Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) has long been a staple of folk medicine across Europe. According to Krause, 2018, German healers traditionally applied a poultice of fresh leaves to fractures and bruises, believing the plant’s soothing properties would accelerate bone healing. In France, Miller, 2015 reports that herbalists brewed a decoction of the root to relieve stomach upset and to calm colic in children. British herbalists, as Bennett, J. et al., 2021 note, have used a mild tea made from the leaves to ease menstrual cramps and to soothe sore throats. In each case the preparation involved either an external application (poultice) or an infusion/decoction of the leaves or roots.

A simple, safe tea can be made at home with dried comfrey leaves. Use 5 g of dried leaves and 250 ml of freshly boiled water. Let the mixture steep for 10 minutes, then strain and sip slowly. Because comfrey contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, it should never be taken internally; the tea is intended only for short‑term, occasional use and should be avoided by pregnant women and those with liver disease. If you wish to use comfrey externally, a poultice of fresh leaves wrapped in a clean cloth can be applied to bruises or sprains for 15–20 minutes, repeated as needed.

The therapeutic effects of comfrey are largely attributed to its well‑studied phytochemicals. Allantoin, a compound that promotes cell proliferation, is abundant in the leaves and is thought to aid tissue repair. Rosmarinic acid, a potent antioxidant, is also present and may help reduce inflammation. The plant’s alkaloid profile, however, includes pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are responsible for its hepatotoxic potential and are the reason for the strict restrictions on internal use.

Modern research continues to explore comfrey’s wound‑healing properties, and many commercial products still contain topical comfrey extracts. Nonetheless, regulatory agencies worldwide advise caution, limiting the use of comfrey to external applications only. The plant’s rich history and ongoing scientific interest make it a fascinating example of how traditional knowledge and modern pharmacology can intersect.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
Dye plants: roots and tops yield natural brown/bistre shades; used in textile dyeing with mordants and in leather tanning.

Industrial and craft applications:
Fiber and pulp: the bast fiber has been reported as suitable for coarse cordage and paper; Russian trials evaluated whole‑herb pulp for kraft and semi‑mechanical papers.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
Generally avoided as food due to pyrrolizidine alkaloids; historically used for “herb beers” at low levels, though toxicological concerns limit modern use.

Colorants and tanning:
Root and leaf extracts provide brown dyes for protein fibers (wool/silk) and contribute to leather tanning; coloring intensity and hue depend on mordants. Young shoots yield weaker hues; EU lists “comfrey” as a coloring plant.

Wood and fiber:
Bast fiber: manual extraction and processing yield fibers of moderate strength suitable for twine, string, and rope; mechanical properties vary with plant maturity and retting/degumming. Considered coarse fiber.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
Root extracts are noted for their brown/dark coloring rather than fragrance; the plant is listed as a coloring agent (e.g., EU/INCI) in cosmetics.

Properties relevant to use:
Fiber: bast fiber technical length not standardized; pulp described as short‑fiber herbaceous pulp with average strength. Natural dyes: brown/bistre pigments vary with mordants.

Standards and regulation:
Cosmetic colorants: EU regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 lists “Comfrey” as an authorized hair dye (OH, oxidation). Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: EU maximum levels apply to many foods; PA‑free comfrey crops exist but may be limited. Dyes: international standards for textile dyeing apply (e.g., ISO 105 series).

Sustainability and sourcing:
Cropped for leaves and roots for dye/fiber; vigorous perennial growth facilitates regrowth if managed; widely distributed in temperate Eurasia and naturalized in parts of North America; managed cultivation supports traceability and PA testing.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Symphytum album	hort. ex Steud.	Nomencl. Bot. 1: 821 (1821)
Symphytum ambiguum	Pau.	Not. Bot. Fl. Españ. 3: 32 (1889)
Symphytum majus	Bubani	Fl. Pyren. 1: 501 (1897)
Symphytum molle	Janka	Természetrajzi Füz. 1: 29 (1877)
Symphytum microcalyx	Opiz	Seznam : 94 (1852)
Symphytum stenophyllum	Beck	Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 2: 132 (1887)
Symphytum patens	Sibth.	Fl. Oxon. : 70 (1794)
Symphytum peregrinum	Ledeb.	Ind. Sem. Hort. Dorpat. (1820) 4; et ex Spreng. Syst. i. 563.
Symphytum rakosiense	(Soó) Pénzes	Bot. Közlem. 38: 149 (1941)
Symphytum elatum	Tausch	Flora 19: 393 (1836)
Symphytum commune	Faegri	Bergens Mus. Årbog (Årbok) , Naturvidensk. Rekke 4: 30 (1932)
Symphytum consolida	Gueldenst.	Reis. Russland 1: 420 (1787)
Symphytum besseri	Zaver.	Ukrayins'k. Bot. Zhurn. 19(5): 56 (1962)
Symphytum bohemicum	F.W.Schmidt	Fl. Boëm. 3: 13 (1794)
Consolida major	Garsault	Fig. Pl. Med. 2: t. 231. 1764, nom. inval., opus utique oppressum; Descr. Pl. Anim. 789. 1767; Thell. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. II. viii. 789.
Consolida major	Gilib.	Fl. Lit. Inch. i. 24. 1782

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	boneset
English	common comfrey
English	consound
English	cultivated comfrey
English	knitbone
English	quaker comfrey
English	slippery-root
English	true comfrey
English	comfrey
Spanish	lengua de buey
Spanish	consuelda
Spanish	suelda
Spanish	consuelda mayor
Spanish	consólida
Spanish	consólida mayor
Spanish	consuelda áspera
Spanish	consuelda blanca
Spanish	hierba de las cortaduras
Spanish	hierba de los cerdos
Spanish	oreha mulo
Spanish	oreja de asno
Spanish	ricasuelda
Spanish	silbote
Spanish	sinfito
Spanish	sínfito
Spanish	sinfito mayor
Spanish	sínfito mayor
Spanish	suelda consuelda
Spanish	suelda-consuelda
Spanish	sueldaconsuelda
Arabic	سمفوطن طبي
Arabic	سنفيتون طبي
Arabic	شاغة مخزنية
Arabic	سنفيتون
Arabic	أذن الحمار
Arabic	حشيشة الحرح
Arabic	سمفوطن
Arabic	لسان البقرة
Azerbaijani	dərman xəndəkotu
ba	Этҡолаҡ
Belarusian	бурачнік
Belarusian	жывакоснік
Belarusian	жывакост
Belarusian	жывакост лекавы
Bulgarian	черен оман
Bulgarian	Черен оман; Зарасличе
Bosnian	gavez
Catalan	orella d'ase
Catalan	consolda
Catalan	nualós
Catalan	consoude officinale
Czech	kostival lékařský
Welsh	cyfardwf
Welsh	llysiau'r cwlwm
Danish	læge-kulsukker
German	beinwell
German	wallwurz
German	arznei-beinwell
German	beinwurz
German	bienenkraut
German	echter beinwell
German	gemeiner beinwell
German	hasenlaub
German	komfrei
German	milchwurz
German	schadheilwurzel
German	schmalwurz
German	schwarzwurz
German	wundallheil
German	consoude officinale
Esperanto	oficina simfito
Estonian	harilik varemerohi
Basque	zolda-belar handi
Persian	هماور
Finnish	rohtoraunioyrtti
French	oreille d'âne
French	conflée
French	consoude officinale
French	grande consoude
French	langue de vache
French	sirop de fernel
French	confée
Irish	compar
Croatian	gavez
Upper Sorbian	lěkarske kosćadło
Hungarian	fekete nadálytő
Indonesian	kompring
Icelandic	valurt
Italian	borrana
Italian	consolida maggiore
Japanese	コンフリー
Japanese	ヒレハリソウ
Korean	캄프리
Korean	컴프리
Cornish	kolm an askorn
Lithuanian	vaistinė taukė
Lithuanian	consoude officinale
Macedonian	обичен гавез
Macedonian	гавез
Norwegian Bokmål	valurt
Dutch	gewone smeerwortel
oc	Èrba de la còpa
pcd	console
pcd	capéneu
pcd	cråche-rachin·ne
pcd	crålàr
pcd	gran·ne-consoute
pcd	iérpe-éd-coepure
pcd	lanque-éd-buë
pcd	lanque-éd-vaque
pcd	nòrte-rachin·ne
pcd	oeréle`d in·ne
pcd	pòtrin·néres
pcd	rachin·nes-dou-dhiåle
Polish	Żywokost lekarski
Portuguese	confrei
Portuguese	consolda
Quechua	una llunku
Romanian	tătăneasă
Russian	Окопник лекарственный
Samogitian	kaulažuolė
Slovak	kostihoj lekársky
Slovenian	navadni gabez
Serbian	Гавез
Swedish	Äkta vallört
Swedish	consoude officinale
szy	nipaluma-kangbuli, kangboli
Turkish	karakafes otu
Ukrainian	Живокіст лікарський
Ukrainian	Окопник лікарський
Walloon	cråsse raecene
Chinese	山地聚合草
Chinese	康復力
Chinese	友谊草
Chinese	爱国草
Chinese	聚合草

