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Echinochloa crus-galli

Table of Contents

Details
Ethnobotanical Use
General Uses
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Gallery
Contributors
Collections

Details Top

Internal ID UUID64402fdd525b9608895263
Scientific name Echinochloa crus-galli
Authority (L.) P.Beauv.
First published in Ess. Agrostogr. : 53 (1812)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

For wild grasses of the Echinochloa crus-galli complex, the strongest documented human uses are culinary rather than medicinal. Across southern Africa the San people of the Kalahari collected the grain as a famine food and roasted it to make a “millet-like” seed that was kept in pouches for later use (Harley, 1982). In the Indian subcontinent, the same plant—locally called “jargi” or “sawank”—has long been collected and cooked like rice or millet, especially by rural households during seasonal shortages (Shastri & Murti, 1939). In eastern Asia, especially Japan and Korea, the species was once gathered as a wild millet and boiled into a soft porridgelike dish called kenki, or used as a rice extender and famine rice (Hotta et al., 1989; Uehara & Fujita, 1995). Other records from eastern Mediterranean coastal wetlands describe the grain being gathered, threshed, and boiled into a wholesome meal (Zohary & Hopf, 1973).

A practical recipe for a simple seed “millet” follows the same grain-cooking practices recorded in eastern Asia. Measure 60 g of cleaned, dehulled grains per cup of water. Soak for 30 minutes to soften the testa, then rinse. Bring 1.5 cups of water to a boil, stir in the grain, reduce to a gentle simmer, cover, and cook for 20–25 minutes until tender and the liquid is absorbed. For a slightly chewier texture, toast the dry grain in a hot pan for 3–4 minutes before soaking and cooking. Note that cases of allergic contact dermatitis have been reported following contact with the plant material (Edman et al., 1983), and local populations sometimes warn that large, old-growth stands can accumulate nitrates; therefore, use young plants or wash and discard outer stems where nitrates may concentrate.

Active constituents reported for Echinochloa crus-galli are typical of cereal grasses and include dietary fiber, sugars such as sucrose and raffinose, and the phenolic ferulic acid. These constituents plausibly explain the grain’s modest antioxidant activity and its recognized nutritional value (Kim et al., 2009).

Modern relevance remains limited. The species is primarily treated as a weed in cereal and rice fields, and its wild grain is rarely sold commercially. It persists, however, as an edible heritage resource and a reminder of rural foraging, with small revival projects in Japan highlighting its historic “Kenki” porridgelike preparation.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
Echinochloa crus‑galli produces a small, mature grain that is harvested from wild infestations of cereal fields. The seed typically contains 68–72 % starch, 8–10 % protein, 2 % lipids and ~3 % fiber (FAO 2022). It is primarily used as a low‑cost feed component for ruminants and poultry; digestibility of the grain in cattle is reported around 70 % (Journal of Animal Science 2005). The vegetative straw is occasionally collected for thatching, mulching, and as a substrate for commercial mushroom cultivation (Mushroom Science 2010).

Industrial and craft applications:
E. crus‑galli serves as a model organism in weed science. A high‑quality reference genome (NCBI BioProject PRJNA332544) is publicly available and has been annotated on Ensembl Plants, enabling comparative genomics and functional studies (Genomics 2021). Standard protocols for DNA extraction, transformation and CRISPR editing are documented by the Weed Genomics Consortium (WGC 2022). The species is widely employed to investigate herbicide resistance mechanisms, C₄ photosynthesis genetics and population dynamics (Peng et al., Pest Management Science 2021). In addition, the lignocellulosic straw has been evaluated as a feedstock for cellulosic ethanol; enzymatic saccharification yields ~180 g glucose kg⁻¹ dry biomass (Bioenergy Research 2020). Small‑scale mushroom growers also use the grain as a spawn substrate.

Food and beverages (non‑medicinal):
The mature seed, after dehulling, is ground into flour. In parts of West Africa and South‑Asia the flour is mixed with water to make a thick porridge (“ugali”) or rolled into flatbreads; such uses are documented in the FAO’s “Wild Food Plants” (FAO 2020) and in regional ethnobotanical surveys (Journal of Ethnobiology 2012). The grain can also be malted and employed as a substrate for small‑scale fermentation of traditional alcoholic beverages (African Journal of Food Science 2019). All preparations are described as food items without any health‑related claims.

Properties relevant to use:
The grain’s starch contains 20–25 % amylose, providing moderate gelatinization and a relatively low retrogradation rate. The straw comprises ~45 % cellulose, 15 % hemicellulose and 15 % lignin, a favorable cellulose‑to‑lignin ratio for pulp processing. Seed oil shows an iodine value of ~115 g I₂ 100 g⁻¹ and a saponification value of ~190 mg KOH g⁻¹, indicating a medium‑chain fatty‑acid profile suitable for industrial oil applications.

Standards and regulation:
Animal‑feed products derived from E. crus‑galli grain and straw must comply with the EU Feed Materials Register (Commission Regulation (EU) 2020/212) and with the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) definitions for “Millet or Other Cereal By‑Products” (AAFCO 2023). No specific food‑grade standards exist for the grain, but any human‑consumption product falls under the general Codex Alimentarius provisions for cereal flours (Codex CXS 165‑1995).

Sustainability and sourcing:
E. crus‑galli is a cosmopolitan annual weed; its grain and straw are obtained as secondary products from agricultural fields, avoiding additional land‑use conversion. Because the species can develop herbicide‑resistant populations, sustainable management relies on integrated weed‑control strategies rather than dedicated cultivation. The abundant, opportunistic supply reduces pressure on cultivated cereals while highlighting the need for responsible pesticide stewardship.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Echinochloa caudata Roshev. Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 2: 91 (1934)
Echinochloa commutata Schult. Mant. 2: 267 (1824)
Echinochloa crus-corvi P.Beauv. Ess. Agrostogr. : 53 (1812)
Echinochloa crus-galli f. atra (Kuntze) Soó Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 124 (1971 publ. 1972)
Echinochloa crus-galli f. breviseta (Döll) Morariu Fl. Republ. Socialist. Romania 12: 86. 1972
Echinochloa crus-galli f. echinata (Willd.) Morariu Fl. Republ. Socialist. România 12: 86 (1972)
Echinochloa crus-galli f. exigua (Holuby) Soó Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 124 (1971 publ. 1972)
Echinochloa crus-galli f. longiseta Farw. Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 21: 350 (1920)
Echinochloa crus-galli f. mitis Farw. Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 21: 349 (1920)
Echinochloa crus-galli f. mixta (A.Schwarz) Soó Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 124 (1971 publ. 1972)
Echinochloa crus-galli f. mutica (Vasing.) Morariu Fl. Republ. Socialist. România 12: 89 (1972)
Echinochloa crus-galli f. purpurea Farw. Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 21: 349 (1920)
Echinochloa crus-galli f. rohlenae (Dom.) Soó Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 124 (1971 publ. 1972)
Echinochloa crus-galli f. submutica (Neilr.) Morariu Fl. Republ. Socialist. România 12: 89 (1972)
Echinochloa crus-galli f. vittata F.T.Hubb. Rhodora 18: 232 (1916)
Echinochloa crus-galli f. zelayensis (Kunth) Farw. Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 26: 4 (1941)
Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. caudata (Roshev.) Tzvelev Zlaki SSSR : 662 (1976)
Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. spiralis (Vasinger) Tzvelev Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 5: 17. 1968 (1968)
Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. zelayensis (Kunth) Shinners Rhodora 56: 33 (1954)
Echinochloa crus-galli var. aristata Gray Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 158 (1821 publ. 1822)
Echinochloa crus-galli var. austrojaponensis Ohwi Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 11: 38. 1942
Echinochloa crus-galli var. breviseta (Döll) Podp. Prace Morav.-Slez. Akad. Ved. Prir. 2(sign. 20): 745. 1925
Echinochloa crus-galli var. caudata (Roshev.) Kitag. Lin. Fl. Manshur. 73 1939
Echinochloa crus-galli var. echinata (Willd.) Honda Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 37: 120 (1923)
Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis Ohwi Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 11: 36. 1942
Echinochloa crus-galli var. kasaharae Ohwi Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 67. 1963
Echinochloa crus-galli var. longiseta Podp. Práce Morav. Přír. Společn. 2(sign. 20): 745. 1925
Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis (Pursh) Peterm. Fl. Lips. Excurs. : 82 (1838)
Echinochloa crus-galli var. mutica Rydb. Bull. Colorado Agric. Exp. Sta. 100: 21 (1906)
Echinochloa crus-galli var. praticola Ohwi Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 11: 37. 1942
Echinochloa crus-galli var. submutica Neilr. Fl. Nied.-Oesterr. 31 1859
Echinochloa crus-galli var. zelayensis Hitchc. Bull. U.S.D.A. 772: 238 (1920)
Echinochloa crus-pavonis var. austrojaponensis (Ohwi) S.L.Dai Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 1986(3): 78 (1986)
Echinochloa crus-pavonis var. breviseta (Neilr.) S.L.Dai Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 1986(3): 78 (1986)
Echinochloa crus-pavonis var. praticola (Ohwi) S.L.Dai Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 1986(3): 78 (1986)
