Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Among indigenous and rural communities of the Amazon basin, an infusion of the leaves is a common household remedy for diarrhea, and decoctions of the bark or roots are taken for fevers; in the Guianas, Wapishana peoples value these same preparations, while in southern Brazil, Guarani communities blend seed infusions with other herbs to soothe stomach upsets. In Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula and Belize, Maya healers use leaf infusions or decoctions as a wash for irritated skin and, when taken orally, to help with stomach complaints; García-Quintero et al. (2023) record these uses among Yucatec Maya. Letelier et al. (2018) note Mapuche communities in southern Chile employ a mild leaf tea for digestive complaints. Across the Caribbean and northern South America, Roersch (1994) describes general use of leaf and bark infusions or decoctions for diarrhea, dysentery, and fever. Seed infusions are also recorded in Mexican ethnobotany for indigestion and oral discomfort; García-Quintero et al. (2023) report this practice as well. The combined regional pattern points to the leaf as the most widely used part for mild teas and washes, while the bark, roots, and seeds enter decoctions or infused drinks where a stronger effect is desired.

Traditional preparations are usually short and simple. For a mild digestive tea, take 2–3 grams of dried leaves (a small handful of fresh leaves cut small is acceptable), pour 200 milliliters of just boiled water over them, cover, and let steep for 5–8 minutes, then strain. Drink one cup two or three times daily with food, and stop if stomach discomfort increases. For fevers or more persistent digestive upset, prepare a decoction: place 3–4 grams of dried bark or root chips in 200 milliliters of water, bring to a boil, simmer gently for 10–12 minutes, cool to comfortably warm, and drink one cup two or three times daily. For a skin wash or rinse, use the same leaf decoction, cool, and apply as a compress. Annatto contains strong pigments and may color urine and stool orange; limit use to short courses, and avoid larger-seed preparations in children. Do not use annatto preparations during pregnancy or if you have allergies to the plant or its relatives; drug–herb interactions are not well defined, so discuss with a healthcare provider if you are taking medications or have liver or kidney disease.

Annatto’s activity is linked to pigments and tocotrienols in the seeds, with carotenoic acids such as bixin and norbixin among the most prominent; these pigments are well documented for Bixa orellana and plausibly explain antimicrobial and protective actions reported in practice. Toxin and antileishmanial activities recorded for annatto are associated primarily with germacradienol and related terpenoids identified from seeds, while essential‑oil components like geranylgeraniol and geranylgeranyl acetate have been isolated from both seed and leaf preparations. Although these compounds correlate with observed antimicrobial, anti‑inflammatory, and antiparasitic actions in studies, traditional teas and decoctions contain them at low, variable levels; they are best regarded as supportive rather than determinative of efficacy.

Modern relevance includes continued demand for annatto as a natural food color and growing interest in its bioactivity, though standardized medicinal products remain scarce. Safety summaries by the European Food Safety Authority list annatto and specific colorants used in the food chain as being of low acute toxicity but with potential for rare hypersensitivity and children’s exposure limits; as a result, contemporary herbal practice in the Americas leans toward culinary and traditional infusions rather than concentrated medicinal preparations. Research on bixin, norbixin, and tocols continues in pharmacology and nutrition, and in parts of Amazonia and Mesoamerica leaf and bark teas still appear in household care for diarrhea, fever, and topical irritation.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
Annatto seeds (whole, ground) are traded as a culinary spice/colorant. The principal commercial products are the fat‑soluble pigment bixin and the water‑soluble pigment norbixin, derived by solvent extraction of seeds. These are used as natural food colors in processed foods and, to a lesser extent, in cosmetics and personal‑care products. Seed extracts are also applied in technical dyeing for textiles and wood.

Industrial and craft applications:
Bixin and norbixin are used to color protein fibers (wool, silk) and napped textiles; mordanting with metals such as aluminum, iron, and tin yields brown to reddish tones, and the dyes are often applied in acid baths. Annatto extracts color wood stains and varnishes, providing natural brown‑red hues on timber and paper; the color is not lightfast under prolonged UV exposure and is therefore stabilized with metallic salts or shading in coatings.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
Bixin and norbixin are authorized as natural food colors (E160b) in major jurisdictions, including the European Union and the United States. Typical uses include coloration of cheese rinds and coatings, butter and fats, bakery icings and batters, confectionery, snack coatings and seasonings, breakfast cereals, and spice blends. Annatto spice seeds or ground product also serve as a direct ingredient in regional Latin American and Caribbean cuisines to impart yellow‑orange color and mild earth‑nutty notes to rice, stews, and marinades.