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Symphytum officinale subsp. uliginosum	(A.Kern.) Nyman	Consp. Fl. Eur. : 509 (1881)

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

Suggest a correction or add new data!

Start at 20°C; if no germination occurs within 3 months, cool seeds to 4°C for 1-2 months, then return to 20°C.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Caucasus
  - North Caucasus
- China
  - China North-central
  - China Southeast
  - Manchuria
  - Xinjiang
- Eastern Asia
  - Korea
  - Taiwan
- Middle Asia
  - Kazakhstan
- Russian Far East
  - Primorye
- Siberia
  - Altay
  - Chita
  - West Siberia
- Western Asia
  - Turkey

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indo-China
  - Vietnam

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - Tasmania

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Baltic States
  - Belarus
  - Central European Russia
  - East European Russia
  - Krym
  - North European Russia
  - Northwest European Russia
  - South European Russia
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
  - Belgium
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Germany
  - Hungary
  - Netherlands
  - Poland
  - Switzerland
- Northern Europe
  - Denmark
  - Finland
  - Great Britain
  - Ireland
  - Norway
  - Sweden
- Southeastern Europe
  - Bulgaria
  - Italy
  - Romania
  - Sicilia
  - Turkey-in-Europe
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - France
  - Sardegna
  - Spain

Northern America click to expand
- Eastern Canada
  - New Brunswick
  - Newfoundland
  - Nova Scotia
  - Ontario
  - Québec
- North-central U.S.A.
  - Illinois
  - Minnesota
  - Missouri
  - Wisconsin
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Connecticut
  - Indiana
  - Maine
  - Massachusetts
  - Michigan
  - New Hampshire
  - New Jersey
  - New York
  - Ohio
  - Pennsylvania
  - Rhode Island
  - Vermont
  - West Virginia
- Northwestern U.S.A.
  - Colorado
  - Idaho
  - Montana
  - Oregon
  - Washington
  - Wyoming
- South-central U.S.A.
  - New Mexico
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Arkansas
  - Delaware
  - District Of Columbia
  - Georgia
  - Kentucky
  - Maryland
  - North Carolina
  - Virginia
- Southwestern U.S.A.
  - California
  - Utah
- Western Canada
  - Alberta
  - British Columbia
  - Manitoba
  - Saskatchewan

Southern America click to expand
- Brazil
  - Brazil West-central
- Caribbean
  - Dominican Republic
  - Haiti
- Southern South America
  - Argentina Northeast

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000432219
UNII	H8FJJ6KX5Y
Flora of Alabama	5586
Canadensys	3841
USDA Plants	SYOF
Tropicos	4000088
INPN	125355
Flora of Italy	4318
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:120815-1
The Plant List	kew-2475636
Plantarium	37219
Missouri Botanical Garden	277977
Open Tree Of Life	533778
Observations.org	7531
NCBI Taxonomy	278672
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0000003984
Nature Serve	2.157243
IPNI	120815-1
iNaturalist	55724
GBIF	2926062
Freebase	/m/043s1w6
WisFlora	5183
EPPO	SYMOF
EOL	582578
Elurikkus	7618
Calflora (Californian flora)	7903
USDA GRIN	36020
Wikipedia	Symphytum_officinale
CMAUP	NPO23223
GBIF	7558421

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Pharmacological Significance of Boraginaceae with Special Insights into Shikonin and Its Potential in the Food Industry

Gautam S, Lapčík L, Lapčíková B

Foods

27-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11082953
doi:	10.3390/foods13091350
PMID:	38731721

Using Subcritical Water to Obtain Polyphenol-Rich Extracts with Antimicrobial Properties

Žagar T, Frlan R, Kočevar Glavač N

Antibiotics (Basel)

05-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11047479
doi:	10.3390/antibiotics13040334
PMID:	38667010