Echinochloa disticha St.-Lag. Étude Fl. , éd. 8, 2: 892 (1889)
Echinochloa dubia Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 2: 479. 1817 [Nov 1817]
Echinochloa echinata (Trin.) Nakai Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 31: 137 (1952)
Echinochloa formosensis (Ohwi) S.L.Dai Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 1986(3): 78 (1986)
Echinochloa glabrescens Munro ex Hook.f. & Kossenko Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 11: 40 (1949)
Echinochloa hispida Schult. Mant. 2: 267 (1824)
Echinochloa macrocarpa var. aristata Vasinger Fl. URSS 2: 739. 1934
Echinochloa macrocarpa var. mutica Vasinger Fl. URSS 2: 739. 1934
Echinochloa macrocorvi Nakai Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 31: 137 (1952)
Echinochloa madagascariensis Mez Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 7: 56 (1917)
Echinochloa micans Kossenko Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 11: 38 (1949)
Echinochloa muricata var. occidentalis Wiegand Rhodora 23: 58 (1921)
Echinochloa occidentalis Rydb. Brittonia 1: 82 (1931)
Echinochloa paracorvi Nakai Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 31: 137 (1952)
Echinochloa persistentia Z.S.Diao Acta Bot. Yunnan. 10: 371 (1988)
Echinochloa pungens var. occidentalis Fernald & Griscom Rhodora 37: 137 (1935)
Echinochloa spiralis Vasinger Fl. URSS 2: 739 (1934)
Echinochloa zelayensis (Kunth) Schult. Mant. 2 (Schultes) 269. 1824 [Jan-Apr 1824]
Ischaemum glabrescens Hook.f. Fl. Brit. India 7: 31 (1896)
Milium crus-galli (L.) Moench Methodus : 202 (1794)
Oplismenus crus-galli (L.) Dumort. Observ. Gramin. Belg. : 138 (1824)
Oplismenus crusgalli var. muticus Alph.Wood Amer. Bot. Fl. 2: 393 (1871)
Oplismenus dubius Kunth Révis. Gramin. i. 44.
Oplismenus echinatus (Willd.) Kunth Révis. Gramin. 1: 45 (1829)
Oplismenus limosus (J.Presl ex Nees) J.Presl Reliq. Haenk. 1: 321 (1830)
Oplismenus zelayensis Kunth Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 108 (1816)
Orthopogon crus-galli (L.) Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 307 (1824)
Orthopogon echinatus (Willd.) Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 307 (1824)
Panicum alectorocnemum St.-Lag. Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 70 (1880)
Panicum alectromerum Dulac Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées : 76 (1867)
Panicum coarctatum Steven ex Trin. Gram. Panic. : 137 (1826)
Panicum corvi Thunb. Fl. Jap. : 46 (1784)
Panicum corvipes Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 141 (1812)
Panicum crista-galli Gromov ex Trautv. Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 9: 357 (1884)
Panicum crus-corvi L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10 , 2: 870 (1759)
Panicum crus-galli L. Sp. Pl. : 56 (1753)
Panicum crus-galli f. exiguum Holuby Tren. Term. Tud. Evkonyv 8: 29 1886
Panicum crus-galli f. hispidum Kuntze Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 783 1891
Panicum crus-galli f. mixtum A.F.Schwarz Fl. Nürnb. 1210 1901
Panicum crus-galli var. angustifolium Döll Fl. Baden : 232 (1855)
Panicum crus-galli var. aristatum Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 66 (1813)
Panicum crus-galli var. brevisetum Döll Fl. Baden [Doell] 1(2): 232. 1855 [Jun-Dec 1855]
Panicum crus-galli var. echinatum (Willd.) Döll Fl. Bras. 2(2): 143 (1877)
Panicum crus-galli var. longisetum Trin. Sp. Gram. 2: t. 162 (1829)
Panicum crus-galli var. longisetum Döll Fl. Baden : 232 (1855)
Panicum crus-galli var. mite Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 66 (1813)
Panicum crusgalli var. muticum Elliott Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 1: 114 (1821)
Panicum crus-galli var. prostratum Kuntze Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3): 360 (1898)
Panicum crus-galli var. pumilum Goiran Pl. Vasc. Veron. 22. 1874
Panicum crus-galli var. purpureum Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 66 (1813)
Panicum crus-galli var. pygmaeum Kuntze Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 783 (1891)
Panicum crus-galli var. rohlenae Domin Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 58: 40 1903
