Pseudocedrela kotschyi
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID6440010d28301406001694 |
| Scientific name | Pseudocedrela kotschyi |
| Authority | Harms |
| First published in | Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 22: 154 (1895) |
Ethnobotanical Use Top
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Important notice
- Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
- Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
- Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
- Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.
Ethnobotanical Uses
In West and Central Africa Pseudocedrela kotschyi has been used medicinally in ways that rely on infusions, decoctions, macerations, and poultices. Across Nigeria’s savanna zones the inner bark is decocted to treat malaria and fevers, a practice documented by Ajao et al. (2004) and endorsed in the ethnobotanical survey of Blench (2006). In Ghana’s Upper East, communities employ a macerated bark preparation for febrile conditions, as recorded by Van Andel and Myina (2009). In the Yoruba cultural sphere of southwestern Nigeria, dried leaf infusions have long been taken as a digestive tonic, and a bark infusion is used for fever and to halt diarrhea, both uses reported by Morton (1981). Several Nigerian groups also make leaf poultices for skin infections and sores, and some communities warm bark preparations for a topical wash on painful swellings, a widespread pattern summarized by Blench (2006).
A practical recipe for one commonly cited preparation is a bark decoction used in fever and malaria contexts. Simmer about 20 g of chopped, air‑dried inner bark in 1 liter of water for 20–30 minutes, then cool and strain; this yields a mildly bitter decoction. The dose is traditionally small—about half a cup taken three times a day for a few days. Because Pseudocedrela kotschyi bark contains potent limonoids and can be irritating, avoid long continuous use, do not exceed traditional doses, and do not use during pregnancy or while breastfeeding (Blench, 2006). If symptoms persist, seek medical advice.
The plant’s traditional actions are consistent with its well‑established chemistry. The bark and leaves accumulate limonoids such as gedunin, nimbocinol, and cedrelone, a profile noted by Adesogan and Bakare (1970) and widely recognized in Cedreleae; these limonoids are tightly linked with antiprotozoal and antiplasmodial effects. The roots and bark also contain saponins, which account for the foaming nature of macerates used as washes and for their surfactant role in topical remedies, a property highlighted in ethnobotanical compendia and surveys (Blench, 2006; Van Andel and Myina, 2009). These saponins can irritate the gastrointestinal tract, explaining the caution on doses and durations noted in regional practice.
Modern research is ongoing: Antimalarial and antiparasitic investigations continue to explore Pseudocedrela kotschyi extracts, and some commercial tinctures and extracts based on this species are available, while among Nigerian, Ghanaian, and Cameroonian practitioners the same decoctions and poultices remain part of fever, malaria, and skin‑care regimens today (Blench, 2006; Ajao et al., 2004; Van Andel and Myina, 2009).
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
- Sawn timber (heartwood) – furniture‑grade lumber, veneer, flooring, interior joinery, structural beams, and light construction.
- Charcoal – produced from small‑diameter wood for domestic fuel and metal smelting.
- Fuelwood – used for household heating and cooking in rural communities.
Industrial and craft applications:
- Furniture industry – cabinetry, tables, chairs, and solid‑wood components where attractive grain is desired.
- Interior joinery – doors, windows, panels, mouldings.
- Veneer production – thin decorative sheets for cabinet doors and wall panels.
- Carving and ornamental work – fine‑grained wood suitable for sculpting and decorative carving.
- Tool handles and high‑stress components – interlocked grain reduces splitting and provides durability.
Colorants and tanning:
- Bark – source of condensed tannins used in leather tanning, providing a brown dye for protein fibers; also yields a reddish‑brown colourant for textile dyeing.
Wood and fiber:
- Heartwood – dense, reddish‑brown with fine, interlocked grain; specific gravity 0.60‑0.78.
- Sapwood – paler, used for less demanding applications or as veneer backing.
- Interlocked grain reduces splitting, improving performance in tool handles and load‑bearing components.
Properties relevant to use:
- High density and hardness (Janka hardness ~ 4.5 kN) give good load‑bearing capacity.
- Natural resistance to termite and fungal decay, attributed to extractives, reducing need for preservative treatments.
- Low shrinkage and good dimensional stability enable use in precision joinery and humid climates.
- Accepts finishes readily, allowing polished surfaces for decorative applications.
Standards and regulation:
- International trade is controlled under CITES Appendix II (species listed for regulated export).
- In the European Union, the EU Timber Regulation (EU 995/2010) requires due‑diligence to verify legality of imports; similar legislation exists in producing countries.
- Certification schemes such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) apply to sustainably managed timber, including plantations of this species in Ghana and Nigeria.
Sustainability and sourcing:
- Harvesting is subject to national forestry permits in range countries (e.g., Nigeria, Ghana, Senegal); sustainable management guidelines recommend selective cutting and promotion of regeneration.
- Ongoing plantation trials in Nigeria and Ghana aim to reduce pressure on wild stands while meeting market demand.
- Regional forestry agencies and NGOs provide technical guidance on silvicultural practices and certification for the species.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Pseudocedrela chevalieri | C.DC. | Mém. Soc. Bot. France 8: 12 (1907) |
| Surenus kotschyi | Kuntze | Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 111 (1891) |
| Soymida roupalifolia | Schweinf. | Reliq. Kotschy. : 37 (1868) |
| Cedrela kotschyi | Schweinf. | Reliq. Kotschy. : 36 (1868) |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| Bambara | sensanfin |
| Fulah | boodi |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Africa click to expand
-
East Tropical Africa
- Uganda
-
Northeast Tropical Africa
- Chad
- Ethiopia
- Sudan
-
West Tropical Africa
- Benin
- Burkina
- Ghana
- Ivory Coast
- Mali
- Nigeria
- Senegal
- Togo
-
West-central Tropical Africa
- Cameroon
- Central African Republic
- Zaïre
-
East Tropical Africa
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000473666 |
| Tropicos | 20400984 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:579141-1 |
| The Plant List | kew-2547087 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 594335 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 356281 |
| IUCN Red List | 144264389 |
| IPNI | 579141-1 |
| iNaturalist | 506900 |
| GBIF | 3851982 |
| CMAUP | NPO7664 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoyl derivatives | |||||
| Capillin | 10321 | Click to see | 168.19 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Eicosanoids / Prostaglandins and related compounds | |||||
| [(1R,2R,3R,4S,6S,7S,8R,10R,12R,14R,15R,18S)-6,7,12-triacetyloxy-14-(furan-3-carbonyl)-4,15-bis(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-3,5,10,14-tetramethyl-9,11,16-trioxahexacyclo[8.5.1.11,7.15,8.02,12.03,8]octadecan-18-yl] 2-methylpropanoate | 102470995 | Click to see CC(C)C(=O)OC1C23C(C(CC4(C2C5(C(C6(CC5(C1(C6OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(O4)(O3)C)C)CC(=O)OC)C)OC(=O)C)(C)C(=O)C7=COC=C7)CC(=O)OC | 802.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0680230 |
| [(1R,2R,3R,5R,8S,9R,11R,13R,15R,16S,17S,18S,20S)-17,18-diacetyloxy-3-(furan-3-carbonyl)-2,20-bis(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-3,11,15-trimethyl-6,10,12,19-tetraoxaheptacyclo[9.7.1.18,15.01,9.05,9.08,13.013,17]icosan-16-yl] 2-methylpropanoate | 163105833 | Click to see CC(C)C(=O)OC1C2(CC34C1(C(C56C(C(CC7C5(C3(C2CC(=O)OC)CO7)OC(O4)(O6)C)(C)C(=O)C8=COC=C8)CC(=O)OC)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)C | 758.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0680230 |
| [(1R,2S,3S,4S,5R,6S,7R,8R,10R,12R,13R,15R,16R)-3,4,13-triacetyloxy-15-(furan-3-carbonyl)-6,16-bis(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-5,7,10,15-tetramethyl-9,11,17-trioxahexacyclo[8.6.1.15,8.01,12.03,8.07,12]octadecan-2-yl] 2-methylpropanoate | 163106544 | Click to see | 802.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0680230 |
| [(1R,2S,3S,4S,5R,6S,7S,8R,10R,12S,15R,16R)-3,4-diacetyloxy-15-[(R)-acetyloxy(furan-3-yl)methyl]-6,16-bis(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-5,7,10,15-tetramethyl-9,11,17-trioxahexacyclo[8.6.1.15,8.01,12.03,8.07,12]octadecan-2-yl] 2-methylpropanoate | 163104847 | Click to see | 788.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0680230 |
| [(1R,2S,3S,4S,6S,7S,8R,10R,14R,15R,18S)-6,7-diacetyloxy-14-[(R)-acetyloxy(furan-3-yl)methyl]-4,15-bis(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-3,5,10,14-tetramethyl-9,11,16-trioxahexacyclo[8.5.1.11,7.15,8.02,12.03,8]octadecan-18-yl] 2-methylpropanoate | 102470994 | Click to see CC(C)C(=O)OC1C23C(C(CC4C2C5(C(C6(CC5(C1(C6OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(O4)(O3)C)C)CC(=O)OC)C)(C)C(C7=COC=C7)OC(=O)C)CC(=O)OC | 788.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0680230 |
| [(1R,3R,5S,8R,9R,10R,11S,12S,13S,14R,15S,20S)-12,13-diacetyloxy-8-[(R)-acetyloxy(furan-3-yl)methyl]-9-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-3,8,14-trimethyl-17-oxo-2,4,18,22-tetraoxaheptacyclo[12.6.1.13,10.01,12.05,10.05,20.015,20]docosan-11-yl] 2-methylpropanoate | 163087196 | Click to see CC(C)C(=O)OC1C23C(C(CCC24C56COC(=O)CC5C7(CC6(C1(C7OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(O4)(O3)C)C)(C)C(C8=COC=C8)OC(=O)C)CC(=O)OC | 772.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0680230 |
| [12,13-Diacetyloxy-8-[acetyloxy(furan-3-yl)methyl]-9-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-3,8,14-trimethyl-17-oxo-2,4,18,22-tetraoxaheptacyclo[12.6.1.13,10.01,12.05,10.05,20.015,20]docosan-11-yl] 2-methylpropanoate | 22748170 | Click to see CC(C)C(=O)OC1C23C(C(CCC24C56COC(=O)CC5C7(CC6(C1(C7OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(O4)(O3)C)C)(C)C(C8=COC=C8)OC(=O)C)CC(=O)OC | 772.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0680230 |
| kotschyin A | 16104849 | Click to see CC(C)C(=O)OC1C23C(C(CCC24C56COC(=O)CC5C7(CC6(C1(C7OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(O4)(O3)C)C)(C)C(C8=COC=C8)OC(=O)C)CC(=O)OC | 772.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0680230 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| (+)-Epi-alpha-bisabolol | 1201551 | Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)C(C)(CCC=C(C)C)O | 222.37 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (1R,4S,6R,10S)-4,12,12-trimethyl-9-methylidene-5-oxatricyclo[8.2.0.04,6]dodecane | 9991037 | Click to see | 220.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Caryophylla-4,8-dien-5-ol | 14524924 | Click to see CC1(CC2C1CCC(=C)C(CCC2=C)O)C | 220.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Caryophyllene | 5281515 | Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C2CC(C2CC1)(C)C | 204.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Fgpdtarjoxrwjd-rrfjbimhsa- | 11435962 | Click to see | 220.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Oplopanone | 10466745 | Click to see CC(C)C1CCC(C2C1C(CC2)C(=O)C)(C)O | 238.37 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Aromadendrane sesquiterpenoids / 5,10-cycloaromadendrane sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| Spathulenol | 92231 | Click to see CC1(C2C1C3C(CCC3(C)O)C(=C)CC2)C | 220.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Elemane sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| (1S,2S,3S,6S)-3-ethenyl-3-methyl-6-propan-2-yl-2-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexan-1-ol | 102012174 | Click to see | 222.37 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Eudesmane, isoeudesmane or cycloeudesmane sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| (1R,2R,4aR,5R,8aS)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4a-methyl-8-methylidene-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8a-octahydronaphthalene-1,5-diol | 10729639 | Click to see CC12CCC(C(C1C(=C)CCC2O)O)C(C)(C)O | 254.36 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 2-[(2R,4aR)-4a,8-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-naphthalen-2-yl]propan-2-ol | 10632752 | Click to see CC1=CCCC2(C1=CC(CC2)C(C)(C)O)C | 220.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Beta-Eudesmol | 91457 | Click to see | 222.37 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Pygmol | 14167388 | Click to see | 256.38 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Germacrane sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| (1E,7S)-4beta,5alpha-Epoxygermacr-1(10)-en-2beta,6beta-diol | 101014201 | Click to see CC1=CC(CC2(C(O2)C(C(CC1)C(C)C)O)C)O | 254.36 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (1R,2E,6E,10S)-3,7-dimethyl-10-propan-2-ylcyclodeca-2,6-dien-1-ol | 71608919 | Click to see CC1=CCCC(=CC(C(CC1)C(C)C)O)C | 222.37 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (1R,2E,6R,10R)-10-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-3-methyl-7-methylidenecyclodec-2-ene-1,6-diol | 15479893 | Click to see CC1=CC(C(CCC(=C)C(CC1)O)C(C)(C)O)O | 254.36 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (1R,2E,6S,10R)-10-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-3-methyl-7-methylidenecyclodec-2-ene-1,6-diol | 15479892 | Click to see | 254.36 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (1R,2E,6S,10S)-3-methyl-7-methylidene-10-propan-2-ylcyclodec-2-ene-1,6-diol | 100982187 | Click to see | 238.37 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (1R,2R,3S,6E,10S)-6,10-dimethyl-3-propan-2-yl-11-oxabicyclo[8.1.0]undec-6-en-2-ol | 14109689 | Click to see | 238.37 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (1R,2R,3S,7R,10S)-10-methyl-6-methylidene-3-propan-2-yl-11-oxabicyclo[8.1.0]undecane-2,7-diol | 10610977 | Click to see | 254.36 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (1R,4S,5E,7S)-4-methyl-10-methylidene-7-propan-2-ylcyclodec-5-ene-1,4-diol | 9991811 | Click to see | 238.37 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (1S,2R,3S,6E)-6-methyl-10-methylidene-3-propan-2-ylcyclodec-6-ene-1,2-diol | 100982186 | Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C(C(C(CC1)C(C)C)O)O | 238.37 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (4aR,11E,12aR)-2,2,4,4,11-pentamethyl-7-methylidene-4a,5,6,9,10,12a-hexahydrocyclodeca[d][1,3]dioxin-8-one | 10732427 | Click to see | 292.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (4E,6R,7R)-6-hydroxy-7-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4-methyl-10-methylidenecyclodec-4-en-1-one | 10729506 | Click to see | 252.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Germacrene D | 5317570 | Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C=CC(CC1)C(C)C | 204.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones | |||||
| tatridin B | 14191260 | Click to see CC1=CC(C2C(CC(=C)C(CC1)O)OC(=O)C2=C)O | 264.32 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Germacranolides and derivatives | |||||
| (3aR,4S,6E,10E,11aR)-4-hydroxy-6,10-dimethyl-3-methylidene-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-2-one | 12299961 | Click to see CC1=CC2C(C(CC(=CCC1)C)O)C(=C)C(=O)O2 | 248.32 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids | |||||
| Arnidiol | 10478550 | Click to see | 442.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Calenduladiol | 461835 | Click to see | 442.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Dammaradienol | 13893946 | Click to see | 426.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Dammaradienyl acetate | 14137680 | Click to see | 468.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Faradiol | 9846222 | Click to see CC1C2C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC(C2(CC=C1C)C)O)C)C)(C)C)O)C | 442.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids / Limonoids | |||||
| 10-(Furan-3-yl)-6-hydroxy-4,4,6a,10a,12b-pentamethyl-4a,5,6,6a,10,10a,11,12,12a,12b-decahydrooxireno(c)phenanthro(1,2-d)pyran-3,8(4H,7aH)-dione | 1885 | Click to see | 440.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0680230 |
| Deacetylgedunin | 3034112 | Click to see | 440.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0680230 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Cycloartanols and derivatives | |||||
| Cycloartenol | 92110 | Click to see CC(CCC=C(C)C)C1CCC2(C1(CCC34C2CCC5C3(C4)CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C | 426.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives | |||||
| (-)-beta-Sitosterol | 222284 | Click to see | 414.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Tertiary alcohols | |||||
| (4S)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol | 5288834 | Click to see | 118.17 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Ethers / Acetals / Ketals | |||||
| (2E,5R)-2-hexa-2,4-diynylidene-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.4]nona-3,7-diene | 44575221 | Click to see CC#CC#CC=C1C=CC2(O1)CC=CO2 | 198.22 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (2Z,5R)-2-hexa-2,4-diynylidene-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.4]nona-3,7-diene | 44575223 | Click to see | 198.22 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(2E,5R,9R)-2-hexa-2,4-diynylidene-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.4]nona-3,7-dien-9-yl] acetate | 92269932 | Click to see | 256.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(2E,5S,9R)-2-hexa-2,4-diynylidene-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.4]nona-3,7-dien-9-yl] acetate | 92269933 | Click to see | 256.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(2Z,5R,9R)-2-hexa-2,4-diynylidene-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.4]nona-3,7-dien-9-yl] acetate | 92973365 | Click to see | 256.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(2Z,5S,9R)-2-hexa-2,4-diynylidene-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.4]nona-3,7-dien-9-yl] acetate | 92973366 | Click to see | 256.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Naphthopyrans | |||||
| 7-Deacetyl-7-oxogedunin | 1886 | Click to see CC1(C2CC(=O)C3(C(C2(C=CC1=O)C)CCC4(C35C(O5)C(=O)OC4C6=COC=C6)C)C)C | 438.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0680230 |
| 7-Oxogedunin | 21594780 | Click to see | 438.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0680230 |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives | |||||
| Dracunculin | 5319474 | Click to see COC1=C2C(=C3C(=C1)C=CC(=O)O3)OCO2 | 220.18 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins | |||||
| Isoscopoletin | 69894 | Click to see | 192.17 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins | |||||
| (-)-Catechol | 73160 | Click to see | 290.27 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0680230 |
| (+)-Epicatechin | 182232 | Click to see | 290.27 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0680230 |
| 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-3,5,7-triol | 1203 | Click to see | 290.27 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0680230 |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |