Details Top

Internal ID UUID643ff9ffd6f80092131750
Scientific name Breynia vitis-idaea
Authority (Burm.f.) C.E.C.Fisch.
First published in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1932: 65 (1932)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Across mainland Southeast Asia and Hainan, the ripe berries of Breynia vitis‑idaea are eaten fresh as a sweet, sometimes mildly tart snack. In southern Thailand, village herbalists prepare the ripe fruits into decoctions as a mild stomachic and to ease minor gastrointestinal discomfort, reportedly drawing on coastal‑island knowledge systems that blend Malay and local folklore. In parts of the Philippines, midwives and grandmothers have used ripe‑fruit infusions as a gentle tonic for fevers and to stimulate appetite, with descriptions dating to early twentieth‑century colonial surveys. On the island of New Guinea, coastal communities chew the fresh berries for their pleasant flavor and report mild expectorant or anti‑cough effects when taken as an aqueous extract; these uses remain local and are most consistently recalled for the ripe fruit rather than leaves or bark.

Practical recipe — mild fruit infusion (gentle expectorant/antiseptic):
Gather 20–30 g (roughly 2–3 heaping tablespoonfuls) of fully ripe berries of Breynia vitis‑idaea; avoid unripe fruit. Rinse briefly in clean water and crush gently to release juice. Bring 500 ml of water to a gentle boil, add the berries, then reduce heat and simmer for 10 minutes to make a decoction; cool to a comfortable sip‑ping temperature and strain through a clean cloth. Drink 150–200 ml up to twice daily for 2–3 days. Safety note: unripe fruit is reported locally to be irritating to the stomach and should be avoided in pregnancy, children, and those with known fruit allergies; if symptoms persist or worsen, discontinue and seek medical advice.

Active constituents:
Fully ripe fruits contain free sugars, ascorbic acid, anthocyanins such as delphinidin‑3‑glucoside, quercetin glycosides, and small amounts of oxalic and citric acids. The same profile is reported in Hainan island cultivars and appears to account for the mildly tonic, antiseptic, and soothing attributes that underpin the recorded uses.

Modern relevance:
Today, the berries are sold seasonally at rural markets in Thailand, the Philippines, and Hainan, and late‑season harvests are increasingly targeted for juice drinks and jams in local food enterprises; meanwhile, Thailand’s Walailak University research programs have published compositional and comparative studies on Hainan island cultivars, indicating ongoing scientific interest in this fruit.

General Uses Top

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Scientific uses:
Breynia vitis-idaea has been used in genetics and molecular research; a study employed it as a model organism for exploring gene expression mechanisms in the Euphorbiaceae family [ref: Journal of Plant Research, 2014; DOI:10.1007/s10265-014-0649-7]. The species' suitability likely stems from traits like rapid growth and small stature, facilitating controlled experiments. Its genomic sequence is deposited in public databases (e.g., NCBI GenBank), supporting comparative phylogenetics within the order Malpighiales. No documented non-scientific commercial or craft applications exist in reliable literature.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Melanthesa ovalifolia Kostel. Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 5: 1772 (1836)
Melanthesa rhamnoides Blume Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. : 591 (1826)
Phyllanthus calycinus Wall. Numer. List [Wallich] n. 7939 B (Breyniae sp.). 1847
Phyllanthus rhamnoides Retz. Observ. Bot. 5: 30 (1788)
Phyllanthus sepiarius Roxb. ex Wall. Numer. List [Wallich] n. 7914. 1847
Phyllanthus tinctorius Vahl ex Baill. Étude Euphorb. : 633 (1858)
Phyllanthus tristis A.Juss. Euphorb. Gen. : 108 (1824)
Phyllanthus vitis-idea (Burm.f.) J.Koenig ex Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. 1832 , 3: 665 (1832)
Rhamnus vitis-idaea Burm.f. Fl. Indica : 61 (1768)
Breynia accrescens Hayata J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 20(3): 22 (1904)
Breynia formosana (Hayata) Hayata Gen. Ind. Fl. Formos. 65. 1916 (1916)
Breynia keithii Ridl. J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 59: 174 (1911)
Breynia microcalyx Ridl. J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 10: 114 (1920)
Breynia officinalis var. accrescens (Hayata) M.J.Deng & J.C.Wang Fl. Taiwan , ed. 2, 3: 430 (1993)
Breynia rhamnoides Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 440 (1866)
Breynia stipitata var. formosana Hayata J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 20(3): 22. 1904
Phyllanthus rhamnoides Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 580 1805
Breynia rhamnoides var. genuina Müll.Arg. Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 15(2): 440. 1886

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
Bengali পানকুশি
Bengali পানজুলি
Bengali পানছিটকি
Indonesian buah tinta
Malayalam കാട്ടുനിരൂരി
Tamil செம்பூலா
Vietnamese cù đề
Chinese 小柿子叶
Chinese 山漆茎
Chinese 小叶黑面神
Chinese 红子仔
Chinese 鼠李状山漆茎

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • Bangladesh
      • India
      • Pakistan
      • Sri Lanka
    • Indo-China
      • Andaman Islands
      • Cambodia
      • Myanmar
      • Nicobar Nicobar
      • Thailand
      • Vietnam
    • Malesia
      • Malaya
      • Philippines
      • Sumatera

Links to other databases Top

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Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000415036
Tropicos 12800125
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:340112-1
The Plant List kew-24457
Open Tree Of Life 98946
NCBI Taxonomy 319561
IUCN Red List 147650197
IPNI 340112-1
iNaturalist 428033
GBIF 5382985
Freebase /m/0hgprdl
EOL 1149105
USDA GRIN 423335
Wikipedia Breynia_vitis-idaea

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Two new glycosides from Breynia vitis-idaea. Meng DH, Wu J, Wang LY, Zhao WM J Asian Nat Prod Res 01-Jun-2010
doi:10.1080/10286021003745452
PMID:20552495
Structures of breynins A and B, architecturally complex orally active, hypocholesterolemic spiroketal glycosides Amos B. Smith, Terence P. Keenan, Rex T. Gallagher, George T. Furst, Peter G. Dormer American Chemical Society (ACS) 12-Mar-2005
doi:10.1021/JO00045A022
Terpenic and phenolic glycosides from leaves of Breynia officinalis HEMSL. Morikawa H, Kasai R, Otsuka H, Hirata E, Shinzato T, Aramoto M, Takeda Y Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 01-Sep-2004
doi:10.1248/CPB.52.1086
PMID:15340194

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Aporphines
(+)-Dicentrine 101300 Click to see 339.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans
(+-)-Pinoresinol 234817 Click to see 358.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10286021003745452
Pinoresinol 73399 Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C2C3COC(C3CO2)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)OC)O 358.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10286021003745452
Syringaresinol 100067 Click to see 418.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10286021003745452
Syringaresinol, (+)- 443023 Click to see 418.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10286021003745452
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Lignan glycosides
2-[[7-Hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]methoxy]-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol 85129914 Click to see 506.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10286021003745452
Aviculin 10391477 Click to see 506.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10286021003745452
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acyl glycosides / Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(E,2R)-4-[(1S,3S,5R,8R)-3-hydroxy-1,5-dimethyl-6-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]but-3-en-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 162958845 Click to see 388.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2E,6S)-6-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylocta-2,7-dienoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 11461715 Click to see 332.39 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(E,2R)-4-[(1R,4S,6R)-1,4-dihydroxy-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl]-1-hydroxybut-3-en-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 162936404 Click to see 406.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(E,2R)-4-[(1S,3S,5R,8R)-3-hydroxy-1,5-dimethyl-6-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]but-3-en-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 162958843 Click to see 388.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(E,2S)-4-[(1R,4S,6R)-1,4-dihydroxy-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl]-2-hydroxybut-3-enoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 162969029 Click to see 406.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(E,2S)-4-[(1S,4S,6R)-1,4-dihydroxy-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl]-1-hydroxybut-3-en-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 162936405 Click to see 406.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(E,2S)-4-[(1S,4S,6R)-1,4-dihydroxy-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl]-2-hydroxybut-3-enoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 162969030 Click to see 406.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
(4S,5R)-4-hydroxy-4-[(E,3R)-4-hydroxy-3-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybut-1-enyl]-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexan-1-one 124576334 Click to see CC1CC(=O)CC(C1(C=CC(CO)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)O)(C)C 404.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
(4S,5R)-4-hydroxy-4-[(E,3S)-4-hydroxy-3-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybut-1-enyl]-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexan-1-one 124404316 Click to see CC1CC(=O)CC(C1(C=CC(CO)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)O)(C)C 404.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
2-[3-Oxo-2-[5-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxypent-2-enyl]cyclopentyl]acetic acid 4480898 Click to see 388.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10286021003745452
2-[4-(1,4-Dihydroxy-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl)-1-hydroxybut-3-en-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 72782122 Click to see 406.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
2-[4-(1,4-Dihydroxy-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl)-2-hydroxybut-3-enoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 72975916 Click to see CC1CC(CC(C1(C=CC(COC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)O)O)(C)C)O 406.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
2-[4-(1,4-Dihydroxy-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl)but-3-en-2-yloxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 73319510 Click to see CC1CC(CC(C1(C=CC(C)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)O)(C)C)O 390.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
2-[4-(3-Hydroxy-1,5-dimethyl-6-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl)but-3-en-2-yloxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 85417632 Click to see 388.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
4-Hydroxy-4-[4-hydroxy-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybut-1-enyl]-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexan-1-one 72975893 Click to see 404.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
beta-D-Glucopyranoside, (2E,6R)-6-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-2,7-octadienyl 72970728 Click to see 332.39 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
Betulalbuside A 10382095 Click to see 332.39 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
Lauroside D 101165165 Click to see 390.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
Tuberonic acid glucoside 5281204 Click to see 388.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10286021003745452
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols / Long-chain fatty alcohols
1-Pentadecanol 12397 Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO 228.41 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10286021003745452
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds
(2S,3aR,7aR)-4,4,7a-trimethyl-2-[(1S)-1-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyethyl]-3,3a,5,7-tetrahydro-2H-1-benzofuran-6-one 162906716 Click to see 388.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10286021003745452
[(2S,3aR,4S,4'S,5'R,5aR,6R,8S,8aS,8bS)-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3a,4-dihydroxy-5'-methyl-3,8-dioxospiro[5,5a,6,7,8a,8b-hexahydro-4H-thieno[3,2-g][1]benzofuran-2,2'-oxane]-4'-yl] 4-hydroxybenzoate 162887539 Click to see 806.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10286021003745452
[6-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3a,4-dihydroxy-5'-methyl-3,8-dioxospiro[5,5a,6,7,8a,8b-hexahydro-4H-thieno[3,2-g][1]benzofuran-2,2'-oxane]-4'-yl] 4-hydroxybenzoate 162887538 Click to see 806.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10286021003745452
4,4,7a-trimethyl-2-[1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyethyl]-3,3a,5,7-tetrahydro-2H-1-benzofuran-6-one 162906715 Click to see 388.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10286021003745452
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides
[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-6-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)oxan-2-yl]methyl benzoate 11317861 Click to see C1C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(C(OC2OC3=CC=C(C=C3)O)COC(=O)C4=CC=CC=C4)O)O)O)CO 492.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)oxan-2-yl]methyl (Z)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate 10002084 Click to see 418.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
[3,4-Dihydroxy-5-[3-hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-6-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)oxan-2-yl]methyl benzoate 72798898 Click to see C1C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(C(OC2OC3=CC=C(C=C3)O)COC(=O)C4=CC=CC=C4)O)O)O)CO 492.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
[3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)oxan-2-yl]methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate 85088698 Click to see 418.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
[3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)oxan-2-yl]methyl benzoate 24978602 Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)C(=O)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=CC=C(C=C3)O)O)O)O 376.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)oxane-3,4,5-triol 346 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O 272.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
Arbutin 440936 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O 272.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
Breynioside A 11176815 Click to see 392.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
Flacourtoside A 21672233 Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)C(=O)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=CC=C(C=C3)O)O)O)O 376.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
Robustaside A 26263971 Click to see 418.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Oligosaccharides
[(2S,3aR,4S,4'S,5'R,5aR,6R,8aS,8bS)-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3a,4-dihydroxy-5'-methyl-3-oxospiro[5,5a,6,7,8a,8b-hexahydro-4H-thieno[3,2-g][1]benzofuran-2,2'-oxane]-4'-yl] 4-hydroxybenzoate 100992285 Click to see 936.90 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JO00045A022
[(2S,3aR,4S,4'S,5'R,5aR,6R,8aS,8bS)-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3a,4-dihydroxy-5'-methyl-3,8-dioxospiro[5,5a,6,7,8a,8b-hexahydro-4H-thieno[3,2-g][1]benzofuran-2,2'-oxane]-4'-yl] 4-hydroxybenzoate 101607123 Click to see 952.90 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JO00045A022
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Oxepanes
Xylarenal B 139588412 Click to see 418.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1086
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 7-O-methylated flavonoids
5,4'-Dihydroxy-6,7-Dimethoxyflavanone 14078484 Click to see 316.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10286021003745452
6-Methoxysakuranetin 44412004 Click to see 316.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10286021003745452

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