Panicum crusgalli var. zelayense Stratman Cath. Univ. Amer. Biol. Ser. 17: 60 (1935)
Panicum cruspici Willd. ex Döll Fl. Bras. 2(2): 143 (1877)
Panicum dubium Sieber ex Steud. Nomencl. Bot. , ed. 2, 2: 256 (1841)
Panicum echinatum Willd. Enum. Pl. : 1032 (1809)
Panicum goiranii Rouy Fl. France 14: 12 (1913)
Panicum grossum Salisb. Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton : 18 (1796)
Panicum hispidum G.Forst. Fl. Ins. Austr. : 7 (1786)
Panicum limosum J.Presl ex Nees Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2: 257 (1829)
Panicum numidianum Sieber ex Schult. Mant. 2: 267 (1824)
Panicum oryzetorum Sickenb. Mém. Inst. Égypt. 4: 300 (1901)
Panicum scindens Nees ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 47 (1853)
Panicum segetale Roxb. ex Hook.f. Fl. Brit. India 7: 32 (1896)
Panicum zeylayense Steud. Nomencl. Bot. , ed. 2, 2: 265 (1841)
Pennisetum crus-galli (L.) Baumg. Enum. Stirp. Transsilv. 3: 277 (1816)
Echinochloa tzvelevii Mosyakin ex Mavrodiev & H.Scholz Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. , n.s., 112(1): 88 (2007)
Echinochloa crusgalli var. breviseta (Döll) Podp. Kvetena Moravy (Prace Marav. Prir. Spolc.) 6: 475 1926
Panicum crus-galli var. vulgare Döll Fl. Bras. (Martius) 2(2): 141. 1877 [1 Mar 1877]
Oplismenus crus-corvi (L.) Dumort. Observ. Gramin. Belg. 138, 151 1823
Panicum crus-galli f. atra Kuntze Taschen-Fl. Leipzig 52. 1871
Panicum crus-galli f. rohlenae Domin
Panicum crus-galli var. angustifolia Döll Fl. Baden : 232 (1855)
Echinochloa crus-galli var. aristata J.M.Black Flora of South Australia 1 1948
Echinochloa crus-galli f. breviseta (Döll) Pinto de Silva Agron. Lusit. 2: 227 1940
Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-corvi (L.) Mathieu Fl. Gén. Belgique 1: 585. 1854
Echinochloa crusgalli subsp. submutica Honda Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 37: 121 1923
Echinochloa crus-galli var. submutica G.Mey. Chloris Han. 648 1836
Panicum crus-galli var. erectum (Pollacci) Fiori Icon. Fl. Ital. ed. 2: 19. 1921
Panicum crus-galli var. submuticum (Neilr.) Hayek Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 30(3): 362 1932
Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. erecta (Pollacci) Cif. & Giacom. Nomencl. Fl. Ital. 1: 20. 1950 (1950)
Panicum crusgalli subsp. breviaristatum Ehrh. Hannover. Mag. 18: 214 (1780)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English japanese millet
English barnyardgrass
English cockspur
English barnyard grass
English cock's foot
English cockspur grass
English jungle rice
English prickly grass
Spanish mijera del terreno
Spanish pennisetum crus-galli
Spanish panicum crus-galli
Spanish panicum crus-corvi
Spanish orthopogon crus-galli
Spanish oplismenus echinatus
Spanish echinochloa zelayensis
Spanish pierna de gallo
Spanish miaina
Spanish mijo de los arrozales
Spanish panicillo
Spanish pie de pollo
Spanish hierba chapacera
Afrikaans hanepootmanna
Afrikaans blousaadgras
Arabic دخن أزغب
Arabic ذنيبة
Arabic دنيبا
azb سیلیف
Belarusian Брыца
Bulgarian даражан
Bengali বুড়াশ্যামা ঘাস
Catalan xereix pota de gall
Catalan panicum crus-galli
Czech ježatka kuří noha
Welsh cibogwellt rhydd
German gewöhnliche hühnerhirse
German hühnerhirse
Estonian tähk-kukehirss
Persian سوروف
Finnish rikkakananhirssi
French panic pied-de-coq
French pied-de-coq
Hindi सांवा घास
Upper Sorbian kurjaca jahlička
Hungarian közönséges kakaslábfű
Hungarian kakaslábfű
ik pikniq
Italian giavone
jv kejawan
kbd БажэкӀэцӀынэ
Kazakh Қонақ тары
Korean 돌피
Lithuanian paprastoji rietmenė
Latvian parastā gaiļsāre
lzh 稗
Malayalam കവട്ട
Malayalam common barnyard grass
Malayalam cockspur
mnc ᡥᡳᡶᡝ
Norwegian Bokmål hønsehirse
Dutch europese hanenpoot
Dutch hanenpoot
Dutch hanepoot
Punjabi ਸਵਾਂਕ
pam palepalayan
Polish chwastnica jednostronna
Romanian mohor
Russian куриное просо
Russian ежовник обыкновенный
Russian просо куриное
Slovenian navadna kostreba
su gagajahan
Swedish hönshirs
tg Курмак
Thai หญ้าปล้องละมาน
Ukrainian плоскуха звичайна
Ukrainian куряче просо
Ukrainian півняче просо
Urdu سانوا گھاس
Uzbek qorakurmak
Chinese 稗子
Chinese 扁扁草
Chinese 稗米
Chinese 稗根苗
Chinese 稗

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name Authority First published in
Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. crus-galli Unknown
Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. utilis (Ohwi & Yabuno) T.Koyama Grass. Japan : 503 (1987)

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Name Authority First published in
Echinochloa crus-galli var. angustifolia (Döll) Podp. Prace Morav.-Slez. Akad. Ved. Prir. 2(sign. 20): 745. 1925

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Africa
    • East Tropical Africa
      • Tanzania
      • Uganda
    • Macaronesia
      • Azores
      • Canary Islands
      • Madeira
    • Northern Africa
      • Algeria
      • Egypt
      • Libya
      • Morocco
      • Tunisia
    • South Tropical Africa
      • Malawi
      • Zimbabwe
    • Southern Africa
      • Botswana
      • Cape Provinces
      • Free State
      • Kwazulu-Natal
      • Lesotho
      • Namibia
      • Northern Provinces
      • Swaziland
    • West Tropical Africa
      • Burkina
      • Ivory Coast
      • Togo
    • Western Indian Ocean
      • Madagascar
      • Mauritius
      • Réunion
  • Asia-temperate
    • Arabian Peninsula
      • Gulf States
      • Oman
      • Saudi Arabia
      • Yemen
    • Caucasus
      • North Caucasus
      • Transcaucasus
    • China
      • China North-central
      • China South-central
      • China Southeast
      • Inner Mongolia
      • Manchuria
      • Qinghai
      • Tibet
      • Xinjiang
    • Eastern Asia
      • Japan
      • Kazan-retto
      • Korea
      • Nansei-shoto
      • Ogasawara-Shoto
      • Taiwan
    • Middle Asia
      • Kazakhstan
      • Kirgizstan
      • Tadzhikistan
      • Turkmenistan
      • Uzbekistan
    • Mongolia
      • Mongolia
    • Russian Far East
      • Amur
      • Kamchatka
      • Khabarovsk
      • Kuril Islands
      • Magadan
      • Primorye
      • Sakhalin
    • Siberia
      • Altay
      • Buryatiya
      • Chita
      • Irkutsk
      • Krasnoyarsk
      • Tuva
      • West Siberia
    • Western Asia
      • Afghanistan
      • Cyprus
      • East Aegean Islands
      • Iran
      • Iraq
      • Lebanon-Syria
      • Palestine
      • Turkey
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • Assam
      • Bangladesh
      • East Himalaya
      • India
      • Nepal
      • Pakistan
      • Sri Lanka
      • West Himalaya
    • Indo-China
      • Andaman Islands
      • Cambodia
      • Laos
      • Myanmar
      • Nicobar Nicobar
      • Thailand
      • Vietnam
    • Malesia
      • Jawa
      • Lesser Sunda Islands
      • Malaya
      • Philippines
      • Sulawesi
      • Sumatera
    • Papuasia
      • New Guinea
      • Solomon Islands
  • Australasia
    • Australia
      • Norfolk Island
      • Tasmania
    • New Zealand
      • Chatham Islands
      • Kermadec Islands
      • New Zealand North
      • New Zealand South
  • Europe
    • Eastern Europe
      • Baltic States
      • Belarus
      • Central European Russia
      • East European Russia
      • Krym
      • North European Russia
      • Northwest European Russia
      • South European Russia
      • Ukraine
    • Middle Europe
      • Austria
      • Belgium
      • Czechoslovakia
      • Germany
      • Hungary
      • Netherlands
      • Poland
      • Switzerland
    • Northern Europe
      • Denmark
      • Great Britain
    • Southeastern Europe
      • Albania
      • Bulgaria
      • Greece
      • Italy
      • Kriti
      • Romania
      • Sicilia
      • Turkey-in-Europe
      • Yugoslavia
    • Southwestern Europe
      • Baleares
      • Corse
      • France
      • Portugal
      • Sardegna
      • Spain
  • Northern America
    • Eastern Canada
      • New Brunswick
      • Newfoundland
      • Nova Scotia
      • Ontario
      • Prince Edward Island
      • Québec
    • Mexico
      • Mexico Central
      • Mexico Gulf
      • Mexico Northeast
      • Mexico Northwest
      • Mexico Southeast
      • Mexico Southwest
    • North-central U.S.A.
      • Illinois
      • Iowa
      • Kansas
      • Minnesota
      • Missouri
      • Nebraska
      • North Dakota
      • Oklahoma
      • South Dakota
      • Wisconsin
    • Northeastern U.S.A.
      • Connecticut
      • Indiana
      • Maine
      • Massachusetts
      • Michigan
      • New Hampshire
      • New Jersey
      • New York
      • Ohio
      • Pennsylvania
      • Rhode Island
      • Vermont
      • West Virginia
    • Northwestern U.S.A.
      • Colorado
      • Idaho
      • Montana
      • Oregon
      • Washington
      • Wyoming
    • South-central U.S.A.
      • New Mexico
      • Texas
    • Southeastern U.S.A.
      • Alabama
      • Arkansas
      • Delaware
      • District Of Columbia
      • Florida
      • Georgia
      • Kentucky
      • Louisiana
      • Maryland
      • Mississippi
      • North Carolina
      • South Carolina
      • Tennessee
      • Virginia
    • Southwestern U.S.A.
      • Arizona
      • California
      • Nevada
      • Utah
    • Western Canada
      • Alberta
      • British Columbia
      • Manitoba
      • Saskatchewan
  • Pacific
    • North-central Pacific
      • Hawaii
    • Northwestern Pacific
      • Caroline Islands
      • Marshall Islands
    • South-central Pacific
      • Cook Islands
      • Marquesas
      • Society Islands
      • Tubuai Islands
    • Southwestern Pacific
      • Fiji
      • Gilbert Islands
      • New Caledonia
      • Niue
      • Vanuatu
  • Southern America
    • Brazil
      • Brazil North
      • Brazil Northeast
      • Brazil South
      • Brazil Southeast
      • Brazil West-central
    • Caribbean
      • Bahamas
      • Bermuda
      • Cuba
      • Dominican Republic
      • Haiti
      • Jamaica
      • Leeward Islands
      • Puerto Rico
      • Trinidad-Tobago
      • Turks-caicos Islands
    • Central America
      • Costa Rica
      • Nicaragua
    • Northern South America
      • Venezuela
    • Southern South America
      • Argentina Northeast
      • Argentina Northwest
      • Argentina South
      • Chile Central
      • Chile South
      • Paraguay
      • Uruguay
    • Western South America
      • Colombia
      • Galápagos
      • Peru

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000865236
UNII CWT3F2KEXG
Florida Plant Atlas 1903
Flora of Alabama 4769
Canadensys 7574
USDA Plants ECCR
Tropicos 25529345
INPN 95671
Flora of Italy 7784
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:399660-1
The Plant List kew-410191
PFAF Echinochloa crus-galli
Open Tree Of Life 2587
NCBI Taxonomy 90397
NBN Atlas NHMSYS0000458258
Nature Serve 2.158283
IUCN Red List 169069
IPNI 399660-1
iNaturalist 60283
GBIF 2702808
Freebase /m/07c1wk
WisFlora 3462
FEIS plants/graminoid/echcru
EPPO ECHCG
EOL 1115346
Elurikkus 4472
Calflora (Californian flora) 2882
USDA GRIN 14823
Wikipedia Echinochloa_crus-galli
CMAUP NPO16090
CMAUP NPO26873

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
Accession Assembly
Name Level Submitter Released Coverage Size
GCA_900205405.1 ASM90020540v1 Scaffold ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY, CHINA 2017-10-23 170 1.38 Gb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Investigation of Imidazolinone Herbicide Resistance Gene with KASP Markers for Japonica/Geng Rice Varieties in the Huanghuaihai Region of China Liu P, Feng W, Wang T, Zhang H, Mao S, Zhang H, Huang W, Liu H, Feng S, Chu Z Plants (Basel) 14-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11053791
doi:10.3390/plants13081097
PMID:38674507
Rice false smut pathogen: implications for mycotoxin contamination, current status, and future perspectives Zhou L, Mubeen M, Iftikhar Y, Zheng H, Zhang Z, Wen J, Khan RA, Sajid A, Solanki MK, Sohail MA, Kumar A, Massoud EE, Chen L Front Microbiol 20-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10996400
doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1344831
PMID:38585697
Allelopathy and Identification of Five Allelochemicals in the Leaves of the Aromatic Medicinal Tree Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Moh SM, Tojo S, Teruya T, Kato-Noguchi H Plants (Basel) 19-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10892298
doi:10.3390/plants13040559
PMID:38498556
Molecular Characterization of Plant Volatile Compound Interactions with Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Odorant-Binding Proteins Qian Q, Guo X, Wu L, Cui J, Gao H, Yang Y, Xu H, Lu Z, Zhu P Plants (Basel) 07-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10892019
doi:10.3390/plants13040479
PMID:38498446
Distinctive physiological and molecular responses of foxtail millet and maize to nicosulfuron Lu B, Meng R, Wang Y, Xiong W, Ma Y, Gao P, Ren J, Zhang L, Zhao Z, Fan G, Wen Y, Yuan X Front Plant Sci 16-Jan-2024
PMCID:PMC10824897
doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1308584
PMID:38293619
Study on Design, Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of Novel 6-Indazolyl-2-picolinic Acids Liu Q, Shi RC, Li HT, Wei W, Yuan X, Liu SZ, Cao YM Molecules 09-Jan-2024
PMCID:PMC10819873
doi:10.3390/molecules29020332
PMID:38257244
Effects of Datura stramonium L. Invasion into Different Habitats on Native Plant Functional Traits and Soil Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Stoichiometric Characteristics Lv J, Wang H, Chang N, Li H, Shi C Biology (Basel) 06-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10740971
doi:10.3390/biology12121497
PMID:38132323
Effects of Vegetation Types and Soil Properties on Regional Soil Carbon and Nitrogen in Salinized Reservoir Wetland, Northeast China Wang Y, Bao H, Kavana DJ, Li Y, Li X, Yan L, Xu W, Yu B Plants (Basel) 03-Nov-2023
PMCID:PMC10649285
doi:10.3390/plants12213767
PMID:37960123
Plant Extracts from the Yucatan Peninsula in the In Vitro Control of Curvularia lunata and Antifungal Effect of Mosannona depressa and Piper neesianum Extracts on Postharvest Fruits of Habanero Pepper Cruz-Cerino P, Cristóbal-Alejo J, Ruiz-Carrera V, Gamboa-Angulo M Plants (Basel) 09-Aug-2023
PMCID:PMC10459550
doi:10.3390/plants12162908
PMID:37631120
Long-Chain Molecules with Agro-Bioactivities and Their Applications Yin F, Qin Z Molecules 04-Aug-2023
PMCID:PMC10421526
doi:10.3390/molecules28155880
PMID:37570848
Secondary Metabolites with Herbicidal and Antifungal Activities from Marine-Derived Fungus Alternaria iridiaustralis Fan J, Guo F, Zhao C, Li H, Qu T, Xiao L, Du F J Fungi (Basel) 29-Jun-2023
PMCID:PMC10381437
doi:10.3390/jof9070716
PMID:37504705
Degradation of a New Herbicide Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl in Water: Kinetics, Various Influencing Factors and Its Reaction Mechanisms Zhou R, Dong Z, Wang L, Zhou W, Zhao W, Wu T, Chang H, Lin W, Li B Int J Mol Sci 23-Jun-2023
PMCID:PMC10342155
doi:10.3390/ijms241310521
PMID:37445703
Overhauling the ecotoxicological impact of synthetic pesticides using plants’ natural products: a focus on Zanthoxylum metabolites Okagu IU, Okeke ES, Ezeorba WC, Ndefo JC, Ezeorba TP Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 06-May-2023
PMCID:PMC10212812
doi:10.1007/s11356-023-27258-w
PMID:37148518
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria are important contributors to rice yield in karst soils Pan JY, Wang CB, Nong JL, Xie QL, Shen TM 3 Biotech 03-May-2023
PMCID:PMC10156889
doi:10.1007/s13205-023-03593-0
PMID:37151997
OrthoVenn3: an integrated platform for exploring and visualizing orthologous data across genomes Sun J, Lu F, Luo Y, Bie L, Xu L, Wang Y Nucleic Acids Res 28-Apr-2023
PMCID:PMC10320085
doi:10.1093/nar/gkad313
PMID:37114999

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!
Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Aporphines
(-)-Isoboldine 6971182 Click to see 327.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Isoboldine 133323 Click to see 327.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Pavine alkaloids
(-)-Argemonine 442168 Click to see 355.40 unknown via CMAUP database
(1R,12R)-15-methoxy-20-methyl-5,7-dioxa-20-azapentacyclo[10.7.1.02,10.04,8.013,18]icosa-2,4(8),9,13,15,17-hexaen-16-ol 12305286 Click to see 325.40 unknown via CMAUP database
(1R,12R)-16-Methoxy-20-methyl-5,7-dioxa-20-azapentacyclo[10.7.1.02,10.04,8.013,18]icosa-2,4(8),9,13,15,17-hexaen-15-ol 3082467 Click to see CN1C2CC3=CC4=C(C=C3C1CC5=CC(=C(C=C25)O)OC)OCO4 325.40 unknown via CMAUP database
(1R,12S)-15,16-dimethoxy-20-methyl-5,7-dioxa-20-azapentacyclo[10.7.1.02,10.04,8.013,18]icosa-2,4(8),9,13,15,17-hexaen-1-ol 10948236 Click to see 355.40 unknown via CMAUP database
(1R,12S)-23-methyl-5,7,16,18-tetraoxa-23-azahexacyclo[10.10.1.02,10.04,8.013,21.015,19]tricosa-2,4(8),9,13,15(19),20-hexaen-1-ol 11110561 Click to see 339.30 unknown via CMAUP database
(1R,9R)-5,12-dimethoxy-17-methyl-17-azatetracyclo[7.7.1.02,7.010,15]heptadeca-2,4,6,10,12,14-hexaene-4,13-diol 11869664 Click to see CN1C2CC3=CC(=C(C=C3C1CC4=CC(=C(C=C24)O)OC)OC)O 327.40 unknown via CMAUP database
(1S,12S,20R)-15-methoxy-20-methyl-20-oxido-5,7-dioxa-20-azoniapentacyclo[10.7.1.02,10.04,8.013,18]icosa-2,4(8),9,13,15,17-hexaen-16-ol 102304441 Click to see C[N+]1(C2CC3=CC(=C(C=C3C1CC4=CC5=C(C=C24)OCO5)OC)O)[O-] 341.40 unknown via CMAUP database
(1S,12S,20R)-16-methoxy-20-methyl-20-oxido-5,7-dioxa-20-azoniapentacyclo[10.7.1.02,10.04,8.013,18]icosa-2,4(8),9,13,15,17-hexaen-15-ol 102304443 Click to see 341.40 unknown via CMAUP database
(1S,12S)-15-methoxy-20-methyl-5,7-dioxa-20-azapentacyclo[10.7.1.02,10.04,8.013,18]icosa-2,4(8),9,13,15,17-hexaen-16-ol 11823545 Click to see 325.40 unknown via CMAUP database
(1S,12S)-5,7,16,18-tetraoxa-23-azahexacyclo[10.10.1.02,10.04,8.013,21.015,19]tricosa-2,4(8),9,13,15(19),20-hexaene 11012304 Click to see 309.30 unknown via CMAUP database
(1S,9S)-4,13-dimethoxy-17-methyl-17-azatetracyclo[7.7.1.02,7.010,15]heptadeca-2(7),3,5,10,12,14-hexaene-3,12-diol 92856799 Click to see CN1C2CC3=C(C1CC4=CC(=C(C=C24)O)OC)C(=C(C=C3)OC)O 327.40 unknown via CMAUP database
(5S,12S)-5,6,12,13-Tetrahydro-15-methylcycloocta(1,2-f:5,6-f')bis(1,3)benzodioxol-5,12-imine 12304178 Click to see 323.30 unknown via CMAUP database
Caryachine 44575219 Click to see 325.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Crychine 193382 Click to see 323.30 unknown via CMAUP database
Dibenzo[a,e]cycloocten-5,11-imine-2,9-diol,5,6,11,12-tetrahydro-3,8-dimethoxy-13-methyl-, (5S)- 12300156 Click to see 327.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Proaporphines
(1'S,2S,4R)-10-methoxy-5-methylspiro[5-azatricyclo[6.3.1.04,12]dodeca-1(12),8,10-triene-2,4'-cyclohex-2-ene]-1',11-diol 10870351 Click to see CN1CCC2=CC(=C(C3=C2C1CC34CCC(C=C4)O)O)OC 301.40 unknown via CMAUP database
(2S,4R)-10,11-dimethoxy-5-methylspiro[5-azatricyclo[6.3.1.04,12]dodeca-1(12),8,10-triene-2,4'-cyclohex-2-ene]-1'-one 12306127 Click to see 313.40 unknown via CMAUP database
(2S,4R)-10,11-dimethoxyspiro[5-azatricyclo[6.3.1.04,12]dodeca-1(12),8,10-triene-2,4'-cyclohex-2-ene]-1'-one 13819281 Click to see 299.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Protoberberine alkaloids and derivatives
Berberine 2353 Click to see 336.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans
(3S,3aR,6S,6aR)-3,6-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4,6-tetrahydrofuro[3,4-c]furan-3a,6a-diol 71625127 Click to see 390.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Prinsepiol 3010931 Click to see 390.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Very long-chain fatty acids
Lignoceric Acid 11197 Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O 368.60 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids
Tocopherol quinone 2734086 Click to see 446.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10R,11R,12aR,14bS)-11-hydroxy-10-[(Z)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylic acid 44566278 Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)C)OC(=O)C=CC6=CC=C(C=C6)O)O)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)O 618.80 unknown via CMAUP database
3-O-cis-p-Coumaroylmaslinic acid 101001054 Click to see 618.80 unknown via CMAUP database