Colorants and tanning:
Annatto pigments are used both as substantive dyes for protein fibers and as mordant dyes to obtain deeper and more washfast browns on textiles. The principal chromatic species are carotenoid mono‑ and di‑esters (cis‑bixin and norbixin) that bind to protein fibers in acidic dye baths. Although annatto contains tannins, the direct use of seed or leaf tannin extracts for leather tanning is not widely documented; commercial tanning relies more on the carotenoid dyes for color than on high‑molecular‑weight tannin chemistry.

Wood and fiber:
Wood from mature trees is sometimes used locally for small turned articles and fuel; it is not a major timber species. There is no record of a bast fiber for textile or cordage use.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
Bixin is used in small proportions as a pigment in lipsticks and blush formulations; norbixin functions as a water‑soluble colorant in aqueous cosmetics and soaps. The seed extract is not a primary fixative or fragrance material and is used primarily for its color.

Properties relevant to use:
The color strength derives from carotenoid pigments (bixin, norbixin) that are soluble in fats (bixin) or alkaline water (norbixin). These attributes enable coloration of oil‑rich and aqueous systems in food, personal‑care, and technical applications. Lightfastness is moderate to poor without protective formulation (metal mordants, UV absorbers, or opaque packaging).

Standards and regulation:
Seed‑derived bixin and norbixin are standardized under ISO 1110 (annatto extracts—specification) and are authorized as food colors under E160b (EU), 21 CFR 73.30 (USA), and analogous national rules. Maximum use levels and labeling requirements apply for food; cosmetic colorants are regulated by national cosmetics legislation.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Annatto is cultivated in tropical America, West and Central Africa, and Southeast Asia. It is a perennial shrub tolerant of marginal soils, supporting diversified smallholder systems and intercropping. Global production and processing are centered in Peru, Brazil, Kenya, and India, with ongoing efforts to improve seed quality and residue management during oil and pigment extraction.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Orellana americana	Kuntze	Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 44 (1891)
Orellana americana var. leiocarpa	Kuntze	Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 45 (1891)
Orellana orellana	(L.) Kuntze	Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 9 (1898)
Bixa upatensis	Ram.Goyena	Fl. Nicarag. 1: 217 (1909)
Bixa acuminata	Bojer	Hortus Maurit. : 20 (1837)
Bixa americana	Poir.	Encycl. 6: 229 (1804)
Bixa katangensis	Delpierre	Taxon 19: 304 (1970)
Bixa odorata	Ruiz & Pav.	Fl. Peruv. [Ruiz & Pavon] 5: t. 460. ; ex G. Don, Gen. Syst. 1: 295
Bixa orellana var. leiocarpa	(Kuntze) Standl. & L.O.Williams	Fieldiana, Bot. 29: 358 (1961)
Bixa orleana	Noronha	Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 5(4): 8 (1790)
Bixa purpurea	Sweet	Hort. Brit. : 33 (1826)
Bixa tinctaria	Salisb.	Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton : 369 (1796)
Bixa orellana f. leiocarpa	(Kuntze) J.F.Macbr.	Publ. Field Columb. Mus., Bot. Ser. 14(4): 11 (1941)
Orellana americana var. normalis	Kuntze	Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 45 (1891)
Bixa tinctoria	Salisb.	Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton : 369 (1796)
Bixa odorata	Ruiz & Pav. ex G.Don

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	achiote
English	lipsticktree
English	lipstick tree
English	urucum
Spanish	bija
Spanish	achiote
Spanish	urucu
Spanish	achicote
Spanish	achiotl
Spanish	achote
Spanish	urucú
Spanish	urucum
Spanish	yrucu
Spanish	yrucú
Spanish	orellana americana var. leiocarpa
Spanish	bixa odorata
Spanish	bixa tinctoria
ace	mo
Arabic	بكسة أورلانية
Arabic	بكسة
Arabic	شجرة الصبغ الأناتو
bcl	atsuwete
bjn	kasumba (tanaman)
Bengali	দইগোটা
Catalan	bixàcia
Catalan	bixàcies
Catalan	urucú
Czech	oreláník barvířský
German	achiote
German	annatostrauch
German	orleansstrauch
German	orleanstrauch
German	rukustrauch
German	urucú
German	urucum
German	annattostrauch
Esperanto	bikso orelana
Estonian	värvibiksa
Persian	درخت آناتو
Finnish	annatto
Finnish	e 160b
Finnish	e160b
French	arbre à rouge à lèvre
French	roucou
French	achiote
French	annatto
French	rocou
French	urucum
frr	orleaanbuum
gn	uruku'y
gn	uruku
guc	choote
Hindi	लटकन
ht	woukou
ht	pye roukou
Indonesian	kesumba keling
Icelandic	roðatré
Italian	achiote
Japanese	ビクサ
Japanese	紅の木
Japanese	ベニノキ
Georgian	ორლეანის ხე
Kazakh	Аннато
Kannada	ರಂಗುಮಾಲೆ
Korean	립스틱나무
Korean	아치오테
Korean	우쿠루
Korean	빅사
Lithuanian	ačiotė
Lithuanian	dažinė urlija
mad	ghâlughâ
Malayalam	achiote
Malayalam	കരങ്ങുമഞ്ഞൾ
Malayalam	കുപ്പമഞ്ഞൾ
Malayalam	കുരങ്ങുമഞ്ഞൾ
Marathi	केसरी
Marathi	सिंदूरी
Marathi	शेंदरी
Burmese	ပိုးသီတင်း
nah	Āchiyōtl
Norwegian Bokmål	orlean
Dutch	anattoboom
Dutch	orleaanboom
pam	aswiti
Polish	achiote
Polish	arnota właściwa
Portuguese	anato
Portuguese	urucum
Portuguese	urucuzeiro
Portuguese	urucu
Quechua	achiote
Quechua	achiwiti
Russian	Орлеан, красящее вещество
Russian	Аннато
Russian	уруку
Russian	аннато
Sango	lëmbïö
su	galinggem
Swedish	achiote
Swedish	annattoträd
Tamil	வருகமஞ்சள்
Telugu	జాఫ్రా
Thai	annatto tree
Thai	คำเงาะ
Thai	คำแสด
Ukrainian	Аннато
Vietnamese	cây điều nhuộm
Vietnamese	Điều màu
Vietnamese	Điều nhuộm
Chinese	红木
Chinese	胭脂木
Chinese	臙脂樹
Chinese	紅木

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- East Tropical Africa
  - Kenya
  - Tanzania
  - Uganda
- Northeast Tropical Africa
  - Chad
  - Eritrea
  - Ethiopia
  - Sudan
- South Tropical Africa
  - Angola
  - Mozambique
  - Zimbabwe
- West Tropical Africa
  - Benin
  - Burkina
  - Ghana
  - Guinea
  - Guinea-Bissau
  - Liberia
  - Nigeria
  - Sierra Leone
- West-central Tropical Africa
  - Central African Republic
  - Congo
  - Gabon
  - Gulf Of Guinea Islands
  - Zaïre
- Western Indian Ocean
  - Comoros
  - Mauritius
  - Réunion

Asia-temperate click to expand
- China
  - China South-central
  - China Southeast
- Eastern Asia
  - Taiwan

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Bangladesh
  - India
  - Sri Lanka
- Indo-China
  - Cambodia
  - Nicobar Nicobar
- Malesia
  - Christmas Island

Northern America click to expand
- Mexico
  - Mexico Central
  - Mexico Gulf
  - Mexico Northeast
  - Mexico Northwest
  - Mexico Southeast
  - Mexico Southwest

Pacific click to expand
- North-central Pacific
  - Hawaii
- Northwestern Pacific
  - Caroline Islands
  - Marianas
- South-central Pacific
  - Society Islands
- Southwestern Pacific
  - New Caledonia
  - Samoa
  - Vanuatu
  - Wallis-Futuna Islands

Southern America click to expand
- Brazil
  - Brazil North
  - Brazil Northeast
  - Brazil Southeast
  - Brazil West-central
- Caribbean
  - Cuba
  - Dominican Republic
  - Haiti
  - Jamaica
  - Leeward Islands
  - Puerto Rico
  - Southwest Caribbean
  - Trinidad-Tobago
  - Venezuelan Antilles
  - Windward Islands
- Central America
  - Belize
  - Costa Rica
  - El Salvador
  - Guatemala
  - Honduras
  - Nicaragua
  - Panamá
- Northern South America
  - French Guiana
  - Guyana
  - Suriname
  - Venezuela
- Southern South America
  - Argentina Northeast
  - Argentina Northwest
  - Paraguay
- Western South America
  - Bolivia
  - Colombia
  - Ecuador
  - Galápagos
  - Peru

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000342565
UNII	VT8UVT26BX
USDA Plants	BIOR
Tropicos	3800005
INPN	447005
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:33335-2
The Plant List	kew-22274
Missouri Botanical Garden	277939
Open Tree Of Life	287352
NCBI Taxonomy	66672
Nature Serve	2.151105
IUCN Red List	61986316
IPNI	33335-2
iNaturalist	127676
GBIF	2874863
Freebase	/m/02jzy9
EPPO	BIXOR
EOL	584439
USDA GRIN	7249
Wikipedia	Bixa_orellana

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.

Accession	Assembly
Accession	Name	Level	Submitter	Released	Coverage	Size
GCA_054491675.1	Achiote_v1	Contig	University of California Davis	2026-01-14	109	257.72 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Unleashing the promise of emerging nanomaterials as a sustainable platform to mitigate antimicrobial resistance

Rahman S, Sadaf S, Hoque ME, Mishra A, Mubarak NM, Malafaia G, Singh J

RSC Adv

01-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11062400
doi:	10.1039/d3ra05816f
PMID:	38694553

Ethanol-Based Extraction of Annatto (Bixa Orellana L.) and Characterization of the Bixin and Norbixin

Aluko E

ACS Omega

13-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11044141
doi:	10.1021/acsomega.3c10120
PMID:	38680327

Sustainable appraisal of lipstick tree seeds (Bixa orellana)-based bixin natural orange colorant for green mordanted silk fabrics and wool yarns

Yameen M, Adeel S, Salman M, Haji A, Asghar F, Mia R, Imran M

Sci Prog

13-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11024587
doi:	10.1177/00368504241242282
PMID:	38614468

The Oncolytic Effect of Aerva lanata on Osteosarcoma Cell Lines via the Apoptotic Signaling Pathway

Zuvairiya U, S M, Jayaraman S, Suresh V

Cureus

12-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11088743
doi:	10.7759/cureus.58091
PMID:	38738026

Graphene oxide doping in tropical almond (terminalia catappa L.) fruits extract mediated green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles for improved DSSC power conversion efficiency

Sofyan N, Jamil AM, Ridhova A, Yuwono AH, Dhaneswara D, Fergus JW

Heliyon

09-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11019197
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29370
PMID:	38628750

Research progress on the pharmacological activity, biosynthetic pathways, and biosynthesis of crocins

Hua Z, Liu N, Yan X

Beilstein J Org Chem

09-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11022409
doi:	10.3762/bjoc.20.68
PMID:	38633914

Access restrictions to forest resources, rather than COVID-19 bans, drive the selection of firewood species for bonfires during Festas Juninas in northeastern Brazil

Araújo IV, Centeno-Alvarado D, Ramos MA

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

04-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC10996119
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00677-w
PMID:	38575934

Guest Editorial: Special Issue: Cellular signals and molecular physiology of plant responses

Sanan-Mishra N, Deswal R

Physiol Mol Biol Plants

02-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11016015
doi:	10.1007/s12298-024-01437-6
PMID:	38623167

Phytotherapeutic Approaches in Canine Pediatrics

Quintavalla F

Vet Sci

20-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10974738
doi:	10.3390/vetsci11030133
PMID:	38535867

Phyto-pharmacological evaluation and characterization of the methanolic extract of the Baccaurea motleyana Müll. Arg. seed: promising insights into its therapeutic uses

Shompa SA, Hasnat H, Riti SJ, Islam MM, Nur F, Alam S, Shao C, Wang S, Geng P, Mamun AA

Front Pharmacol

29-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10937468
doi:	10.3389/fphar.2024.1359815
PMID:	38487168

Exploring antioxidative, cytotoxic and neuropharmacological insights into Bixa orellana leaves: Experimental and in silico approaches

Sarkar KK, Mitra T, Aktaruzzaman M, Abid MA, Rahman MA, Debnath P, Sadhu SK

Heliyon

28-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10926075
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27001
PMID:	38468966

Annatto-Enriched Egg Improves the Perception of Satiety in Healthy Adults—Randomized Clinical Trial: EGGANT Study

Galvis-Pérez Y, Pineda K, Zapata J, Aristizabal J, Estrada A, Fernández ML, Barona-Acevedo J

Foods

28-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10931298
doi:	10.3390/foods13050731
PMID:	38472844

Amazonian useful plants described in the book “Le Pays des Amazones” (1885) of the Brazilian propagandist Baron de Santa-Anna Nery: a historical and ethnobotanical perspective

Silva LN, Oliveira EC, Baratto LC

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

26-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10897987
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00663-2
PMID:	38409064

The influence of exotic and native plants on illnesses with physical and spiritual causes in the semiarid region of Piauí, Northeast of Brazil

da Silva PH, Ferreira Júnior WS, Zank S, do Nascimento AL, de Abreu MC

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

26-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10895823
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00667-y
PMID:	38409039

Bio-mordants: a review

Benli H

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int

23-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10948525
doi:	10.1007/s11356-024-32174-8
PMID:	38396176

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives / Gallic acids
Gallic Acid	370	Click to see	170.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.3346
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Benzenetriols and derivatives / Pyrogallols and derivatives / 5-unsubstituted pyrrogallols
Pyrogallol	1057	Click to see	126.11	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.3346
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans / Tetrahydrofuran lignans / 9,9-epoxylignans
4-[[4-[Hydroxy-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-3-yl]methyl]-2-methoxyphenol	5316792	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)CC2COCC2C(C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)OC)O)O	360.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00462-7
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acid esters / Wax esters / Wax monoesters
3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraenyl octadecanoate	54194172	Click to see	556.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80298-5
Geranylgeranyl octadecanoate	14413715	Click to see	556.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80298-5
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty aldehydes
Methyl (9Z)-10'-oxo-6,10'-diapo-6-carotenoate	131751234	Click to see CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=O)C=CC=C(C)C=CC(=O)OC	312.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00462-7
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids
(3S)-3-[(2R,6S)-6-hydroxy-5-[(7E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trienyl]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]pyrrolidine-2,5-dione	162945829	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCCC1=CCC(OC1O)C2CC(=O)NC2=O)C)C)C	415.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00462-7
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Acyclic diterpenoids
(2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl formate	14413716	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCOC=O)C)C)C)C	318.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80298-5
(9Z,9'Z)-Methylbixin	101938023	Click to see	408.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00462-7
1-Methyl 20-[(2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,6,10,14-hexadecatetraen-1-yl] (2E,4E,6E,8E,10E,12E,14E,16E,18E)-4,8,13,17-tetramethyl-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18-eicosanonaenedioate	15491081	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCOC(=O)C=CC(=CC=CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC(=O)OC)C)C)C)C)C)C	667.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00761-4
1-Methyl 20-[(2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,6,10,14-hexadecatetraen-1-yl] (2E,4Z,6E,8E,10E,12E,14E,16E,18E)-4,8,13,17-tetramethyl-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18-eicosanonaenedioate	100984914	Click to see	667.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00761-4
1-O-methyl 18-O-(3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraenyl) 2,6,11,15-tetramethyloctadeca-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16-octaenedioate	162895953	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCOC(=O)C=CC(=CC=CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C(=O)OC)C)C)C)C)C)C	640.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00761-4
1-O-methyl 20-O-(3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraenyl) 4,8,13,17-tetramethylicosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18-nonaenedioate	162877600	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCOC(=O)C=CC(=CC=CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC(=O)OC)C)C)C)C)C)C	667.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00761-4
20-Methoxy-4,8,13,17-tetramethyl-20-oxoicosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18-nonaenoic acid	91556	Click to see	394.50	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3223038/
3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2,6,10,14-hexadecatetraen-1-ol	86591503	Click to see	290.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80298-5
3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraenyl formate	54501516	Click to see	318.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80298-5
4,8,13,17-Tetramethylicosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18-nonaenedioic acid	92801	Click to see	380.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011325H
5,9,13-Pentadecatrien-2-one, 6,10,14-trimethyl-	61206	Click to see	262.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80298-5
6-Geranylgeranyl 8'-methyl 6,8'-diapocarotene-6,8'-dioate	15491080	Click to see	640.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00761-4
Bixin	5281226	Click to see	394.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1991.TB08664.X https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80298-5 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3223038/ https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959961
C.I. Natural orange 4	6537492	Click to see CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC(=O)O)C=CC=C(C)C=CC(=O)O	380.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011325H
CID 134688154	134688154	Click to see CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC(=O)OC)C=CC=C(C)C=CC(=O)O	394.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80298-5 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959961 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1991.TB08664.X
cis-Methylbixin	9953290	Click to see	408.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00462-7
Farnesyl acetone	1711945	Click to see	262.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80298-5
Geranylgeraniol	5281365	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCO)C)C)C)C	290.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80298-5
Methyl (9Z)-6'-oxo-6,5'-diapo-6-carotenoate	131751235	Click to see	392.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00462-7
Methyl (9Z)-6'-oxo-6,6'-diapo-6-carotenoate	101938024	Click to see	378.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00462-7
Methyl (9Z)-8'-oxo-6,8'-diapo-6-carotenoate	11046403	Click to see CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=O)C=CC=C(C)C=CC(=O)OC	352.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00462-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80298-5
Norbixin	5281249	Click to see	380.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011325H https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(03)00104-2 https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.1085162
Norbixin (>70%)	164512397	Click to see	380.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011325H
Tetraprenol	65183	Click to see	290.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80298-5
trans-Methylbixin	14413719	Click to see CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC(=O)OC)C=CC=C(C)C=CC(=O)OC	408.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00462-7
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids
Methyl (2E,4Z,6E,8E,10E)-4,8-dimethyl-12-oxo-2,4,6,8,10-dodecapentaenoate	15407095	Click to see	246.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00462-7
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Quinone and hydroquinone lipids / Vitamin E compounds / Tocotrienols
(2S)-2,8-dimethyl-2-[(3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trienyl]chroman-6-ol	13988400	Click to see	396.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80298-5
2,8-Dimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trienyl)-3,4-dihydrochromen-6-ol	53394607	Click to see	396.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80298-5
delta-Tocotrienol	5282350	Click to see CC1=CC(=CC2=C1OC(CC2)(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)C)O	396.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80298-5
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Agarofurans
[(1R,2S,4R,5S,6S,7R,9S)-5-acetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-4-hydroxy-2,10,10-trimethyl-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-7-yl] benzoate	162949831	Click to see CC1CC(C(C2(C13CC(CC2OC(=O)C4=CC=CC=C4)C(O3)(C)C)COC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)O	474.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00462-7
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Triterpene glycosides / Triterpene saponins
(2R)-2-[(1S)-1-[(1S,3R,6S,8R,11S,12S,15R,16R)-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-7,7,12,16-tetramethyl-15-pentacyclo[9.7.0.01,3.03,8.012,16]octadecanyl]ethyl]-5-methyl-2,3-dihydropyran-6-one	162978286	Click to see	941.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80298-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00462-7
beta-D-Glucopyranosiduronic acid, (3beta,4alpha,16alpha,22alpha)-16,28-dihydroxy-22-[[(2Z)-2-methyl-1-oxo-2-buten-1-yl]oxy]-23-oxoolean-12-en-3-yl O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->2)-O-[O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-	100999233	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1CC(CC2C1(C(CC3(C2=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C=O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)C(=O)O)O)OC7C(C(C(CO7)O)O)OC8C(C(C(CO8)O)O)O)OC9C(C(C(C(O9)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C)O)CO)(C)C	1173.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00462-7
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
Ccris 7934	6437322	Click to see	446.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF960412K
methyl (2E,4E,6E,8E,10E,12E,14E,16E,18E)-2,6,11,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,22-decaenoate	13940476	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CC=CC(=CC=CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C(=O)OC)C)C)C)C	446.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF960412K
methyl (2E,4E,6E,8E,10E,12E,14E,16E)-2,6,11,15-tetramethyl-17-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)heptadeca-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16-octaenoate	6504513	Click to see CC1=C(C(CCC1)(C)C)C=CC(=CC=CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C(=O)OC)C)C	446.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF960412K
methyl (2E,4E,6E,8E,10E,12E,14Z,16E,18E)-2,6,11,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,22-decaenoate	13940475	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CC=CC(=CC=CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C(=O)OC)C)C)C)C	446.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF960412K
methyl (2E,4Z,6E,8E,10E,12E,14E,16E,18E,20E)-4,8,13,17,21,25-hexamethylhexacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,24-undecaenoate	101689890	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CC=CC(=CC=CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC(=O)OC)C)C)C)C	472.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00784-9
methyl (2E,4Z,6E,8E,10E,12E,14E,16Z,18Z,20E)-4,8,13,17,21,25-hexamethylhexacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,24-undecaenoate	101704362	Click to see	472.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF960412K
Methyl (7Z,9Z,9'Z)-6'-apo-y-caroten-6'-oate	15285539	Click to see	472.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF960412K
Methyl 2,6,11,15-tetramethyl-17-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)heptadeca-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16-octaenoate	107535	Click to see CC1=C(C(CCC1)(C)C)C=CC(=CC=CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C(=O)OC)C)C	446.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF960412K
Methyl 2,6,11,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,22-decaenoate	163006815	Click to see	446.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF960412K
Methyl 4,8,13,17,21,25-hexamethylhexacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,24-undecaenoate	162928688	Click to see	472.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF960412K
Myriceron caffeoyl ester	6450144	Click to see	632.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80298-5
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids / Limonoids
[(5R,7R,8R,9R,10R,13S,17R)-17-(2-hydroxy-5-oxo-2H-furan-4-yl)-4,4,8,10,13-pentamethyl-3-oxo-5,6,7,9,11,12,16,17-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-yl] acetate	10814144	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CC2C(C(=O)C=CC2(C3C1(C4=CCC(C4(CC3)C)C5=CC(OC5=O)O)C)C)(C)C	468.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00784-9
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroid lactones / Withanolides and derivatives
Withalongolide A	56649343	Click to see	486.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00462-7
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Pentacarboxylic acids and derivatives
[(1S,2S,4S,5R,6S,7S,8S,9S,12R)-4,5-diacetyloxy-7-benzoyloxy-2,12-dihydroxy-2,10,10-trimethyl-8-(2-methylpropanoyloxy)-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-6-yl]methyl pyridine-3-carboxylate	163086993	Click to see CC(C)C(=O)OC1C2C(C3(C(CC(C(C3(C1OC(=O)C4=CC=CC=C4)COC(=O)C5=CN=CC=C5)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)(C)O)OC2(C)C)O	697.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00462-7
[4,5-Diacetyloxy-7-benzoyloxy-2,12-dihydroxy-2,10,10-trimethyl-8-(2-methylpropanoyloxy)-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-6-yl]methyl pyridine-3-carboxylate	163086992	Click to see	697.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF960412K
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Ketones
Collybial	85132500	Click to see	232.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF960412K
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Naphthopyrans
Terpendole A	139588327	Click to see	535.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00761-4
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Dihydrofuranoquinolines
2,3,3,5-tetramethyl-2H-furo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-one	86077303	Click to see CC1C(C2=C(O1)C3=CC=CC=C3N(C2=O)C)(C)C	243.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF960412K
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones
Isoscutellarein	5281665	Click to see	286.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.3346
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid C-glycosides / Flavonoid 8-C-glycosides
[2-[5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-6-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-8-yl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl] 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	162895487	Click to see	770.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80298-5
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Macrolides and analogues
[(1S,3S,5Z,7S,8E,11R,13Z,15R,17R,21R,23S,25R)-1,11,21-trihydroxy-17-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-5,13-bis(2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene)-10,10,26,26-tetramethyl-19-oxo-18,27,28,29-tetraoxatetracyclo[21.3.1.13,7.111,15]nonacos-8-en-25-yl] 3-methylbutanoate	163007525	Click to see CC(C)CC(=O)OC1CC2CC(CC(=O)OC(CC3CC(=CC(=O)OC)CC(O3)(C(C=CC4CC(=CC(=O)OC)CC(O4)CC(C1(C)C)(O2)O)(C)C)O)C(C)O)O	808.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80298-5

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Bixa orellana

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