C2C(=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O)O 392.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.632
6alpha-Hydroxygeniposide; Deacetylasperulosidic acid methyl ester 3515876 Click to see COC(=O)C1=COC(C2C1C(C=C2CO)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O 404.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.632
7-(Hydroxymethyl)-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid 323273 Click to see C1C=C(C2C1C(=COC2OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)O)CO 374.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.53.1342
Deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester 6325021 Click to see COC(=O)C1=COC(C2C1C(C=C2CO)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O 404.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.632
Gardenoside 442423 Click to see COC(=O)C1=COC(C2C1C=CC2(CO)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O 404.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50078A032
https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.53.1342
Genameside B 11495491 Click to see COC(=O)C1=COC(C2C1CC(C2(CO)O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O 422.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.53.1342
Genameside C 11692460 Click to see COC(=O)C1=COC(C2C1CC=C2CO)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O 550.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.53.1342
Genameside D 11570273 Click to see COC(=O)C1=COC(C2C1CC=C2COC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O 550.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.53.1342
Genipin 1-gentiobioside 3082301 Click to see COC(=O)C1=COC(C2C1CC=C2CO)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)COC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O 550.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.53.1342
Geniposide 107848 Click to see COC(=O)C1=COC(C2C1CC=C2CO)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O 388.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50078A032
https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.53.1342
Geniposidic acid 443354 Click to see C1C=C(C2C1C(=COC2OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)O)CO 374.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50078A032
https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.53.1342
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)85186-8
methyl (1S,4aS,6R,7S,7aS)-6,7-dihydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate 11690334 Click to see COC(=O)C1=COC(C2C1CC(C2(CO)O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O 422.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.53.1342
methyl (4aR,7aS)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate 137706142 Click to see COC(=O)C1=COC(C2C1CC=C2CO)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O 388.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50078A032
Methyl 1-[3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate 73063764 Click to see COC(=O)C1=COC(C2C1CC=C2CO)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O 550.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.53.1342
Methyl 7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate 3515873 Click to see COC(=O)C1=COC(C2C1CC=C2CO)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O 388.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.53.1342
methyl 7-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4a,7a-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate 100058 Click to see COC(=O)C1=COC(C2C1C=CC2(CO)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O 404.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.53.1342
Scandoside methyl ester 442433 Click to see COC(=O)C1=COC(C2C1C(C=C2CO)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O 404.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.632
Shanzhiside 11948668 Click to see CC1(CC(C2C1C(OC=C2C(=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O)O 392.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.632
Tarennoside 182279 Click to see C1C=C(C2C1C(=COC2OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C=O)CO 358.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50078A032
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones
(4S,4aR,7aS)-4,7-bis(hydroxymethyl)-4,4a,5,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-3-one 160701616 Click to see C1C=C(C2C1C(C(=O)OC2)CO)CO 198.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.632
(4S,4aS,7aS)-4,7-bis(hydroxymethyl)-4,4a,5,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-3-one 101675239 Click to see C1C=C(C2C1C(C(=O)OC2)CO)CO 198.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.632
4,7-bis(hydroxymethyl)-4,4a,5,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-3-one 130146212 Click to see C1C=C(C2C1C(C(=O)OC2)CO)CO 198.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.632
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
[(1R,3aS,4S,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aS,13bR)-4-hydroxy-3a-(hydroxymethyl)-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl] dodecanoate 163050706 Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC1CCC2(C3CCC4C5C(CCC5(C(CC4(C3(CCC2C1(C)C)C)C)O)CO)C(=C)C)C 641.00 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.53.1342
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives
2-acetyloxy-2-[(3S,4R)-3-hydroxy-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]furan-4-yl]acetic acid 5317551 Click to see CC(=O)OC(C1CCC2=C1C(OC2)O)C(=O)O 242.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)99179-3
Genipinic acid 12310086 Click to see COC(=O)C(C1CCC2=C1C(OC2)O)C(=O)O 242.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)99179-3
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Sugar alcohols
Mannitol 6251 Click to see C(C(C(C(C(CO)O)O)O)O)O 182.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01185929
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Dihydrofurans
2-[(3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]furan-4-yl]acetic acid 5317549 Click to see C1CC2=C(C1CC(=O)O)C(OC2)O 184.19 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)99179-3
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A023
Genipic acid 78384968 Click to see C1CC2=C(C1CC(=O)O)C(OC2)O 184.19 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A023
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)99179-3

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