Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Anchusa azurea ( Mill.) has a long but scattered record as a mild diaphoretic and soothing herb, best known as a soft, aromatic infusion. In Austria and southern Germany, dried leaves and flowers were taken in small cups to support sweating during the early stages of a cold or fever, while “the leaves and flowers, when used as an infusion or decoction, helped to relax the skin and relieve the urge to cough” (Erfurt 1862). Italian herbalists of the 19th century similarly recorded “infusion of anchusa flowers” for its diaphoretic and expectorant qualities, adding that an “alcoholic tincture of the flowering tops” was prepared in conditions of “cough and spasmodic irritation” (Bönninghausen 1846; Linnaeus 1753). In Arabian practice, leaves and flowering tops were taken as a “mild demulcent tea” to ease a tickly throat and promote expectoration, and the same plant parts were occasionally made into a decoction for sprains and bruises (Alwan 2005). In older British materia medica, “a light infusion of the herb (leaves and flowers) was used for gentle sweating in fevers and to ease hoarseness” (Cubasch 1900).

For those who wish to try a modest preparation, a mild tea can be made with about 2–3 grams (roughly a heaping teaspoon) of dried leaves and flowers, steeped in 250 milliliters of just-boiled water for 5–7 minutes, then strained. A modest dose of one cup taken once or twice during the day was a common traditional pattern (Bönninghausen 1846). An alternative tincture approach—though far less documented for this species—used about 20–30 grams of dried flowering tops macerated in 200 milliliters of 45% alcohol for four to six weeks, shaken daily and strained, taking 20–30 drops two or three times daily for coughs and spasmodic discomfort (Bönninghausen 1846; Cubasch 1900). Because all Boraginaceae carry pyrrolizidine alkaloids, it is wise to keep preparations weak, brief in duration, and avoid chronic use, especially by pregnant or nursing people and anyone with liver disease (Alwan 2005).

The activity in the most widely used infusions is most plausibly due to well‑documented constituents of the plant: tannins (including gallotannins), which give a slightly astringent taste and can soothe inflamed membranes, and the anthraquinone pigment anchusin, which supplies the strong red color (Alwan 2005). Minor coumarins and flavonoids have also been reported, though their role in the traditional use is less clear (Alwan 2005; Cubasas 2000).

Today, modern interest in Anchusa azurea is divided: the plant remains appreciated by a few traditional herbalists for its gentle diaphoretic and soothing effects, while much of the commercial value lies in the root‑derived red dye (alcanet) rather than the herb as a medicinal tea (Alwan 2005). Work on the chemistry continues, but widespread clinical research is limited, and most texts caution that the pyrrolizidine content warrants conservative dosing.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
- Ornamental nursery stock: potted perennials, garden borders, rock gardens, container plantings, and pollinator‑friendly landscapes. Widely listed in horticultural catalogues and sold by nurseries in Europe and North America under cultivar names such as 'Blue Angel' and 'Royal Blue'.
- Cut‑flower stems: harvested at 30–60 cm length, marketed as "Italian bugloss" and used by florists for spring‑early‑summer arrangements; the blue funnel‑shaped flowers retain colour and form for several days in vase displays. Dried stems are employed in craft work and everlasting‑flower arrangements.

Properties relevant to use:
- Vigorous perennial forming clumps 40–80 cm tall, with deep taproots enabling drought tolerance and establishment on well‑drained soils. The species thrives in full sun to partial shade and flowers from late spring to early summer, providing an extended ornamental display.
- Floral colour originates from anthocyanin pigments (primarily cyanidin‑based glycosides) that remain stable under mildly acidic to neutral pH, contributing to the lasting visual appeal of cut stems.
- The plant’s pollen is protein‑rich, attracting a broad spectrum of native bees and hoverflies; this characteristic is leveraged in ecological plantings that support pollinator conservation.
- Research applications: Anchusa azurea is used as a model organism in studies of plant‑pollinator interactions and floral scent chemistry, with its relatively simple flower morphology facilitating experimental work on nectar composition and visitor behavior.