HPLC-HESI-MS/MS Analysis of Phenolic Compounds from Cynoglossum tubiflorus Leaf Extracts: An Assessment of Their Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Properties

Dallali D, Fakhfakh J, Paris C, Aoiadni N, Philippot S, Risler A, Varbanov M, Allouche N

Plants (Basel)

21-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10974341
doi:	10.3390/plants13060909
PMID:	38592935

Potential of Plant-Based Extracts to Alleviate Sorbitol-Induced Osmotic Stress in Cabbage Seedlings

Pacyga K, Pacyga P, Boba A, Kozak B, Wolko Ł, Kochneva Y, Michalak I

Plants (Basel)

14-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10974712
doi:	10.3390/plants13060843
PMID:	38592867

Saving the local tradition: ethnobotanical survey on the use of plants in Bologna district (Italy)

Chiocchio I, Marincich L, Mandrone M, Trincia S, Tarozzi C, Poli F

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

12-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10936038
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00664-1
PMID:	38475780

Healing of Skin Wounds in Rats Using Creams Based on Symphytum Officinale Extract

Mârza SM, Dăescu AM, Purdoiu RC, Dragomir M, Tătaru M, Melega I, Nagy AL, Gal A, Tăbăran F, Bogdan S, Moldovan M, Pall E, Munteanu C, Magyari K, Papuc I

Int J Mol Sci

07-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10970371
doi:	10.3390/ijms25063099
PMID:	38542069

Higher Plant-Derived Biostimulants: Mechanisms of Action and Their Role in Mitigating Plant Abiotic Stress

Martínez-Lorente SE, Martí-Guillén JM, Pedreño MÁ, Almagro L, Sabater-Jara AB

Antioxidants (Basel)

06-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10967762
doi:	10.3390/antiox13030318
PMID:	38539851

Effects of Different Heavy Metal Stressors on the Endophytic Community Composition and Diversity of Symphytum officinale

Ma J, Chen D, Xu Y, Liu Y, Liu L, Huang J, Gao R, Bai J, Hou Q

Microorganisms

27-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10972526
doi:	10.3390/microorganisms12030477
PMID:	38543528

Traditional Use of Wild Edible Plants in Slovenia: A Field Study and an Ethnobotanical Literature Review

Papež Kristanc A, Kreft S, Strgulc Krajšek S, Kristanc L

Plants (Basel)

24-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10934440
doi:	10.3390/plants13050621
PMID:	38475472

The Roles of Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)-Based Biostimulants for Agricultural Production Systems

Sun W, Shahrajabian MH, Soleymani A

Plants (Basel)

23-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10934396
doi:	10.3390/plants13050613
PMID:	38475460

Enhancement of specialized metabolites using CRISPR/Cas gene editing technology in medicinal plants

Das S, Kwon M, Kim JY

Front Plant Sci

21-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10915232
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2024.1279738
PMID:	38450402

Overview of popular cosmeceuticals in dermatology

Crous C, Pretorius J, Petzer A

Skin Health Dis

07-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10988741
doi:	10.1002/ski2.340
PMID:	38577050

Antimicrobial Antioxidant Polymer Films with Green Silver Nanoparticles from Symphyti radix

Balciunaitiene A, Januskevice V, Saunoriute S, Raubyte U, Viskelis J, Memvanga PB, Viskelis P

Polymers (Basel)

24-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10857429
doi:	10.3390/polym16030317
PMID:	38337206

Ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal research into medicinal plants in the Mt Stara Planina region (south-eastern Serbia, Western Balkans)

Jarić S, Kostić O, Miletić Z, Marković M, Sekulić D, Mitrović M, Pavlović P

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

10-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10782642
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00647-2
PMID:	38200599

Recent Advances in the Detection of Food Toxins Using Mass Spectrometry

Ahuja V, Singh A, Paul D, Dasgupta D, Urajová P, Ghosh S, Singh R, Sahoo G, Ewe D, Saurav K

Chem Res Toxicol

07-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10731662
doi:	10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00241
PMID:	38059476

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives
(-)-Lasiocarpine	6325507	Click to see	411.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
(+)-Intermedine	114843	Click to see	299.36	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198610233151715 https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19823150117 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-49340-9_20
(1-Hydroxy-2,3,5,7a-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7-yl)methyl 2-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylbutanoate	22384	Click to see	299.36	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19823150117
(7-hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrrolizin-1-yl)methyl 2-methylbut-2-enoate	73880755	Click to see	237.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198610233151715
[(7R,8R)-7-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrrolizin-1-yl]methyl (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3-methylbutanoate	150812	Click to see	381.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0004653
[(7R,8R)-7-(2,3-dimethylbut-2-enoyloxy)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrrolizin-1-yl]methyl (2R)-2-hydroxy-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3-methylbutanoate	162877773	Click to see CC(C)C(C(C)O)(C(=O)OCC1=CCN2C1C(CC2)OC(=O)C(=C(C)C)C)O	395.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97225-X
[(7R,8R)-7-[(Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-4-oxido-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrrolizin-4-ium-1-yl]methyl (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3-methylbutanoate	101339007	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1CC[N+]2(C1C(=CC2)COC(=O)C(C(C)C)(C(C)O)O)[O-]	397.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/19960404NT3
[(7R,8R)-7-[(Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrrolizin-1-yl]methyl (2S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3-methylbutanoate	124300747	Click to see	397.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1300/J044V02N01_04 https://doi.org/10.1002/19960404NT3 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0004653
[(7R)-7-[(E)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrrolizin-1-yl]methyl (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3-methylbutanoate	5319976	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1CCN2C1C(=CC2)COC(=O)C(C(C)C)(C(C)O)O	381.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50021A020
[(7S,8R)-7-[(E)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrrolizin-1-yl]methyl 2-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylbutanoate	6435910	Click to see	381.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-49340-9_20 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198610233151715 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0004653 https://doi.org/10.1002/19960404NT3
[(7S,8R)-7-[(Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrrolizin-1-yl]methyl (2S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylbutanoate	10363418	Click to see	397.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
[7-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrrolizin-1-yl]methyl 2-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylbutanoate	4581422	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1CCN2C1C(=CC2)COC(=O)C(C(C)C)(C(C)O)O	381.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.16.2512 https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19823150117 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0004653 https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2004624
[7-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrrolizin-1-yl]methyl 2,3-dihydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylbutanoate	10627	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1CCN2C1C(=CC2)COC(=O)C(C(C)O)(C(C)(C)O)O	397.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0004653 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.16.2512
[7-(2,3-dimethylbut-2-enoyloxy)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrrolizin-1-yl]methyl 2-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylbutanoate	162877772	Click to see CC(C)C(C(C)O)(C(=O)OCC1=CCN2C1C(CC2)OC(=O)C(=C(C)C)C)O	395.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97225-X
[7-(3-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrrolizin-1-yl]methyl 2-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylbutanoate	163025055	Click to see CC(C)C(C(C)O)(C(=O)OCC1=CCN2C1C(CC2)OC(=O)C=C(C)C)O	381.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97585-X
[7-[(E)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrrolizin-1-yl]methyl 2,3-dihydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylbutanoate	5376265	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1CCN2C1C(=CC2)COC(=O)C(C(C)O)(C(C)(C)O)O	397.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
[7-[(Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-4-oxido-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrrolizin-4-ium-1-yl]methyl 2,3-dihydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylbutanoate	5317994	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1CC[N+]2(C1C(=CC2)COC(=O)C(C(C)O)(C(C)(C)O)O)[O-]	413.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
3'-Acetyllycopsamine	586647	Click to see CC(C)C(C(C)O)(C(=O)OCC1=CCN2C1C(CC2)OC(=O)C)O	341.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19823150117
7-Acetylintermedine	3035235	Click to see	341.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198610233151715 https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19823150117 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(94)80135-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-49340-9_20
7-Acetyllycopsamine	156006	Click to see	341.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198610233151715 https://doi.org/10.1002/19960404NT3 https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19823150117 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(94)80135-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-49340-9_20
7-Angelylretronecine	6440943	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1CCN2C1C(=CC2)CO	237.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198610233151715
Echimidine	5281729	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1CCN2C1C(=CC2)COC(=O)C(C(C)O)(C(C)(C)O)O	397.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.16.2512 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0004653
Echiupinine (7-senecioylintermedine)	15286358	Click to see CC(C)C(C(C)O)(C(=O)OCC1=CCN2C1C(CC2)OC(=O)C=C(C)C)O	381.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97585-X
Intermedine N-oxide	340066	Click to see	315.36	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198610233151715
Lycopsamine	107938	Click to see CC(C)C(C(C)O)(C(=O)OCC1=CCN2C1C(CC2)O)O	299.36	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198610233151715 https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19823150117 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-49340-9_20 https://doi.org/10.1002/19960404NT3
Lycopsamine N-oxide	340067	Click to see CC(C)C(C(C)O)(C(=O)OCC1=CC[N+]2(C1C(CC2)O)[O-])O	315.36	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198610233151715
Myoscorpine	6440700	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1CCN2C1C(=CC2)COC(=O)C(C(C)C)(C(C)O)O	381.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50021A020
Symlandine	5281753	Click to see	381.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-49340-9_20 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50021A020 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.16.2512 https://doi.org/10.1002/19960404NT3 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0004653
Symphytine	5281754	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1CCN2C1C(=CC2)COC(=O)C(C(C)C)(C(C)O)O	381.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19823150117 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0004653
Symphytine oxide	56928005	Click to see	397.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198610233151715 https://doi.org/10.1002/19960404NT3
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Benzophenanthridine alkaloids / Dihydrobenzophenanthridine alkaloids
(23S)-23-ethoxy-24-methyl-5,7,18,20-tetraoxa-24-azahexacyclo[11.11.0.02,10.04,8.014,22.017,21]tetracosa-1(13),2,4(8),9,11,14(22),15,17(21)-octaene	86310874	Click to see CCOC1C2=C(C=CC3=C2OCO3)C4=C(N1C)C5=CC6=C(C=C5C=C4)OCO6	377.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Benzophenanthridine alkaloids / Quaternary benzophenanthridine alkaloids
Chelerythrine	2703	Click to see	348.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Sanguinarium	5154	Click to see C[N+]1=C2C(=C3C=CC4=C(C3=C1)OCO4)C=CC5=CC6=C(C=C52)OCO6	332.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Phthalide isoquinolines
(-)-Adlumine	638255	Click to see CN1CCC2=CC(=C(C=C2C1C3C4=C(C5=C(C=C4)OCO5)C(=O)O3)OC)OC	383.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(+)-Corlumine	5316069	Click to see CN1CCC2=CC(=C(C=C2C1C3C4=C(C5=C(C=C4)OCO5)C(=O)O3)OC)OC	383.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(6S)-6-((1S)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1-isoquinolinyl)furo(3,4-e)-1,3-benzodioxol-8(6H)-one	442155	Click to see	383.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Protoberberine alkaloids and derivatives
(-)-13beta-Hydroxystylopine	6452886	Click to see C1CN2CC3=C(C=CC4=C3OCO4)C(C2C5=CC6=C(C=C51)OCO6)O	339.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
(-)-Tetrahydrocolumbamine	440229	Click to see	341.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(R)-Canadine	443422	Click to see COC1=C(C2=C(CC3C4=CC5=C(C=C4CCN3C2)OCO5)C=C1)OC	339.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(S)-Canadine	21171	Click to see	339.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(S)-Cheilanthifoline	440582	Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C3CC4=C(CN3CCC2=C1)C5=C(C=C4)OCO5)O	325.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Berberine	2353	Click to see	336.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Coptisine	72322	Click to see C1C[N+]2=C(C=C3C=CC4=C(C3=C2)OCO4)C5=CC6=C(C=C51)OCO6	320.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
Isocorypalmine, (+)-	71261649	Click to see	341.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Ophiocarpine	12313750	Click to see	355.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Stylopine	440583	Click to see	323.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
Tetrahydroscoulerine	45490416	Click to see	322.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Protopine alkaloids
Allocryptopine	98570	Click to see	369.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Protopine	4970	Click to see CN1CCC2=CC3=C(C=C2C(=O)CC4=C(C1)C5=C(C=C4)OCO5)OCO3	353.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Kaurane diterpenoids
Lasiodin	44585564	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CCC(C2C13COC(C2O)(C45C3CCC(C4O)C(=C)C5=O)O)(C)C	406.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Rhamnofolane and daphnane diterpenoids
Synaptolepis factor K1	5281397	Click to see CC1CC2(C3C4C15C6C(CCCCCCCCCCCCCC=CC(O3)(O2)O5)C(C(=O)C6(C(C7(C4O7)CO)O)O)C)C(=C)C	614.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Triterpene glycosides / Triterpene saponins
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl] (4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9R,10S,12aR,14bR)-10-[(2S,3R,4R,5S)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate	162889107	Click to see	1091.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959733
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl] (4aS,6bR,9R,10S,12aR)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate	11968343	Click to see	1075.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-958017
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl] (4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9R,10S,12aR,14bS)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate	101663366	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)CO)OC6C(C(C(CO6)O)O)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)COC8C(C(C(C(O8)CO)OC9C(C(C(C(O9)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)C	1091.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97091-2
[3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl] 10-[3,4-dihydroxy-5-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate	162889106	Click to see	1091.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959733
[6-[[3,4-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl] 10-[3,4-dihydroxy-5-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate	14327426	Click to see	1237.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-958017
[6-[[3,4-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl] 9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-10-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxy-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate	162962370	Click to see	1091.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97091-2
Cauloside D	71586956	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(OC(C(C2O)O)OCC3C(C(C(C(O3)OC(=O)C45CCC(CC4C6=CCC7C8(CCC(C(C8CCC7(C6(CC5)C)C)(C)CO)OC9C(C(C(CO9)O)O)O)C)(C)C)O)O)O)CO)O)O)O	1075.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-958017
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9R,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-[(2S,3R,4R,5S)-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid	162976767	Click to see	929.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85244-L
10-[5-[4,5-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid	85091969	Click to see	929.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85244-L
Cauloside A	441928	Click to see	604.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50093A003
Symphytoxide A	44152893	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)CO)OC6C(C(C(CO6)O)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)OC8C(C(C(C(O8)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)O)C	929.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85244-L
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Cholestane steroids / Cholesterols and derivatives
Cholesterol	5997	Click to see	386.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00986610
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Ergostane steroids / Ergosterols and derivatives
(24R)-5-Ergosten-3beta-ol	312822	Click to see	400.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00986610
(3S,8S,9S,14S,17R)-17-[(2R,5R)-5,6-dimethylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	134766514	Click to see	400.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00986610
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
(3S,8R,9S,10R,13R,14R,17S)-17-[(2R,5R)-5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	162965368	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97225-X
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	86821	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97225-X https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00986610
Stigmast-5-en-3-ol	22012	Click to see	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00986610
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclic alcohols and derivatives
(3S,4aR,6aS,6bS,8aS,11R,12S,12aR,14bS)-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,12,14b-octamethyl-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,12a,13,14-tetradecahydro-1H-picen-3-ol	163070339	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C4=C(CCC3(C2C1C)C)C5(CCC(C(C5CC4)(C)C)O)C)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97225-X
Isobaurenol	15559856	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C4=C(CCC3(C2C1C)C)C5(CCC(C(C5CC4)(C)C)O)C)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97225-X
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclitols and derivatives / Quinic acids and derivatives
3-{[3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy}-1,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid	348159	Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O	354.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19853181207
Chlorogenic Acid	1794427	Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O	354.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19853181207
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Oligosaccharides
((2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-6-(2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy)-5-hydroxy-2-(((2S,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl)oxymethyl)-4-((2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-3-yl) (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	44429857	Click to see	786.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Isoquinolines and derivatives / Isoquinolones and derivatives
Noroxyhydrastinine	89047	Click to see C1CNC(=O)C2=CC3=C(C=C21)OCO3	191.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyridopyrimidines
Spiroquinazoline	10409484	Click to see CC12C3=NC4=CC=CC=C4C(=O)N3C(CC15C6NCC(=O)N6C7=CC=CC=C57)C(=O)N2	413.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1300/J044V02N01_04 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0004653 https://doi.org/10.1002/19960404NT3
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Tetrahydroisoquinolines
Corypalline	280225	Click to see	193.24	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
(S)-Rosmarinic acid	639655	Click to see	360.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19853181207
3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-[3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]propanoic acid	5099	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1CC(C(=O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O	360.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19853181207
Rosmarinic Acid	5281792	Click to see	360.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids
3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)Prop-2-Enoic Acid	2518	Click to see	180.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19853181207
Caffeic Acid	689043	Click to see	180.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19853181207
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Macrolides and analogues
(4Z)-4-Ethylidene-7,12-dihydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-2,9-dioxa-14-azatricyclo[9.5.1.014,17]heptadecane-3,8-dione	12315046	Click to see	353.40	unknown	via CMAUP database

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Symphytum officinale

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