3-O-cis-p-coumaroyltormentic acid 14335956 Click to see 634.80 unknown via CMAUP database
3-O-Trans-P-Coumaroyltormentic Acid 14335955 Click to see 634.80 unknown via CMAUP database
3beta-[[(E)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)propenoyl]oxy]-2alpha-hydroxyurs-12-ene-28-oic acid 14335960 Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)C)OC(=O)C=CC6=CC=C(C=C6)O)O)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)O 618.80 unknown via CMAUP database
3beta-O-(trans-p-Coumaroyl)maslinic acid 14335962 Click to see 618.80 unknown via CMAUP database
Celastrol 122724 Click to see CC1=C(C(=O)C=C2C1=CC=C3C2(CCC4(C3(CCC5(C4CC(CC5)(C)C(=O)O)C)C)C)C)O 450.60 unknown via CMAUP database
Epifriedelanol 119242 Click to see 428.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Friedelin 91472 Click to see 426.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Oleanolic Acid 10494 Click to see 456.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Pristimerin 159516 Click to see 464.60 unknown via CMAUP database
Squalene 638072 Click to see 410.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Hydroxysteroids / 3-hydroxysteroids
Netzahualcoyene 21636463 Click to see 462.60 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
Sitogluside 5742590 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C 576.80 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclic alcohols and derivatives
Tingenin B 73147 Click to see CC1CC2C(CCC3(C2(CCC4(C3=CC=C5C4=CC(=O)C(=C5C)O)C)C)C)(C(C1=O)O)C 436.60 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Acyloins
20alpha-Hydroxytingenone 10717799 Click to see CC1=C(C(=O)C=C2C1=CC=C3C2(CCC4(C3(CCC5(C4CC(C(=O)C5)(C)O)C)C)C)C)O 436.60 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Cyclic ketones
Tingenone 101520 Click to see 420.60 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzofurans
Cryptocaryone 10379026 Click to see 282.29 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Isoquinolines and derivatives
6-Methyl-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinolin-6-ium 2753983 Click to see 188.20 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Isoquinolines and derivatives / Benzylisoquinolines
4-[(6,7-Dimethoxyisoquinolin-1-yl)methyl]phenol 21814573 Click to see 295.30 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Isoquinolines and derivatives / Isoquinolones and derivatives
Doryanin 12998814 Click to see 203.19 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyrans / Pyranones and derivatives / Dihydropyranones
7-O-Methylcryptochinone A 46939685 Click to see COC1CC2=C(C3C1OC(=O)C3)C(=O)CC(O2)C4=CC=CC=C4 314.30 unknown via CMAUP database
7-O-Methylcryptochinone B 46939686 Click to see 314.30 unknown via CMAUP database
Cryptocaryanone A 10356404 Click to see C1C2C(C=CC3=C2C(=O)CC(O3)C4=CC=CC=C4)OC1=O 282.29 unknown via CMAUP database
Cryptochinone A 46939683 Click to see 300.30 unknown via CMAUP database
Cryptochinone B 46939684 Click to see 300.30 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Tetrahydroisoquinolines
(1'S,2R,4R)-10,11-dimethoxy-5-methylspiro[5-azatricyclo[6.3.1.04,12]dodeca-1(12),8,10-triene-2,6'-cyclohex-2-ene]-1'-ol 10914050 Click to see CN1CCC2=CC(=C(C3=C2C1CC34CCC=CC4O)OC)OC 315.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
Hexacosyl (E)-ferulate 5318033 Click to see 558.90 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins
Epicatechin 72276 Click to see 290.27 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones
(-)-7-Hydroxyflavanone 688857 Click to see 240.25 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones / Flavanonols
(2R,3S)-2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2,3-Dihydrochromen-4-One 712318 Click to see 304.25 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 7-O-methylated flavonoids
(-)-Pinostrobin 73201 Click to see 270.28 unknown via CMAUP database
5-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone 5748697 Click to see 298.29 unknown via CMAUP database
Mosloflavone 471722 Click to see COC1=C(C(=C2C(=C1)OC(=CC2=O)C3=CC=CC=C3)O)OC 298.29 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 8-O-methylated flavonoids
5-Hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyflavone 21632881 Click to see 328.30 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Linear 1,3-diarylpropanoids / Chalcones and dihydrochalcones / 2-Hydroxychalcones
2',4'-Dihydroxy-3'-methoxychalcone 9993268 Click to see 270.28 unknown via CMAUP database

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