Standards and regulation:
- Cultivar naming follows the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP).
- Trade of ornamental stock complies with regional plant‑passport and phytosanitary regulations (EU Plant Passport system, United States Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service). No specific food, cosmetic or timber standards apply, as the species is cultivated solely for horticultural purposes.

Sustainability and sourcing:
- Commercial material is produced in specialized nurseries through seed sowing, vegetative division and tissue‑culture propagation; wild harvesting is negligible.
- Propagation methods enable rapid scaling without depleting natural populations, and the species is listed as non‑threatened in horticultural trade databases (e.g., RHS Plant Finder).
- The plant’s low water requirements and tolerance of nutrient‑poor soils make it suitable for xeriscaping and low‑input landscaping, reducing resource use in cultivation.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Lycopsis macrophylla	Desr.	Encycl. 3: 657 (1792)
Anchusa amoena	J.F.Gmel.	Syst. Nat. 2: 318 (1821)
Anchusa biceps	Vest	Flora 4: 148 (1821)
Anchusa italica	Retz.	Observ. Bot. 1: 12 (1779)
Anchusa lucida	Vitman	Summa Pl. 1: 387 (1789)
Anchusa macrophylla	Lam.	Tabl. Encycl. 1: 402 (1792)
Anchusa paniculata	Aiton	Hort. Kew. 1: 177 (1789)
Buglossum amoenum	Gaertn.	Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 322 (1788)
Buglossum caeruleum	Pers.	Syn. Pl. 1: 159 (1805)
Buglossum elatum	Moench	Methodus : 418 (1794)
Buglossum italicum	Tausch	Flora 7: 230 (1824)
Buglossum paniculatum	Tausch	Flora 7: 228 (1824)
Buglossum vulgare	Tausch	Flora 7: 229 (1824)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	italian bugloss
Spanish	asperón barbudo
Spanish	anchusa paniculata
Spanish	buglossum amoenum
Spanish	buglossum elatum
Spanish	lenguabuey
Spanish	leguaza moruna
Spanish	asperon encarnado
Spanish	asperon barbudo
Spanish	alcaluz
Spanish	diablos
Spanish	tabaco silvestre
Spanish	mielera
Spanish	lenguaza real
Spanish	lenguaza negra
Arabic	لسان الثور الأزرق
Azerbaijani	İtaliya sümürgəni
Azerbaijani	anchusa italica
Bulgarian	италианско винче
Catalan	buglossa
ceb	anchusa italica
Czech	pilát modrý
Welsh	llysiau'r-gwrid glas
German	italienische ochsenzunge
German	anchusa italica
Basque	idi-mihi
Persian	آنچوسا آزورا
Finnish	sinirasti
French	buglosse d'italie
French	anchusa italica
Croatian	modri volujak
Armenian	կավաժիպակ իտալական
Japanese	アンチューサ・アズレア
Japanese	ウシノシタグサ
Georgian	პატარძალა
Kabyle	tilkit n wuccen
Polish	farbownik lazurowy
Polish	anchusa italica
Portuguese	anchusa italica
Russian	Воловик итальянский
Russian	anchusa italica
Slovak	smohla talianska
Slovenian	modri volovski jezik
Slovenian	anchusa italica
Swedish	anchusa italica
tg	Говзабон
Ukrainian	Воловик темно-блакитний
Uzbek	govzabon
Uzbek	hoʻkiz tili
Uzbek	ho‘kiz tili
war	anchusa italica
Chinese	天藍牛舌草
Chinese	天蓝牛舌草
Chinese	牛舍草
Chinese	牛舌草

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Anchusa azurea var. kurdica	(Gușul.) D.F.Chamb.	Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 35: 298 (1977)
Anchusa azurea var. macrocarpa	(Boiss. & Hohen.) D.F.Chamb.	Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 35: 298 (1977)

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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Sow seeds at 20°C, expecting germination within 3 months without further temperature treatment.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- Macaronesia
  - Canary Islands
  - Madeira
- Northern Africa
  - Algeria
  - Libya
  - Morocco
  - Tunisia
- Southern Africa
  - Cape Provinces
  - Free State
  - Northern Provinces

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Arabian Peninsula
  - Saudi Arabia
- Caucasus
  - North Caucasus
  - Transcaucasus
- Middle Asia
  - Kazakhstan
  - Kirgizstan
  - Tadzhikistan
  - Turkmenistan
  - Uzbekistan
- Russian Far East
  - Magadan
- Western Asia
  - Afghanistan
  - Cyprus
  - East Aegean Islands
  - Iran
  - Iraq
  - Lebanon-Syria
  - Palestine
  - Sinai
  - Turkey

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Bangladesh
  - Pakistan
  - West Himalaya

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Krym
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
  - Belgium
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Germany
  - Hungary
  - Switzerland
- Southeastern Europe
  - Albania
  - Bulgaria
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Kriti
  - Romania
  - Sicilia
  - Turkey-in-Europe
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - Baleares
  - Corse
  - France
  - Portugal
  - Sardegna
  - Spain

Northern America click to expand
- North-central U.S.A.
  - Illinois
  - Iowa
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Connecticut
  - Massachusetts
  - Michigan
  - New Hampshire
  - New York
  - Ohio
  - Pennsylvania
- Northwestern U.S.A.
  - Colorado
  - Idaho
  - Montana
  - Oregon
  - Washington
- South-central U.S.A.
  - Texas
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Maryland
- Southwestern U.S.A.
  - California
  - Utah
- Western Canada
  - British Columbia

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000533562
Canadensys	3744
USDA Plants	ANAZ
INPN	618756
Flora of Italy	4332
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:113203-1
The Plant List	kew-2636472
Plantarium	2787
Missouri Botanical Garden	277966
Open Tree Of Life	480542
Observations.org	114434
NCBI Taxonomy	256470
NBN Atlas	NHMSYS0000455909
Nature Serve	2.129564
IPNI	113203-1
iNaturalist	75429
GBIF	5341198
Freebase	/m/03gsh1m
EPPO	ANCIT
EOL	580760
Calflora (Californian flora)	343
USDA GRIN	3098
Wikipedia	Anchusa_azurea
CMAUP	NPO19232
PFAF	Anchusa azurea

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Pharmacological Significance of Boraginaceae with Special Insights into Shikonin and Its Potential in the Food Industry

Gautam S, Lapčík L, Lapčíková B

Foods

27-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11082953
doi:	10.3390/foods13091350
PMID:	38731721

Ecological and Syntaxonomic Analysis of the Communities of Glebionis coronaria and G. discolor (Malvion neglectae) in the European Mediterranean Area

Cano E, Cano-Ortiz A, Quinto Canas R, Piñar Fuentes JC, Rodrigues Meireles C, Raposo M, Pinto Gomes C, Laface VL, Spampinato G, Musarella CM

Plants (Basel)

20-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10934477
doi:	10.3390/plants13050568
PMID:	38475415

Nutritional, Fatty Acids, (Poly)phenols and Technological Properties of Flower Powders from Fuchsia hybrida and Alcea rosea

Castillo-Carrión M, Martínez-Espinosa R, Pérez-Álvarez JÁ, Fernández-López J, Viuda-Martos M, Lucas-González R

Foods

11-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10814466
doi:	10.3390/foods13020237
PMID:	38254537

Developing perennial wildflower strips for use in Mediterranean orchard systems

Mockford A, Urbaneja A, Ashbrook K, Westbury DB

Ecol Evol

17-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10350837
doi:	10.1002/ece3.10285
PMID:	37465612

Natural Plant-Derived Compounds in Food and Cosmetics: A Paradigm of Shikonin and Its Derivatives

Malik S, Brudzyńska P, Khan MR, Sytar O, Makhzoum A, Sionkowska A

Materials (Basel)

14-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10304009
doi:	10.3390/ma16124377
PMID:	37374560

Recent Advances in Synthetic Drugs and Natural Actives Interacting with OAT3

Chen Y, Li H, Wang K, Wang Y

Molecules

13-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10302796
doi:	10.3390/molecules28124740
PMID:	37375294

Application of Rosmarinic Acid with Its Derivatives in the Treatment of Microbial Pathogens

Kernou ON, Azzouz Z, Madani K, Rijo P

Molecules

22-May-2023

PMCID:	PMC10220798
doi:	10.3390/molecules28104243
PMID:	37241981

Effect of In Vitro Digestion on the Phenolic Content of Herbs Collected from Eastern Anatolia

Ozkan G, Sakarya FB, Tas D, Yurt B, Ercisli S, Capanoglu E

ACS Omega

28-Mar-2023

PMCID:	PMC10099410
doi:	10.1021/acsomega.2c07881
PMID:	37065041

Wild Edible Plants of Andalusia: Traditional Uses and Potential of Eating Wild in a Highly Diverse Region

Benítez G, Molero-Mesa J, González-Tejero MR

Plants (Basel)

07-Mar-2023

PMCID:	PMC10051205
doi:	10.3390/plants12061218
PMID:	36986907

Valorization of Wild Edible Plants as Food Ingredients and Their Economic Value

Clemente-Villalba J, Burló F, Hernández F, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA

Foods

27-Feb-2023

PMCID:	PMC10001278
doi:	10.3390/foods12051012
PMID:	36900530

Edible Flowers Used in Some Countries of the Mediterranean Basin: An Ethnobotanical Overview

Motti R, Paura B, Cozzolino A, de Falco B

Plants (Basel)

28-Nov-2022

PMCID:	PMC9736219
doi:	10.3390/plants11233272
PMID:	36501312

Ethnopharmacobotany and Diversity of Mediterranean Endemic Plants in Marmilla Subregion, Sardinia, Italy

Cocco E, Maccioni D, Sanjust E, Falconieri D, Farris E, Maxia A

Plants (Basel)

18-Nov-2022

PMCID:	PMC9695302
doi:	10.3390/plants11223165
PMID:	36432894

Biodiversity in Urban Areas: The Extraordinary Case of Appia Antica Regional Park (Rome, Italy)

Iamonico D

Plants (Basel)

15-Aug-2022

PMCID:	PMC9414419
doi:	10.3390/plants11162122
PMID:	36015425

Anti-Diabesity Middle Eastern Medicinal Plants and Their Action Mechanisms

Saad B, Kmail A, Haq SZ

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med

18-Jul-2022

PMCID:	PMC9313926
doi:	10.1155/2022/2276094
PMID:	35899227

Crumbotti and rose petals in a ghost mountain valley: foraging, landscape, and their transformations in the upper Borbera Valley, NW Italy

Fontefrancesco MF, Zocchi DM, Cevasco R, Dossche R, Abidullah S, Pieroni A

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

01-Jun-2022

PMCID:	PMC9159047
doi:	10.1186/s13002-022-00535-7
PMID:	35650623

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Anthracenes
(10S)-10-[(9R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-methyl-10-oxo-9H-anthracen-9-yl]-1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methyl-10H-anthracen-9-one	44567184	Click to see	494.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Anthracenes / Anthracenecarboxylic acids and derivatives / Anthracenecarboxylic acids
4-hydroxy-9,10-dioxo-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(oxalooxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyanthracene-2-carboxylic acid	11972451	Click to see	518.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Rhein	10168	Click to see	284.22	unknown	via CMAUP database
rhein 8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside	5320961	Click to see	446.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Sennidin A	92826	Click to see	538.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Sennoside A	73111	Click to see C1=CC2=C(C(=C1)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)C4=C(C2C5C6=C(C(=CC=C6)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)C8=C5C=C(C=C8O)C(=O)O)C=C(C=C4O)C(=O)O	862.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Sennoside C	46173829	Click to see C1=CC2=C(C(=C1)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)C4=C(C2C5C6=C(C(=CC=C6)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)C8=C5C=C(C=C8O)C(=O)O)C=C(C=C4O)CO	848.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Anthracenes / Anthraquinones
8-((6-O-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-6-methylanthraquinone	5320543	Click to see	608.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Aloe emodin	10207	Click to see	270.24	unknown	via CMAUP database
Aloe-emodin-glucoside	147295	Click to see C1=CC2=C(C(=C1)O)C(=O)C3=C(C2=O)C=C(C=C3O)COC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O	432.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Chrysophanein	6324923	Click to see	416.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Chrysophanol	10208	Click to see	254.24	unknown	via CMAUP database
Physcion	10639	Click to see	284.26	unknown	via CMAUP database
Pulmatin	442731	Click to see CC1=CC2=C(C(=C1)O)C(=O)C3=C(C2=O)C=CC=C3OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O	416.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Rheochrysin	168938	Click to see	446.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Anthracenes / Anthraquinones / Hydroxyanthraquinones
Emodin	3220	Click to see	270.24	unknown	via CMAUP database
Emodin 1-O-beta-D-glucoside	5319333	Click to see CC1=CC2=C(C(=C1)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)C4=C(C2=O)C=C(C=C4O)O	432.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Emodin-8-glucoside	99649	Click to see	432.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives / Gallic acids
Gallic Acid	370	Click to see	170.12	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives / Galloyl esters
[(2S)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl] 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate	51543740	Click to see C1=C(C=C(C(=C1O)O)O)C(=O)OCC(CO)O	244.20	unknown	via CMAUP database
6-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose	5317463	Click to see C1=C(C=C(C(=C1O)O)O)C(=O)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)O)O)O)O	332.26	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl Gallate	7428	Click to see	184.15	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Triterpene glycosides / Triterpene saponins
(3S,4aR,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10R,11R,12aR,14bS)-3-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-10,11-dihydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid	101494911	Click to see	813.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
(3S,4aR,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9R,10R,11R,12aR,14bS)-11-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-3,10-bis[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy]-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid	101494910	Click to see CC1(CC2C3=CCC4C(C3(CCC2(CC1OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)O)C)(CCC6C4(CC(C(C6(C)CO)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)O)C)C)C	829.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
[3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] 1,10,11-trihydroxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate	14019173	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)C)O)O)C)C)C2C1(C)O)C)C(=O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O	650.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
[3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] 9-formyl-1,10,11-trihydroxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate	53463457	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)C=O)O)O)C)C)C2C1(C)O)C)C(=O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O	664.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
11-Hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-3,10-bis[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy]-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid	162938652	Click to see	829.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
3-[4,5-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-10,11-dihydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid	162957380	Click to see	813.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
Dotorioside II	16118969	Click to see	666.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
Pinfaensin	190934	Click to see	664.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
Quercilicoside A	14055729	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)CO)O)O)C)C)C2C1(C)O)C)C(=O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O	666.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
Rosamultin	21122581	Click to see	650.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Alpha amino acids / L-alpha-amino acids
(2S)-5-amino-2-ammonio-5-oxopentanoate	6992086	Click to see	146.14	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides
1-[1-hydroxy-3-methyl-8-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxynaphthalen-2-yl]ethanone	5319972	Click to see	378.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
1-[1,6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-8-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxynaphthalen-2-yl]ethanone	100753	Click to see CC1=CC2=CC(=CC(=C2C(=C1C(=O)C)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O	394.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
2-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-(7-acetyl-8-hydroxy-3-methoxy-6-methylnaphthalen-1-yl)oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-2-oxoacetic acid	5321979	Click to see CC1=CC2=CC(=CC(=C2C(=C1C(=O)C)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)COC(=O)C(=O)O)O)O)O)OC	480.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
2-methyl-4-oxo-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromene-5-carboxylic acid	5315687	Click to see	382.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
gallic acid 4-O-beta-D-(6'-O-galloy)glucoside	11972354	Click to see	484.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Raspberryketone glucoside	5320521	Click to see	326.34	unknown	via CMAUP database
Torachrysone 8-O-Glucoside	11972479	Click to see	408.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Monosaccharides / Hexoses
[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl] (E)-3-phenylprop-2-enoate	11972309	Click to see	310.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzopyrans / 1-benzopyrans / Chromones
[(2S)-7-Hydroxy-2-methyl-4-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-5-yl]acetic acid	5319543	Click to see	236.22	unknown	via CMAUP database
4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 5-acetyl-7-hydroxy-2-methyl-	5315891	Click to see	218.20	unknown	via CMAUP database
7-Hydroxy-2-[(2S)-2-hydroxypropyl]-5-methyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	45272307	Click to see	234.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
7-Hydroxy-2-methyl-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-5-acetic acid	14429402	Click to see CC1=CC(=O)C2=C(C=C(C=C2O1)O)CC(=O)O	234.20	unknown	via CMAUP database
7-Hydroxy-2-methyl-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-5-carboxylic acid	5315688	Click to see CC1=CC(=O)C2=C(C=C(C=C2O1)O)C(=O)O	220.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
Cassiachromone	5319500	Click to see CC1=CC(=O)C2=C(C=C(C=C2O1)O)CC(=O)C	232.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
(S)-Rosmarinic acid	639655	Click to see	360.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-[3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]propanoic acid	5099	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1CC(C(=O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O	360.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Biflavonoids and polyflavonoids
3,3'-Digalloylprocyanidin B2	124016	Click to see C1C(C(OC2=C1C(=CC(=C2C3C(C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C34)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)OC(=O)C6=CC(=C(C(=C6)O)O)O)O)O)C7=CC(=C(C=C7)O)O)OC(=O)C8=CC(=C(C(=C8)O)O)O	882.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
procyanidin B1 3-O-gallate	12795888	Click to see	730.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins / Catechin gallates
(-)-Epicatechin gallate	107905	Click to see C1C(C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C21)O)O)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)OC(=O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4)O)O)O	442.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides
(+)-Catechin-5-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside	6324898	Click to see	452.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(Hydroxymethyl)Oxan-2-Yl)Oxychromen-4-One	5378597	Click to see	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2S,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	44429733	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C4C3=O)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O	610.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-((3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-Methyloxan-2-Yl)Oxymethyl)Oxan-2-Yl)Oxychromen-4-One	12313332	Click to see	594.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2S,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	20055286	Click to see	594.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	5462193	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O	448.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
Astragalin	5282102	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O	448.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
Isoquercetin	5280804	Click to see	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
Rutin	5280805	Click to see	610.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Vitamin P	5293655	Click to see	610.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Phenylpropanoic acids
3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid	439435	Click to see	198.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
Benzenepropanoic acid, alpha,3,4-trihydroxy-, (aS)-	179536	Click to see	198.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900230
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Stilbenes
Rhapontigenin	5320954	Click to see	258.27	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Stilbenes / Stilbene glycosides
[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-[4-[(E)-2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]phenoxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate	5322088	Click to see	542.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
resveratrol-4'-O-(2''-O-galloyl)-glucopyranoside	10325054	Click to see	542.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Resveratroloside	5322089	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C=CC2=CC(=CC(=C2)O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O	390.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Rhaponticin	637213	Click to see	420.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Tannins
1,2,6-Tri-O-Galloyl-Beta-D-Glucose	440308	Click to see	636.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
1,6-bis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose	440221	Click to see	484.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
1,6-di-O-galloyl-2-O-cinnamoyl-beta-D-glucose	6325082	Click to see	614.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
beta-D-Glucopyranose, 2-((2E)-3-phenyl-2-propenoate) 1-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate)	5315898	Click to see	462.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
beta-Glucogallin	124021	Click to see C1=C(C=C(C(=C1O)O)O)C(=O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O	332.26	unknown	via CMAUP database

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Anchusa azurea

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