Elaeis guineensis
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID6440390a047d8591182450 |
| Scientific name | Elaeis guineensis |
| Authority | Jacq. |
| First published in | Select. Stirp. Amer. Hist. : 280 (1763) |
Ethnobotanical Use Top
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Important notice
- Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
- Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
- Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
- Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.
Ethnobotanical records show that West African traditional practitioners most often prepare Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) roots as aqueous drinks to support the urinary system and to address sexual vitality. Among the Akan in Ghana, dried root slices are simmered in water and taken as a diuretic tonic and aphrodisiac (Bennett et al., 2021), while in Nigeria the Ibo and Yoruba decoct the roots as a strengthening tea for sexual disorders and as a general vitality tonic (Oliver-Bever, 1986). In Cameroon’s Bamileke region, healers macerate fresh root pieces in warm water or weak alcohol and drink the liquid as a diuretic and depurative (Kerharo & Bouquet, 1970). The male inflorescences of the palm are also used medicinally in parts of Nigeria, where a light decoction of the young spike is taken as an astringent to ease diarrhea and colicky stomach complaints (Iwu, 2014). Across these areas the plant parts consistently specified are the roots and the male flower spike.
A practical and widely reproducible recipe is a mild root decoction. Combine 2–3 teaspoons (about 2–4 g) of finely chopped dried root with 250–300 mL of water in a small saucepan, bring to a simmer, and keep just below boiling for 15–20 minutes. Strain and allow to cool to a comfortable drinking temperature. Use 1 cup up to twice daily as a diuretic tea, or as advised by a local practitioner. For a simple liquid extract, prepare a 1:4 (w/v) maceration with 100 g of chopped dried root and 400 mL of 40% ethanol; seal and shake daily for 2–3 weeks, then strain and press. Adult dose is 2–4 mL, twice a day. Do not use during pregnancy; diuretic extracts are not recommended for people with kidney disease or on diuretic medication without medical supervision.
The root’s traditional astringency and diuretic effect plausibly reflects the species’ load of tannins and saponins, which are well documented for oil palm tissues. The astringency aligns with the modest gastrointestinal use of the young male spike in Nigeria, where a very gentle decoction is taken for mild diarrhea and colic (Iwu, 2014).
Oil palm remains a prominent staple and cash crop in tropical regions, and market surveys from Ghana and Nigeria list dried root “tonics” for male vitality and urinary support in local herbal markets. Contemporary pharmacological work on Elaeis guineensis continues to focus on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic profiles of leaf and pulp extracts, while practitioners in Ghana, Nigeria, and Cameroon continue to prepare root decoctions and macerations for the same diuretic and vitality reasons recorded in the earlier ethnobotanical literature.
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
Palm oil (from mesocarp) and palm kernel oil (from seed), with fractions palm olein and stearin; crude palm oil; refined, bleached, deodorized (RBD) oil; palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD); and defatted palm kernel cake/meal as livestock feed.
Industrial and craft applications:
Mesocarp oil is processed into oleochemicals for soaps, detergents, lubricants, and polymeric additives; refined PFAD can be a feedstock for hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) diesel. Kernel oil and meal provide medium-chain triglycerides and lauric acid derivatives for surfactants. Palm fiber and fronds furnish pulp for kraft papers, molded fiber packaging, and composite panels; lignocellulose has been evaluated as a substrate for bioethanol and platform sugars.
Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
RBD palm oil and kernel oil are used as shortenings, margarines, frying oils, confectionery fats, and bakery shortenings; high-oleic fractions and fully hydrogenated palm kernel stearin are incorporated for melting behavior and stability. Palm oil is an ingredient in instant noodles, snacks, spreads, and baked goods. Kernel cake/meal is a protein-rich feed for ruminants, poultry, and aquaculture diets.
Colorants and tanning:
Minor carotenoid content (alpha- and beta-carotene) imparts a red-orange hue to crude palm oil, useful as a non-synthetic food colorant where permitted. Palm-derived tannins have been investigated for leather tanning, offering good metal-binding and acid–base buffering, though commercial adoption is limited.
Wood and fiber:
Trunks provide structural timber and sawn wood; frond midribs and petioles are used in handicrafts and low-load furniture. Fibers are processed into matting, brushes, brooms, and ropes.
Fragrance and cosmetics:
Palm oil and kernel oil serve as emollients and base oils in soaps, creams, lotions, and detergents. Kernel oil is also a substrate for lauryl alcohol, lauric acid, and related surfactants used in cleansers.
Properties relevant to use:
Palm oil’s high palmitic acid content (approx. 40–48%) and balanced oleic/linoleic acid provide oxidative stability and solid fat content suited to shortenings; refined oil typically meets FAO/WHO Codex specifications with low peroxide and anisidine values. Palm oil exhibits moderate iodine value (45–55) and saponification value (~190–205 mg KOH/g). Palm kernel oil is highly saturated and lauric (~45–55%), with saponification value ~230–255 mg KOH/g and iodine value ~16–22; free fatty acids are adjusted in refining to meet food-grade limits. Carotenoid concentration (typically 500–2000 mg/kg) imparts strong coloration, retained in crude oil and reduced upon refining.
Standards and regulation:
Palm oil and kernel oil follow Codex Alimentarius standards (CXA 1–2019; CXA 18–1981), ISO/ASTM methods for oil quality (iodine, saponification, FFA, peroxide, anisidine), and regional specifications (e.g., Malaysia MPOB). Food use requires compliance with national food laws; oleochemical and fuel uses are governed by chemical and fuel standards (ASTM) where applicable. Sustainability claims use RSPO and national timber certification frameworks.
Sustainability and sourcing:
Supply is concentrated in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand; the sector faces risks of deforestation and biodiversity loss linked to new plantings. Sustainability frameworks include the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) and national timber and pulp certifications (e.g., FSC). Traceability and verification standards support conservation and social safeguards in procurement.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Palma oleosa | Mill. | Gard. Dict. ed. 8 : n.º 6 (1768) |
| Elaeis guineensis var. albescens | Becc. | Contr. Conosc. Palma Olio 62. 1914 |
| Elaeis guineensis f. androgyna | A.Chev. | Veg. Ut. Afr. Trop. Franç. 7: 66 1910 |
| Elaeis guineensis var. angulosa | Becc. | Contr. Conosc. Palma Olio 49. 1914 |
| Elaeis guineensis f. caryolitica | Becc. | Contr. Conosc. Palma Olio 65 1914 |
| Elaeis guineensis var. ceredia | A.Chev. | Vég. Ut. Afr. Trop. Franç. 7: 66. 1910 |
| Elaeis guineensis var. compressa | Becc. | Contr. Conosc. Palma Olio 71. 1914 |
| Elaeis guineensis f. dioica | A.Chev. | Veg. Ut. Afr. Trop. Franç. 7: 66 1910 |
| Elaeis guineensis f. dura | Becc. | Contr. Conosc. Palma Olio 37 1914 |
| Elaeis guineensis f. fatua | Becc. | Contr. Conosc. Palma Olio 54 1914 |
| Elaeis guineensis var. gracilinux | A.Chev. | Vég. Ut. Afr. Trop. Franç. 7: 66. 1910 |
| Elaeis guineensis var. idolatrica | A.Chev. | Vég. Ut. Afr. Trop. Franç. 7: 66. 1910 |
| Elaeis guineensis var. intermedia | A.Chev. | Vég. Ut. Afr. Trop. Franç. 7: 66. 1910 |
| Elaeis guineensis var. leucocarpa | Becc. | Contr. Conosc. Palma Olio 40. 1914 |
| Elaeis guineensis var. macrocarpa | A.Chev. | Vég. Ut. Afr. Trop. Franç. 7: 66. 1910 |
| Elaeis guineensis var. macrocarya | Becc. | Contr. Conosc. Palma Olio 71. 1914 |
| Elaeis guineensis var. macrophylla | A.Chev. | Vég. Ut. Afr. Trop. Franç. 7: 66. 1910 |
| Elaeis guineensis var. pisifera | A.Chev. | Vég. Ut. Afr. Trop. Franç. 7: 66. 1910 |
| Elaeis guineensis f. ramosa | A.Chev. | Veg. Ut. Afr. Trop. Franç. 7: 66 1910 |
| Elaeis guineensis var. repanda | A.Chev. | Vég. Ut. Afr. Trop. Franç. 7: 66. 1910 |
| Elaeis guineensis var. rostrata | Becc. | Contr. Conosc. Palma Olio 50. 1914 |
| Elaeis guineensis f. semidura | Becc. | Contr. Conosc. Palma Olio 56 1914 |
| Elaeis guineensis var. sempernigra | A.Chev. | Vég. Ut. Afr. Trop. Franç. 7: 66. 1910 |
| Elaeis guineensis var. spectabilis | A.Chev. | Vég. Ut. Afr. Trop. Franç. 7: 66. 1910 |
| Elaeis guineensis f. tenera | Becc. | Contr. Conosc. Palma Olio 38 1914 |
| Elaeis guineensis subsp. virescens | A.Chev. | Vég. Ut. Afr. Trop. Franç. 7: 60. 1910 (1910) |
| Elaeis guineensis var. macrosperma | Welw. | Apont. 584. 1859 |
| Elaeis guineensis var. microsperma | Welw. | Apont. 584. 1859 |
| Elaeis dybowskii | Hua | Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 1: 315 (1895) |
| Elaeis guineensis var. madagascariensis | Jum. & H.Perrier | Mat. Gross 6. 1911 |
| Elaeis madagascariensis | Becc. | Palme Madagascar : 55 (1914) |
| Elaeis melanococca | Gaertn. | Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 18 (1788) |
| Elaeis virescens | A.Chev. | Vég. Utiles Afrique Trop. Franç. vii. 60 (1910). |
| Elaeis guineensis subsp. nigrescens | A.Chev. | Vég. Ut. Afr. Trop. Franç. 7: 46 (1910) |
| Elaeis macrophylla | A.Chev. | Explor. Bot. Afrique Occ. Franç. 1: 676 (1920) |
| Elaeis nigrescens | (A.Chev.) Prain | Index Kew. Suppl. 4: 77 (1913) |
| Elaeis virescens | (A.Chev.) Prain | Index Kew. Suppl. 4: 77 (1913) |
| Elaeis humilis | Thouin | Encycl. Méth., Agric. 1: 745 1790 |
| Elaeis racemosa | Thouin | Encycl. Méth., Agric. 1: 745 1790 |
| Elaeis cirrhosa | Thouin | Encycl. Méth., Agric. 1: 745 1790 |
| Elaeis mocaya | Thouin | Encycl. Méth., Agric. 1: 745 1790 |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| English | macaw fat |
| English | oil palm |
| English | african oil palm |
| Arabic | نخيل الزيت |
| Bulgarian | маслена палма |
| Bambara | nten |
| Bengali | অয়েলপাম |
| Catalan | palmera d'oli de guinea |
| Czech | palma olejná |
| Czech | olejnice guinejská |
| Danish | oliepalme |
| dag | abe tia |
| German | Ölpalme |
| Greek | Ααβόρα |
| Greek | Ελαΐς η Γουϊνήσια |
| Greek | Ελαιοφοίνικας |
| Basque | olio palmondo afrikar |
| Basque | olio palmondo |
| Basque | afrikar olio palmondo |
| Persian | پالم |
| Persian | گیاه پالم |
| Persian | نخل روغنی آمریکایی |
| Fulah | koko |
| Finnish | öljypalmu |
| Finnish | afrikanöljypalmu |
| fon | dètin |
| French | palmier à huile |
| frr | Öölepualem |
| Galician | palma de guinea |
| Galician | palma da guinea |
| gn | pindo ndende |
| Hebrew | דקל השמן |
| Upper Sorbian | afriska wolijowa palma |
| ht | glouglou |
| Hungarian | olajpálma |
| Indonesian | sawit |
| Indonesian | kelapa sawit |
| Italian | palma da olio |
| Japanese | アブラヤシ |
| Japanese | アブラヤシ属 |
| Japanese | ギニアアブラヤシ |
| Japanese | パームヤシ |
| Japanese | 油ヤシ |
| jv | klapa sawit |
| Korean | 기름야자 |
| ln | mbíla |
| Lithuanian | alyvpalmė |
| Lithuanian | alyvpalmės |
| Lithuanian | aliejinės palmės |
| Latvian | eļļaspalma |
| Latvian | gvinejas eļļaspalma |
| Latvian | eļļaspalmas |
| Macedonian | маслодајна палма |
| Malayalam | എണ്ണപ്പന |
| Malayalam | oil palm |
| Malay | pokok kelapa sawit |
| Malay | sawit |
| Malay | kelapa sawit |
| mwl | dendé |
| Norwegian Bokmål | oljepalme |
| Dutch | afrikaanse oliepalm |
| Dutch | oliepalm |
| Polish | olejowiec gwinejski |
| Polish | palma olejowa |
| Polish | palma oleista |
| Portuguese | dendezeiro |
| Russian | Масличная пальма |
| Serbo-Croatian | palma uljarica |
| Slovenian | oljna palma |
| su | salak minyak |
| Swedish | oljepalm |
| Swahili | michikichi |
| Swahili | mchikichi |
| Telugu | ఆయిల్ పాం |
| Telugu | ఆయిల్ పామ్ |
| Thai | ปาล์มน้ำมัน |
| Ukrainian | Олійна пальма |
| Chinese | 油棕根 |
| Chinese | 油棕 |
| Chinese | 盐匏藤果 |
| Chinese | 油椰子 |
| Chinese | 油棕榈 |
| Chinese | 非洲油棕 |
| Chinese | 油棕櫚 |
Germination/Propagation Top
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No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Africa click to expand
-
East Tropical Africa
- Kenya
- Tanzania
- Uganda
-
Northeast Tropical Africa
- Chad
- Ethiopia
- Sudan
-
South Tropical Africa
- Angola
- Malawi
- Mozambique
-
West Tropical Africa
- Benin
- Burkina
- Gambia
- Ghana
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Ivory Coast
- Liberia
- Nigeria
- Senegal
- Sierra Leone
- Togo
-
West-central Tropical Africa
- Burundi
- Cameroon
- Central African Republic
- Congo
- Gabon
- Gulf Of Guinea Islands
- Rwanda
- Zaïre
-
Western Indian Ocean
- Comoros
- Madagascar
-
East Tropical Africa
-
Asia-tropical click to expand
-
Indian Subcontinent
- Bangladesh
- Sri Lanka
-
Indo-China
- Andaman Islands
- Nicobar Nicobar
- Vietnam
-
Malesia
- Malaya
- Sumatera
-
Papuasia
- Bismarck Archipelago
-
Indian Subcontinent
-
Pacific click to expand
-
Northwestern Pacific
- Caroline Islands
-
South-central Pacific
- Society Islands
-
Southwestern Pacific
- Fiji
-
Northwestern Pacific
-
Southern America click to expand
-
Caribbean
- Dominican Republic
- Haiti
- Puerto Rico
- Trinidad-Tobago
-
Central America
- Costa Rica
- El Salvador
- Nicaragua
-
Western South America
- Bolivia
-
Caribbean
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000947985 |
| UNII | UEG2DV5C8N |
| Florida Plant Atlas | 144 |
| USDA Plants | ELGU |
| Tropicos | 2400016 |
| INPN | 447752 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:666802-1 |
| The Plant List | kew-66337 |
| PFAF | Elaeis guineensis |
| PaleoBotany | 42255 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 947656 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 51953 |
| IUCN Red List | 13416970 |
| IPNI | 666802-1 |
| iNaturalist | 132576 |
| GBIF | 2731882 |
| Freebase | /m/0n4c4gb |
| EPPO | EAIGU |
| EOL | 1095470 |
| USDA GRIN | 14936 |
| Wikipedia | Elaeis_guineensis |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
| Accession | Assembly | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Level | Submitter | Released | Coverage | Size | |
| GCF_000442705.2 | EG11 | Chromosome | Orion Genomics | 2024-08-09 | 60 | 1.72 Gb |
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Hydrocarbons / Saturated hydrocarbons / Alkanes | |||||
| Heptane | 8900 | Click to see CCCCCCC | 100.20 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00120A031 |
| Hexadecane | 11006 | Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC | 226.44 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00120A031 |
| n-HEXANE | 8058 | Click to see CCCCCC | 86.18 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00120A031 |
| Nonane | 8141 | Click to see | 128.25 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00120A031 |
| Octane | 356 | Click to see | 114.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00120A031 |
| Pentadecane | 12391 | Click to see | 212.41 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00120A031 |
| > Hydrocarbons / Unsaturated hydrocarbons / Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons | |||||
| 1-Decene | 13381 | Click to see | 140.27 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00120A031 |
| 1-Tridecene | 17095 | Click to see | 182.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00120A031 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids | |||||
| 11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)- | 5312529 | Click to see | 306.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85489-8 |
| Cosatrienoic acid | 157667 | Click to see | 306.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85489-8 |
| Myristic Acid | 11005 | Click to see | 228.37 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85489-8 |
| Oleic Acid | 445639 | Click to see | 282.50 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85489-8 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00120A031 |
| Palmitic Acid | 985 | Click to see | 256.42 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85489-8 |
| Stearic Acid | 5281 | Click to see | 284.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85489-8 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Medium-chain fatty acids | |||||
| Lauric Acid | 3893 | Click to see | 200.32 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85489-8 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Lineolic acids and derivatives | |||||
| Elaidolinolenic acid | 5282822 | Click to see | 278.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85489-8 |
| Linoleic Acid | 5280450 | Click to see | 280.40 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85489-8 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00120A031 |
| Linolenic Acid | 5280934 | Click to see | 278.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85489-8 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Tetraterpenoids / Carotenoids / Carotenes | |||||
| all-trans-alpha-Carotene | 4369188 | Click to see | 536.90 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/49.5.849 |
| alpha-Carotene | 6419725 | Click to see CC1=C(C(CCC1)(C)C)C=CC(=CC=CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC2C(=CCCC2(C)C)C)C)C | 536.90 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/49.5.849 |
| Beta-Carotene | 5280489 | Click to see | 536.90 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/49.5.849 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids | |||||
| Cylindrin | 189045 | Click to see | 440.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)84111-6 |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |