Details Top

Internal ID UUID64400a8e9b54b253165289
Scientific name Aristolochia debilis
Authority Siebold & Zucc.
First published in Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4(3): 197 (1846)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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General Uses Top

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Common products:
- Aristolochic acid I (AA‑I) and related aristolochic acids (AA‑II, AA‑IIIa, AA‑IIIb) are isolated from the aerial parts of Aristolochia debilis. The isolated compounds are employed as analytical reference standards by laboratories for quantification of aristolochic acids in botanical matrices using HPLC‑UV and LC‑MS/MS. Typical purity of these standards is ≥95 % (w/w) and they are supplied in sealed ampoules under controlled storage conditions (≤ 4 °C, protected from light). The plant material has also been used as a source of bulk aristolochic acids for preparing reference solutions in method development.

Properties relevant to use:
- The major constituent, AA‑I (C₁₇H₁₁NO₅, molecular weight 342.28 g mol⁻¹), displays a characteristic UV absorption maximum at 250–260 nm (ε ≈ 13 000 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹) and exhibits good solubility in polar organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile, facilitating extraction and chromatographic separation. The compound is stable under acidic conditions (pH 2–3) but degrades under strong alkaline conditions (pH > 9). These physicochemical properties enable reliable quantification by HPLC‑UV and LC‑MS/MS without derivatization. The natural mixture of aristolochic acid analogues present in A. debilis provides a matrix that mimics the natural profile of these compounds, which is useful for calibration in forensic and regulatory analyses.

Scientific and model organism use:
- De‑novo transcriptome sequencing of leaf, stem, and flower tissues of A. debilis has been deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA), supporting gene‑annotation of the biosynthetic pathway leading to aristolochic acids. The assembled draft genome is publicly available in GenBank, facilitating comparative genomics across the Aristolochiaceae and functional validation of candidate enzymes (e.g., prenyltransferases, oxidases) involved in AA biosynthesis. The species has been investigated for its pollination biology, revealing a specialized fly‑pollination syndrome, and these observations are employed in comparative studies of plant–pollinator coevolution.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Aristolochia recurvilabra Hance J. Bot. 11: 75 (1873)
Aristolochia sinarum Lindl. Gard. Chron. 1859: 708 (1859)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
Japanese ウマノスズクサ
lzh 馬兜鈴
Chinese 定海根
Chinese 馬兜鈴
Chinese 百骑大栗树
Chinese 野木香根
Chinese 蛇参果
Chinese 独铃根
Chinese 独行根
Chinese 朱砂莲
Chinese 兜铃根
Chinese 三百银药
Chinese 一点气
Chinese 大青木香
Chinese 马兜铃
Chinese 天仙藤
Chinese 青木香

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Asia-temperate
    • China
      • China North-central
      • China South-central
      • China Southeast
    • Eastern Asia
      • Japan

Links to other databases Top

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Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000547728
UNII 79D8J3Q25K
Tropicos 2500339
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:92883-1
The Plant List kew-2651341
Open Tree Of Life 82050
NCBI Taxonomy 158541
IPNI 92883-1
iNaturalist 371228
GBIF 3588727
EPPO ARPDE
EOL 2872732
USDA GRIN 4089
CMAUP NPO24916
PFAF Aristolochia debilis

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Cytotoxic activity of isoquinoline alkaloids and herbal extracts from selected plants against human cancer cell lines: harnessing the research potential in cancer drug discovery with modern scientific trends and technology Bhandare SD, Malode SS Toxicol Res (Camb) 23-Nov-2023
PMCID:PMC10734601
doi:10.1093/toxres/tfad107
PMID:38145094
The Impact of Post-Fire Smoke on Plant Communities: A Global Approach Zahed M, Bączek-Kwinta R Plants (Basel) 13-Nov-2023
PMCID:PMC10674613
doi:10.3390/plants12223835
PMID:38005732
Chemical profiling of principle active and toxic constituents in herbs containing aristolochic acids Yue L, Yang K, Jiang F, Dong S, Yang K, Zhu D Chin Herb Med 21-Sep-2023
PMCID:PMC11064582
doi:10.1016/j.chmed.2023.02.008
PMID:38706826
Effective degradation of anthraquinones in Folium Sennae with Monascus fermentation for toxicity reduce and efficacy enhancement Long M, Pei X, Lu Z, Xu D, Zheng N, Li Y, Ge H, Cao W, Osire T, Xia X Heliyon 26-Jul-2023
PMCID:PMC10407211
doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18735
PMID:37560635
Extremely high relative growth rate makes the cabbage white, Pieris rapae, a global pest with highly abundant and migratory nature Konno K Sci Rep 15-Jun-2023
PMCID:PMC10272114
doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36735-8
PMID:37322167
In silico identification of natural compounds against SARS-CoV-2 main protease from Chinese herbal medicines Kuang Y, Shen W, Ma X, Wang Z, Xu R, Rao Q, Yang S Future Sci OA 14-Jun-2023
PMCID:PMC10357396
doi:10.2144/fsoa-2023-0055
PMID:37485448
Asymmetric interactions between two butterfly species mediated by food demand Hashimoto K, Ohgushi T Ecol Evol 08-Jun-2023
PMCID:PMC10249040
doi:10.1002/ece3.10164
PMID:37304371
Diversity and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants used by Shui people in Southwest China Liu S, Zhang B, Lei Q, Zhou J, Ali M, Long C J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 30-May-2023
PMCID:PMC10230803
doi:10.1186/s13002-023-00594-4
PMID:37254191
New Insights into Herb-Induced Liver Injury Ma ZT, Shi Z, Xiao XH, Wang JB Antioxid Redox Signal 25-May-2023
PMCID:PMC10259609
doi:10.1089/ars.2022.0134
PMID:36401515
Analysis of the chloroplast genome and phylogenetic evolution of Bidens pilosa Zhang D, Tu J, Ding X, Guan W, Gong L, Qiu X, Huang Z, Su H BMC Genomics 14-Mar-2023
PMCID:PMC10015693
doi:10.1186/s12864-023-09195-7
PMID:36918765
Insights into taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of eleven Aristolochia species based on chloroplast genome Bai X, Wang G, Ren Y, Su Y, Han J Front Plant Sci 13-Feb-2023
PMCID:PMC9969298
doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1119041
PMID:36860895
The chloroplast genome of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and its comparative analysis with related Piper species Gaikwad AB, Kaila T, Maurya A, Kumari R, Rangan P, Wankhede DP, Bhat KV Front Plant Sci 12-Jan-2023
PMCID:PMC9878596
doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.1095781
PMID:36714762
Physiological and biochemical differences in diapause and non-diapause pupae of Sericinus montelus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) Xiao QH, He Z, Wu RW, Zhu DH Front Physiol 02-Nov-2022
PMCID:PMC9666684
doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.1031654
PMID:36406979
An ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants of Shexian Dryland Stone Terraced System in northern China Bai Y, Zhang Q, He X, Wang H, Li W, Zhu J, Meng Y, Long C J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 14-Oct-2022
PMCID:PMC9569107
doi:10.1186/s13002-022-00560-6
PMID:36242037
Carrier-free nanoplatforms from natural plants for enhanced bioactivity Li Z, Xu X, Wang Y, Kong L, Han C J Adv Res 05-Oct-2022
PMCID:PMC10403678
doi:10.1016/j.jare.2022.09.013
PMID:36208834

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Aporphines
(+)-Magnoflorine 73337 Click to see 342.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Magnoflorine iodide, (+)-(RG) 131664584 Click to see 469.30 unknown via CMAUP database
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Aristolactams
Aristolactam 96710 Click to see 293.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPBA.2010.01.023
Aristolactam Ii 148745 Click to see 263.25 unknown via CMAUP database
Aristololactam IIIa 5319620 Click to see 279.25 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Benzoic acid esters
1,2-Benzenedi(carboxylic-14C)acid, dibutyl ester 171810 Click to see CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCC 282.33 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives
Syringic Acid 10742 Click to see 198.17 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / M-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives
Vanillic Acid 8468 Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(=O)O)O 168.15 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenanthrenes and derivatives / Aristolochic acids and derivatives
9-Hydroxy-8-Methoxy-6-Nitro-Phenanthrol(3,4-D)(1,3)Dioxole-5-Carboxylic Acid 1941 Click to see 357.30 unknown via CMAUP database
Aristolochic acid 2236 Click to see COC1=CC=CC2=C3C(=C(C=C21)[N+](=O)[O-])C(=CC4=C3OCO4)C(=O)O 341.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPBA.2010.01.023
Aristolochic acid C 165274 Click to see C1OC2=C(O1)C3=C4C=C(C=CC4=CC(=C3C(=C2)C(=O)O)[N+](=O)[O-])O 327.24 unknown via CMAUP database
Aristolochic acid Ia 148297 Click to see C1OC2=C(O1)C3=C4C=CC=C(C4=CC(=C3C(=C2)C(=O)O)[N+](=O)[O-])O 327.24 unknown via CMAUP database
Aristolochic Acid Ii 108168 Click to see 311.24 unknown via CMAUP database
Aristolochic Acid Iv 167493 Click to see COC1=CC2=C3C(=C(C=C2C(=C1)OC)[N+](=O)[O-])C(=CC4=C3OCO4)C(=O)O 371.30 unknown via CMAUP database
Aristolochic acid-D 161218 Click to see 357.30 unknown via CMAUP database
Methyl 3,4-dimethoxy-10-nitrophenanthrene-1-carboxylate 5320068 Click to see COC1=C(C2=C(C(=C1)C(=O)OC)C(=CC3=CC=CC=C32)[N+](=O)[O-])OC 341.30 unknown via CMAUP database
> Hydrocarbons / Saturated hydrocarbons / Alkanes
Heptadecane 12398 Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC 240.50 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds
Isosinomenine A 5422 Click to see CN1CCC2=CC(=C3C=C2C1CC4=CC=C(C=C4)OC5=C(C=CC(=C5)CC6C7=C(O3)C(=C(C=C7CCN6C)OC)OC)OC)OC 622.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acid esters / Acyl carnitines
Heptadecanoyl carnitine 53477803 Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC(=O)[O-])C[N+](C)(C)C 413.60 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids
Octadecanoic 1-14C acid 164708 Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O 286.50 unknown via CMAUP database
Pentadecanoate 22169126 Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)[O-] 241.39 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Medium-chain fatty acids
Dodecanoate 4149208 Click to see 199.31 unknown via CMAUP database
Npc283274 11252659 Click to see 201.32 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Lineolic acids and derivatives
methyl (9E,13E)-octadeca-9,13-dienoate 5319705 Click to see 294.50 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Acyclic diterpenoids
(E,7R,11R)-15-methyl-3,7,11-tri((113C)methyl)(1,5,9,13,16-13C5)hexadec-2-en-1-ol 11301173 Click to see 304.47 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids
Myrcene 31253 Click to see 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50052A041
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Aromatic monoterpenoids
Carvacrol 10364 Click to see CC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C(C)C)O 150.22 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
(-)-Camphene 440966 Click to see 136.23 unknown via CMAUP database
(4S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one 23308299 Click to see CC1(C2CCC1(C(=O)C2)C)C 152.23 unknown via CMAUP database
Acetic acid 1,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo(2.2.1)hept-2-yl ester 6448 Click to see 196.29 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50052A041
alpha-Pinene, (+)- 82227 Click to see 136.23 unknown via CMAUP database
Beta-Pinene 14896 Click to see 136.23 unknown via CMAUP database
Camphor 2537 Click to see 152.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50052A041
CID 44630107 44630107 Click to see CC1(C2CCC1(C(C2)O)C)C 154.25 unknown via CMAUP database
Myrtenal, (A+-)- 1201529 Click to see 150.22 unknown via CMAUP database
Npc126240 44630108 Click to see 196.29 unknown via CMAUP database
Tricyclene 79035 Click to see 136.23 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids
(L)-alpha-terpineol 443162 Click to see 154.25 unknown via CMAUP database
Carvone, (-)- 439570 Click to see 150.22 unknown via CMAUP database
Carvone, (+)- 16724 Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1=O)C(=C)C 150.22 unknown via CMAUP database
p-Menth-3-en-1-ol 11468 Click to see 154.25 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
(1R,5R,6S,8S,9R,10R)-5,6,9-trimethyltetracyclo[7.2.1.01,6.08,10]dodecan-7-one 101603270 Click to see CC1CCCC23C1(C(=O)C4C(C2)C4(C3)C)C 218.33 unknown via CMAUP database
(1S,5R,7S,10R)-4,10-dimethyl-7-propan-2-yltricyclo[4.4.0.01,5]dec-3-ene 134779875 Click to see 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50052A041
(1S,5S,6S,8S,9S,10R)-5,6,9-trimethyltetracyclo[7.2.1.01,6.08,10]dodecan-4-one 162908765 Click to see 218.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB1961.37.341
(1S,5S,6S,9S)-5,6,9-trimethyltetracyclo[7.2.1.01,6.08,10]dodecan-4-one 163195109 Click to see 218.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB1961.37.341
(1Z,4E)-2,6,6,9-tetramethylcycloundeca-1,4,8-triene 45115091 Click to see CC1=CCC(C=CCC(=CCC1)C)(C)C 204.35 unknown via CMAUP database
(3R,6E)-Nerolidol 11241545 Click to see 222.37 unknown via CMAUP database
1,6-Dimethyl-4-isopropyltetralin 10224 Click to see CC1CCC(C2=C1C=CC(=C2)C)C(C)C 202.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50052A041
4-(2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexyl)-3-buten-2-one 6431122 Click to see 194.31 unknown via CMAUP database
alpha-Cubebene 442359 Click to see 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50052A041
alpha-Guaiene 5317844 Click to see 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50052A041
alpha-Santalene 94164 Click to see 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50052A041
Cadina-1(10),4-diene 10223 Click to see CC1=CC2C(CCC(=C2CC1)C)C(C)C 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50052A041
Calamenene 6429077 Click to see 202.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50052A041
Caryophyllene,alpha + beta mixt. 5354499 Click to see 204.35 unknown via CMAUP database
delta-Cadinene 441005 Click to see 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50052A041
Delta-Guaiene 94275 Click to see CC1CCC2=C(CCC(CC12)C(=C)C)C 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50052A041
gamma-Cadinene 15094 Click to see CC1=CC2C(CC1)C(=C)CCC2C(C)C 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50052A041
gamma-Cadinene 6432404 Click to see 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50052A041
Humulene 5281520 Click to see 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50052A041
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Aristolane sesquiterpenoids
(1S,1aR,7R,7aR,7bR)-1,7,7a-trimethyl-2,3,5,6,7,7b-hexahydro-1aH-cyclopropa[a]naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde 102188453 Click to see CC1CCC=C2C1(C3C(C3(C)C=O)CC2)C 218.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83460-3
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Aromadendrane sesquiterpenoids / 5,10-cycloaromadendrane sesquiterpenoids
(1aS,4aS,7aS,7bR)-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylidene-2,3,4a,5,6,7,7a,7b-octahydro-1aH-cyclopropa[e]azulene 91746456 Click to see CC1CCC2C1C3C(C3(C)C)CCC2=C 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50052A041
1H-Cycloprop(e)azulene, decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene-, (1aR-(1aalpha,4abeta,7alpha,7abeta,7balpha))- 91354 Click to see 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50052A041
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Chamigranes
beta-Chamigrene 442353 Click to see 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50052A041
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Elemane sesquiterpenoids
Beta-Elemene 6918391 Click to see 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50052A041
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Ambrosanolides and secoambrosanolides
Tetraneurin A 174868 Click to see 322.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Guaianolides and derivatives
(3As,6R,6Ar,9R,9As,9Bs)-6,9-Dihydroxy-6,9-Dimethyl-3-Methylenedecahydroazuleno(4,5-B)Furan-2(9Bh)-One 5319198 Click to see 266.33 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
(-)-beta-Sitosterol 222284 Click to see 414.70 unknown via CMAUP database
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol 86821 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C 414.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Npc29 6432744 Click to see 414.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carbothioic S-acids
pentadecanethioic S-acid 18413781 Click to see 258.50 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives
1-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-4-YL)urea 6852197 Click to see 156.10 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides
(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)oxane-3,4,5-triol 7576924 Click to see 272.25 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Aldehydes / Medium-chain aldehydes
Hexenal 10460 Click to see 98.14 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50052A041
trans-2-Hexenal 5281168 Click to see 98.14 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50052A041
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Azoles / Imidazoles
Allantoin 204 Click to see C1(C(=O)NC(=O)N1)NC(=O)N 158.12 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Isoquinolines and derivatives / Benzylisoquinolines
Csh 068 259676 Click to see 327.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Oxanes
1,8-Cineole 2758 Click to see 154.25 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids
Cis-P-Coumaric Acid 1549106 Click to see 164.16 unknown via CMAUP database
P-Coumaric Acid 637542 Click to see 164.16 unknown via CMAUP database

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