Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Piper betle L., commonly called betel leaf, has been a staple of traditional medicine across South‑Asia for centuries. Its fragrant, glossy leaves are harvested fresh or partially dried and are most often prepared as simple aqueous extracts, but they also appear in macerated oils, alcoholic tinctures, and directly applied poultices. The most frequently reported preparations are leaf infusions (teas), decoctions of the whole leaf, and poultices made from fresh or crushed leaves.

Among the Ayurvedic practitioners of northern India, a decoction of 10 g of fresh betel leaves boiled for 10 minutes in 250 ml of water is recorded as a carminative and cough‑relieving tea (Sharma, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, 2002). In Bangladesh, folk healers steep 15 g of dried leaf in 200 ml of hot water for 15 minutes and drink the infusion to reduce fever and digestive upset (Kumar et al., Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2015). Rural households in Sri Lanka have long used a fresh‑leaf poultice, applied directly to swelling or insect bites, and claim the leaves’ astringent qualities help draw out infection (Wijesinghe, Sri Lankan Herbal Medicine, 2021). A more specialized preparation is the 1 : 5 (w/v) ethanol tincture employed by the Naga of northeast India; 50 g of crushed leaves are macerated in 250 ml of 70 % ethanol for two weeks and the filtrate is rubbed onto sore joints for analgesic relief (Bennett et al., Ethnobotany of the Naga, 2021).

**Practical recipe – mild betel‑leaf tea**
- Fresh leaves: 8–10 g (about 3–4 medium leaves).
- Water: 250 ml of freshly boiled water.
- Method: Place the leaves in a cup, pour the hot water over them, cover, and steep for 5–7 minutes. Strain and drink warm.
- Safety: Limit consumption to one cup per day; excessive intake may cause gastrointestinal irritation. Pregnant women and children should avoid the tea, and the preparation should not be combined with strong stimulants such as caffeine or areca‑nut‑based products because of the cumulative irritant effect on the oral mucosa (Sharma, 2002; Kumar et al., 2015).

The leaf’s biological activity is attributed to well‑characterized constituents: eugenol, a phenolic ether that contributes antimicrobial and analgesic effects; Chavicol and hydroxychavicol, allylbenzene phenols with antioxidant properties; and flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol that have documented anti‑inflammatory activity (Tripathi et al., Essential Oils of Piper betle, 2008; Saxena et al., Phytochemical analysis, 2014).

Contemporary research confirms the tea’s modest antimicrobial and anti‑oxidant capacities, and betel‑leaf extracts are now marketed in several Southeast Asian countries as functional‑food ingredients and in topical cosmetics for their soothing, astringent qualities. While scientific interest continues to grow, public health agencies still advise moderation, especially given the historic association of betel chewing with oral lesions when combined with areca nut and slaked lime.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
Commercial products derived from Piper betle include dried or fresh leaf, crushed or chopped leaf for culinary use, and steam‑distilled leaf essential oil. Essential oil is offered by fragrance and flavor houses and as a specialty ingredient for oral‑care and toiletry formulations.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
The leaf essential oil is used in fragrance compositions and toiletry products (soaps, toothpaste, mouthwashes, shampoos) as a component contributing warm, spicy aromatic notes. Leaves are used in perfumery and in traditional botanical toiletry applications such as hair‑care and body rubs.

Properties relevant to use:
The oil is characterized by high phenolic content, notably eugenol and hydroxychavicol, conferring a strong, persistent spicy aroma and antioxidant properties that aid in fragrance stability and color protection in oxidatively sensitive bases.

Food and beverages (non‑medicinal):
Fresh or blanched leaves are widely used as a flavoring and wrapping ingredient in savory preparations (chewing condiments and wraps, savory snacks, rice dishes, pickles, and chutneys). Leaf essential oil and defined isolates (eugenol, hydroxychavicol) are used as flavoring substances in processed foods, confections, beverages, and as a component in oral‑care products.

Standards and regulation:
Where used as food flavoring or food ingredients, products must comply with national food‑additive and additive‑level regulations; for example, in the United States, flavoring uses are typically governed under the Food and Drug Administration’s GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) framework and Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association practices. Cosmetic uses must adhere to化妆品安全技术规范 regulatory requirements for China; and in the European Union, flavoring substances must comply with Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008 on flavoring substances.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Commercial supply is primarily leaf‑based and relies on continual harvest from cultivated plantings in Southeast Asia; post‑harvest practices (rapid drying or cooling) are employed to preserve essential‑oil quality. Sustainable management focuses on maintaining leaf quality, avoiding leaf damage during collection, and protecting growing areas to prevent overharvest.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Macropiper potamogetonifolium	Miq.	Syst. Piperac. : 221 (1843)
Piper carnistilum	C.DC.	Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 3: 774 (1910)
Piper canaliculatum	Opiz	Reliq. Haenk. 1: 156 (1828)
Piper fenixii	C.DC.	Philipp. J. Sci., C 5: 425 (1910)
Piper betel	Blanco	Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 22. 1837
Piper bathicarpum	C.DC.	Fragm. Fl. Philipp. 1: 153 (1905)
Piper bidentatum	Stokes	Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 79 (1812)
Piper blancoi	Merr.	Philipp. J. Sci. 1(Suppl.): 41 (1906)
Piper blumei	(Miq.) Backer	Bekn. Fl. Java 3(38): 12 (1941)
Piper anisodorum	Blanco	Fl. Filip., ed. 2 : 16 (1845)
Piper philippinense	C.DC.	Prodr. 16(1): 353 (1869)
Piper pinguispicum	C.DC. & Koord.	Proc. Sect. Sci. Kon. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam 14(4): 37 (1909)
Piper puberulinodum	C.DC.	Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 3: 773 (1910)
Piper potamogetonifolium	Opiz	Reliq. Haenk. 1: 156 (1828)
Piper saururus	Burm.	Fl. Malab. : 3 (1769)
Piper siriboa	L.	Sp. Pl. : 29 (1753)
Piper malamiris	L.	Sp. Pl. : 29 (1753)
Piper malarayatense	C.DC.	Philipp. J. Sci., C 5: 442 (1910)
Piper malamiri	Blume	Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 11: 203 (1826)
Piper macgregorii	C.DC.	Philipp. J. Sci., C 11: 215 (1916)
Piperi betlum	St.-Lag.	Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 132 (1880)
Piper rubroglandulosum	Chaveer. & Mokkamul	Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 59: 142 (2008)
Artanthe hexagyna	Miq.	Syst. Piperac. : 412 (1844)
Betela mastica	Raf.	Sylva Tellur. : 85 (1838)
Chavica betle	Miq.	Syst. Piperac. : 228 (1843)
Chavica blumei	Miq.	Syst. Piperac. : 246 (1843)
Chavica canaliculata	C.Presl	Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. , ser. 5, 6: 224 (1851)
Chavica chuvya	Miq.	Syst. Piperac. : 267 (1843)
Chavica densa	Miq.	Syst. Piperac. : 252 (1843)
Chavica siriboa	Miq.	Syst. Piperac. : 224 (1843)
Cubeba melamiri	Miq.	Comm. Phytogr. : 34 (1840)
Cubeba seriboa	Miq.	Comm. Phytogr. : 34 (1840)
Piper marianum	Opiz	Reliq. Haenk. 1: 159 (1828)
Piper betle var. marianum	(Opiz) C.DC.	Prodr. 16(1): 360 1869
Piper densum	Blume	Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 11: 193 (1826)
Piper betle var. densum	(Blume) C.DC.	Prodr. 16(1): 360 1869
Piper anisodorum	Náves ex Fern.-Vill.	Nov. App. 175. 1880
Chavica auriculata	Miq.	Syst. Piperac. : 269 (1843)
Piper betle f. marianum	(Opiz) Fosberg	Phytologia 13(4): 235 1966
Piper betle f. densum	(Blume) Fosberg	Phytologia 13(4): 235 1966
Piper silletianum	P.K.Mukh.	Phytotaxa 289(2): 188 (2016)
Piper betle var. amplifolium	C.DC.	Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 2: 272 (1898)
Piper betle var. siriboa	(L.) C.DC.	Prodr. 16(1): 359 (1869)
Piper chawya	Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.	Numer. List : n.° 6650 C (1832)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	betel
Arabic	التنباك
Arabic	تنبل
Arabic	تنبول
Arabic	التامول
Arabic	نامول
Arabic	التانبول الصيني
Arabic	فلفل صيني
Arabic	شاء صيني
Azerbaijani	betle istiotu
ban	basé
bbc	demban
bcl	buyò
Belarusian	Бетэль
bho	पान
Bengali	পান(পাতা)
Bengali	পান
bug	ᨁᨙᨍ
Catalan	fulla de betel
Catalan	fulla de bètel
Czech	pepřovník betelový
German	paan
German	betelpfeffer
dtp	betle
dtp	daing
dv	ބިލެތް
Greek	βετέλ
Esperanto	betelo
Estonian	pipar
Persian	نخل فوفل (گونه)
Finnish	betelpippuri
French	betel
French	bétel
Irish	beiteal
gom	विड्याचें पान
Hindi	ताम्बूल
Hindi	लखनवी पान
Hindi	पान
Croatian	betel
Upper Sorbian	betelowy popjerjowc
Indonesian	sirih
io	betelo
Japanese	キンマ
jv	sirih
jv	godhong suruh
jv	suruh
Georgian	საღეჭი პილპილი
Georgian	ბეტელი
Kannada	ವೀಳ್ಯದೆಲೆ
Korean	베틀후추
Lithuanian	betelis
Lithuanian	betelinis pipiras
Latvian	beteles lapa
Latvian	beteles lapas
Latvian	betele
mad	sèrè
mai	पान
min	siriah
Malayalam	betel
Malayalam	വെറ്റിലക്കൊടി
Malayalam	വെറ്റില
Marathi	विडयाचे पान
Marathi	नागवेल
Malay	pokok sirih
Malay	sirih
Malay	sirih cina
Malay	sirih makan
Malay	sirih melayu
Burmese	ကွမ်းရွက်ပင်
Norwegian Bokmål	betel
Norwegian Bokmål	betelpepper
Nepali	पान
new	पान
nia	tawuo
Dutch	betelpeper
Dutch	sirih
Dutch	betelblad
Oriya	betel
Oriya	ତାମ୍ବୁଳ, ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ତାମ୍ବୁଳ, ଭୁଜ୍ୟଲତା, ସପ୍ତଲତା, ଓ ନାଗବଲ୍ଲୀ,pana
Oriya	ପାନ
Punjabi	ਪਾਨ
Polish	betel
Polish	pieprz żuwny
pwn	zangav
Russian	Бетель
sa	नागवल्लीपत्रम्
sat	ᱯᱟᱱ (ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ)
sco	betel
Sinhala	බුලත්
Serbian	Бетел
su	seureuh
Tamil	வெற்றிலை
tcy	ಬಚ್ಚಿರೆ
Telugu	తమలపాకు
Telugu	తమలపాకులు
Telugu	తమలము
Thai	พลู
tpi	daka
Ukrainian	Бетель
Vietnamese	p. betle
Vietnamese	trầu
Vietnamese	trầu không
Chinese	蒌油
Chinese	印度胡椒
Chinese	芦子
Chinese	荖藤
Chinese	药酱
Chinese	蒌叶
Chinese	蒌叶（芦子、菊酱）
Chinese	蒟酱
Chinese	荖葉
Chinese	蔞葉

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- Western Indian Ocean
  - Comoros
  - Madagascar
  - Mauritius
  - Réunion

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Assam
  - Bangladesh
  - East Himalaya
  - India
  - Maldives
  - Sri Lanka
- Indo-China
  - Andaman Islands
  - Cambodia
  - Laos
  - Myanmar
  - Nicobar Nicobar
  - Thailand
  - Vietnam
- Malesia
  - Christmas Island
  - Lesser Sunda Islands
  - Malaya
  - Philippines
- Papuasia
  - Bismarck Archipelago
  - New Guinea
  - Solomon Islands

Pacific click to expand
- Northwestern Pacific
  - Caroline Islands
  - Marianas
- Southwestern Pacific
  - Fiji
  - Vanuatu

Southern America click to expand
- Caribbean
  - Cuba
  - Leeward Islands
  - Trinidad-Tobago
  - Windward Islands

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000479518
UNII	3P3G6I73CL
USDA Plants	PIBE4
Tropicos	25002636
INPN	630426
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:680605-1
The Plant List	kew-2559050
Open Tree Of Life	588609
NCBI Taxonomy	13217
IPNI	680605-1
iNaturalist	347653
GBIF	4187904
Freebase	/m/01_500
EPPO	PIPBE
EOL	491360
US Library of Congress	sh85102393
USDA GRIN	28574
Wikipedia	Betel
CMAUP	NPO26872
PFAF	Piper betle

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.

Accession	Assembly
Accession	Name	Level	Submitter	Released	Coverage	Size
GCA_033002965.1	BioCurious_Pbet_1.0	Contig	BioCurious	2023-10-24	14	530.74 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

On-farm crop diversity, conservation, importance and value: a case study of landraces from Western Ghats of Karnataka, India

Puneeth GM, Gowthami R, Katral A, Laxmisha KM, Vasudeva R, Singh GP, Archak S

Sci Rep

10-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11087530
doi:	10.1038/s41598-024-61428-1
PMID:	38730080

Study of medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary medical system in riverine areas of Punjab, Pakistan

Umair M, Altaf M, Ahsan T, Bussmann RW, Abbasi AM, Gatasheh MK, Elrobh M

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

07-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11077875
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00686-9
PMID:	38715115

Unleashing the promise of emerging nanomaterials as a sustainable platform to mitigate antimicrobial resistance

Rahman S, Sadaf S, Hoque ME, Mishra A, Mubarak NM, Malafaia G, Singh J

RSC Adv

01-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11062400
doi:	10.1039/d3ra05816f
PMID:	38694553

Risk assessment of Retithrips syriacus for the EU

Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, van der Werf W, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Bezerra Lima ÉF, Makowski D, Crotta M, Gobbi A, Golic D, Maiorano A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Rossi E, Terzidou A, Vicent Civera A

EFSA J

29-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11056851
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8741
PMID:	38686341

Current treatment options for leptospirosis: a mini-review

Petakh P, Behzadi P, Oksenych V, Kamyshnyi O

Front Microbiol

25-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11081000
doi:	10.3389/fmicb.2024.1403765
PMID:	38725681

The potential use of nanozymes as an antibacterial agents in oral infection, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis

Hosseini Hooshiar M, Badkoobeh A, Kolahdouz S, Tadayonfard A, Mozaffari A, Nasiri K, Salari S, Safaralizadeh R, Yasamineh S

J Nanobiotechnology

25-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11044492
doi:	10.1186/s12951-024-02472-x
PMID:	38664778

The Role of Estrogen and Estrogen Receptors in Head and Neck Tumors

Kranjčević JK, Čonkaš J, Ozretić P

Cancers (Basel)

19-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11049451
doi:	10.3390/cancers16081575
PMID:	38672656

Antioxidant Activity of Foods and Natural Products

Pinela J, Dias MI, Pereira C, Alonso-Esteban JI

Molecules

17-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11054945
doi:	10.3390/molecules29081814
PMID:	38675634

A Case of Invasive Metastatic Tonsillar Squamous Cell Carcinoma Complicated by Polymicrobial Wound Infection in a Previously Healthy 34-Year-Old Inmate

Kelly K, Carrion A

Cureus

13-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11089928
doi:	10.7759/cureus.58190
PMID:	38741832

Oxidative Stress and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Balance between ROS-Mediated Pro- and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

Allegra A, Mirabile G, Caserta S, Stagno F, Russo S, Pioggia G, Gangemi S

Antioxidants (Basel)

13-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11047441
doi:	10.3390/antiox13040461
PMID:	38671909

Bioactive and biodegradable cotton fabrics produced via synergic effect of plant extracts and essential oils in chitosan coating system

Szadkowski B, Śliwka-Kaszyńska M, Marzec A

Sci Rep

12-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11014983
doi:	10.1038/s41598-024-59105-4
PMID:	38609489

Effects of Drying Methods on the Antioxidant Properties of Piper betle Leaves

Ramarao KD, Razali Z, Somasundram C, Kunasekaran W, Jin TL

Molecules

12-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11051789
doi:	10.3390/molecules29081762
PMID:	38675582

A Systematic Analysis of COVID-19 Clinical Trials Registered in the Clinical Trials Registry of India

Dutta S, Singhal S, Shah R

Cureus

09-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11082480
doi:	10.7759/cureus.57939
PMID:	38738059

In Vitro/Vivo Mechanisms of Antibacterial Peptide NZ2114 against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Its Biofilms

Zhang S, Yang N, Mao R, Hao Y, Teng D, Wang J

Antibiotics (Basel)

08-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11047522
doi:	10.3390/antibiotics13040341
PMID:	38667017

From Flora to Pharmaceuticals: 100 new additions to angiosperms of Gafargaon subdistrict in Bangladesh and unraveling antidiabetic drug candidates targeting DPP4 through in silico approach

Ahmed SS, Rahman MO

PLoS One

29-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10980240
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0301348
PMID:	38551991

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives
2,4-Pentadien-1-one, 5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-(1-piperidinyl)-, (2E,4E)-	4840	Click to see	285.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00208-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/S13277-013-1433-4
Arecoline	2230	Click to see CN1CCC=C(C1)C(=O)OC	155.19	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1161(96)90013-8
Chavicine	1548912	Click to see C1CCN(CC1)C(=O)C=CC=CC2=CC3=C(C=C2)OCO3	285.34	unknown	via CMAUP database
Piperine	638024	Click to see C1CCN(CC1)C(=O)C=CC=CC2=CC3=C(C=C2)OCO3	285.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JBT.20251
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Methoxybenzenes / Dimethoxybenzenes
(1R,5R,7R,8S)-7-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-8-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-prop-2-enylbicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-en-2-one	102586046	Click to see	344.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957685
(1R,5R,7S,8S)-7-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-8-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-prop-2-enylbicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-en-2-one	162897881	Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C2CC3(C=C(C(=O)C2C3O)OC)CC=C)OC	344.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957685
[(1R,5R,6S,7S,8S)-6-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-methoxy-7-methyl-4-oxo-1-prop-2-enyl-8-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-enyl] acetate	101715613	Click to see	400.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957685
[6-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-3-methoxy-7-methyl-4-oxo-1-prop-2-enyl-8-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-enyl] acetate	162991277	Click to see	400.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957685
7-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-8-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-prop-2-enylbicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-en-2-one	162897880	Click to see	344.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957685
Methyleugenol	7127	Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)CC=C)OC	178.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02857217
> Benzenoids / Naphthalenes / Naphthalenecarboxylic acids and derivatives / Naphthalenecarboxylic acids
3-(3-Carboxy-6,7-dihydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)-2-oxo-2H-pyran-6-carboxylic acid	14215653	Click to see	342.26	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenols / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids
Chavicol	68148	Click to see	134.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00126A011
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Benzenediols / Catechols
Allylpyrocatechol	292101	Click to see	150.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02857217
Hydroxychavicol	70775	Click to see	150.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(86)90065-7 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF061679E https://doi.org/10.1007/S11418-009-0331-Y https://doi.org/10.1093/MUTAGE/4.3.200
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols
[6-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-methoxy-7-methyl-4-oxo-1-prop-2-enyl-8-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-enyl] acetate	85115188	Click to see	386.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957685
Chavibetol	596375	Click to see	164.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00126A011 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF061679E https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02857217
Eugenol	3314	Click to see	164.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(94)01213-J https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(86)90065-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02857217 https://doi.org/10.1093/MUTAGE/4.3.200
Piperbetol	10385474	Click to see CC1C(C2C(C1(C=C(C2=O)OC)CC=C)OC(=O)C)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)OC	386.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957685
> Hydrocarbons / Saturated hydrocarbons / Alkanes
Triacontane	12535	Click to see	422.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00208-8
Tritriacontane	12411	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	464.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00208-8
> Hydrocarbons / Unsaturated hydrocarbons / Branched unsaturated hydrocarbons
(4S,4aR,9aR)-1,4,4a,7-tetramethyl-3,4,5,8,9,9a-hexahydrobenzo[7]annulene	12153964	Click to see	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids
Stearic Acid	5281	Click to see	284.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00208-8
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Very long-chain fatty acids
Dotriacontanoic acid	19255	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O	480.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00208-8
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Acyclic diterpenoids
Phytol	5280435	Click to see CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(=CCO)C	296.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Aromatic monoterpenoids
Carvacrol	10364	Click to see CC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C(C)C)O	150.22	unknown	via CMAUP database
Carvacryl acetate	80792	Click to see	192.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
P-Cymene	7463	Click to see	134.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02857217
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
(+-)-alpha-Pinene	6654	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02857217
Beta-Pinene	14896	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02857217
Camphene	6616	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02857217
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids
(+)-Limonene	440917	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02857217
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
(+)-Epicubenol	11831045	Click to see CC1CCC(C2C1(CCC(=C2)C)O)C(C)C	222.37	unknown	via CMAUP database
(+)-Longifolene	1796220	Click to see CC1(CCCC2(C3C1C(C2=C)CC3)C)C	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
(+)-tau-Muurolol	51394521	Click to see CC1=CC2C(CCC(C2CC1)(C)O)C(C)C	222.37	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1R,3aS,4R,8aR)-Decahydro-4,8,8-trimethyl-9-methylene-1,4-methanoazulene	1201520	Click to see	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1S,4R,4aS,8aS)-1,6-dimethyl-4-propan-2-yl-2,3,4,7,8,8a-hexahydro-1H-naphthalen-4a-ol	101677423	Click to see	222.37	unknown	via CMAUP database
1,10-Di-epcubenol	91748749	Click to see	222.37	unknown	via CMAUP database
Alpha-Longipinene	12311396	Click to see CC1=CCC2C3C1C2(CCCC3(C)C)C	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
beta-Cadinene	10657	Click to see	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
Caryophyllene	5281515	Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C2CC(C2CC1)(C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02857217
Caryophyllene,alpha + beta mixt.	5354499	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02857217
delta-Cadinene	441005	Click to see	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Elemane sesquiterpenoids
(1S,2R,4R)-1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-bis(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohexane	6431152	Click to see	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
2,4-Diisopropenyl-1-methyl-1-vinyl-cyclohexane	641756	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC(C(C1)C(=C)C)(C)C=C	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Eudesmane, isoeudesmane or cycloeudesmane sesquiterpenoids
(3S,4aS,8aR)-5,8a-dimethyl-3-prop-1-en-2-yl-2,3,4,4a,7,8-hexahydro-1H-naphthalene	12309809	Click to see	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Germacrane sesquiterpenoids
Helminthogermacrene	71306395	Click to see	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Himachalane and lippifoliane sesquiterpenoids
(1S,6R)-alpha-himachalene	11769623	Click to see CC1=CC2C(CC1)C(=C)CCCC2(C)C	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1S,6S)-alpha-himachalene	24798713	Click to see	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
beta-Sitosterol palmitate	13747834	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC1CCC2(C3CCC4(C(C3CC=C2C1)CCC4C(C)CCC(CC)C(C)C)C)C	653.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00208-8
beta-Sitosteryl palmitate	9852570	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC1CCC2(C3CCC4(C(C3CC=C2C1)CCC4C(C)CCC(CC)C(C)C)C)C	653.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00208-8
Ursonic Acid	9890209	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(=O)C5(C)C)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)O	454.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1042/BST021462S
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Sphingolipids / Ceramides / Phytoceramides
(2R)-2-hydroxy-N-[(E,2S,3S,4R)-1,3,4-trihydroxyicos-8-en-2-yl]tetracosanamide	102279958	Click to see	710.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CCLET.2009.11.047
2-hydroxy-N-(1,3,4-trihydroxyicos-8-en-2-yl)tetracosanamide	162904142	Click to see	710.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CCLET.2009.11.047
Cer 29:0;3O/25:0;(2OH)	138144994	Click to see	852.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CCLET.2009.11.047
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	86821	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1042/BST021462S
Stigmast-5-en-3-ol	22012	Click to see	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1042/BST021462S
Stigmasterol	5280794	Click to see	412.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Secondary alcohols
(2R)-2-hydroxy-N-[(2S,3S,4R)-1,3,4-trihydroxynonacosan-2-yl]pentacosanamide	162968910	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(C(C(CO)NC(=O)C(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)O)O)O	852.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CCLET.2009.11.047
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Tertiary alcohols
(1R,3R,5R,6R,11R,14R,16R,18R,19R,24R)-3,16-bis(buta-1,3-dien-2-yl)-1,6,10,10,14,19,23,23-octamethyl-2,15-dioxapentacyclo[16.8.0.05,14.06,11.019,24]hexacosane-3,11,16,24-tetrol	15329767	Click to see	640.90	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones / Alpha-branched alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones
(E)-1-[(1R,2R,4aR,8aR)-2,4a-dihydroxy-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3-methylpent-3-en-2-one	15329765	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)CC1C2(CCCC(C2(CCC1(C)O)O)(C)C)C	322.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
(E)-1-[(1R,2R,4aR,8S,8aS)-2,4a,8-trihydroxy-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3-methylpent-3-en-2-one	15329764	Click to see	338.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones / b-hydroxy-alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones
(13E)-5,8,9-Trihydroxylabd-13-en-12-one	102065944	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)CC1(C2(CCCC(C2(CCC1(C)O)O)(C)C)C)O	338.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Phenylketones / Alkyl-phenylketones
Eugenone	5317271	Click to see	252.26	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzodioxoles
5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-(2-methylpropyl)penta-2,4-dienamide	276752	Click to see CC(C)CNC(=O)C=CC=CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)OCO2	273.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00208-8
Safrole	5144	Click to see	162.18	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02857217 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(94)01213-J
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Naphthofurans
(2S,3aR,5aS,9R,9aS,9bR)-2-[(E)-but-2-en-2-yl]-3a,6,6,9a-tetramethyl-2,4,5,5a,7,8,9,9b-octahydro-1H-benzo[e][1]benzofuran-9-ol	101321339	Click to see	306.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Tannins / Hydrolyzable tannins
2-[(14S)-7-[[(21S,22R,23R)-7,8,11,12,13,22,23-heptahydroxy-3,16-dioxo-6-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy-2,17,20-trioxatetracyclo[17.3.1.04,9.010,15]tricosa-4,6,8,10,12,14-hexaen-21-yl]oxycarbonyl]-5,14,18,19-tetrahydroxy-2,11,15-trioxo-3,10,16-trioxatetracyclo[11.7.1.04,9.017,21]henicosa-1(20),4,6,8,17(21),18-hexaen-12-yl]acetic acid	16186170	Click to see	1106.80	unknown	via CMAUP database

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Piper betle

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