Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

According to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) Community Herbal Monograph (2005), Verbascum nigrum is traditionally used in Germany, Austria, and Italy as an infusion of the dried leaves and/or flowers to soothe cough and throat irritation. The monograph gathers historic herbal practice from these three European countries, confirming the same preparation – a mild tea made by steeping the plant material in hot water, often sweetened with honey, and taken warm several times a day to calm dry coughs, ease hoarseness, and lessen throat irritation.

A simple mild tea can be made by placing 2–3 g (about 1–2 tsp) of dried leaves and/or flowers in 200 ml of just‑boiled water, letting it steep for 5–10 minutes, then straining. The resulting liquid is traditionally drunk while warm, up to three cups per day for a short period. It may be flavored with a slice of lemon or a spoonful of honey if desired. The preparation is generally regarded as safe for adults, but it should be avoided in pregnancy and used with caution in individuals with known allergy to mullein or other Scrophulariaceae.

Phytochemical investigations have consistently identified verbascoside (acteoside), the flavones luteolin and apigenin, the iridoid aucubin, and a mucilaginous polysaccharide fraction in the aerial parts of V. nigrum. Cserháti (2004) isolated and quantified verbascoside, luteolin and apigenin in the leaf material, while Kokoska et al. (2015) later confirmed the presence of mucilaginous polysaccharides and reported seasonal variation in the phenylethanoid glycoside content, with verbascoside being the most abundant. These compounds provide a plausible basis for the plant’s demulcent, anti‑inflammatory and mild expectorant actions reported in traditional use.

Recent pharmacological studies have confirmed anti‑inflammatory and antioxidant activity of V. nigrum extracts, supporting its historic role in respiratory care (see Kokoska et al., 2015). The herb is now sold in many European herbal shops as “black mullein” tea, often blended with other respiratory herbs such as thyme or licorice, and is still harvested in certain mountainous communities for local household remedies, linking old practices with modern commercial availability.

General Uses Top

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Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Verbascum ruderale	Pfeiff.	Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 3: 329 (1845)
Verbascum thyrsoideum	Host	Fl. Austriaca 1: 289 (1827)
Verbascum vernale	Wierzb. ex Rochel	Bot. Reise Banat. : 86 (1838)
Verbascum urticifolium	Lam.	Encycl. 4: 220 (1797)
Verbascum ovatum	Schrad.	Hort. Gott. : 21 (1809)
Verbascum orchideum	Host	Fl. Austriaca 1: 288 (1827)
Verbascum parisiense	Thuill.	Fl. Env. Paris , ed. 2: 110 (1799)
Verbascum monspessulanum	Pers.	Syn. Pl. 1: 215 (1805)
Verbascum pseudonigrum	Bogenh.	Flora 24: 150 (1841)
Verbascum wierzbickii	Heuff.	Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 8: 167 (1858)
Verbascum alopecurus	Thuill.	Fl. Env. Paris , ed. 2: 110 (1799)
Verbascum hinkei	Friv.	Flora 19: 440 (1836)
Verbascum humile	Bernh. ex Steud.	Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel] 872. 1821
Verbascum macrophyllum	K.Koch	Linnaea 22: 728 (1849)
Verbascum dentatum	Lapeyr.	Hist. Pl. Pyrénées : 114 (1813)
Verbascum cordifolium	Stokes	Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 381 (1812)
Verbascum gallicum	Willd.	Sp. Pl., ed. 4 , 1: 1005 (1798)
Verbascum grisebachianum	Borbás ex Nyman	Consp. Fl. Eur. , Suppl. 2: 229 (1890)
Lychnitis nigra	Fourr.	Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon , n.s., 17: 125 (1869)
Thapsus nigrum	Raf.	Fl. Tellur. 4: 89 (1838)
Verbascum nigrum f. leucerion	Grütter	Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 10: 69 1892

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	black mullein
English	dark mullein
Spanish	sabonera
Spanish	lychnitis nigra
Spanish	verbascum wierzbickii
Spanish	verbascum thyrsoideum
Spanish	verbascum orchideum
Spanish	berbasco
Spanish	gordolobo partido
Spanish	thapsus niger
Arabic	سيكران الحوت
Arabic	مكنسة الاندر
Arabic	اذان الدب
Arabic	بوصير
Belarusian	Дзіванна чорная
Bulgarian	черен лопен
Czech	divizna černá
Welsh	pannog dywyll
Danish	mørk kongelys
German	dunkle königskerze
German	schwarze königskerze
German	dunkel-königskerze
Estonian	must vägihein
Finnish	tummatulikukka
French	molène noire
French	molene noire
Irish	coinnle an phúca
Upper Sorbian	champ
Upper Sorbian	Čorna dźiwizna
Igbo	dark mullein
Lithuanian	juodoji tūbė
mrj	Мӧскӓвӹлӹш
Norwegian Bokmål	mørkkongslys
Dutch	zwarte toorts
Polish	dziewanna pospolita
Russian	Коровяк чёрный
Slovak	divozel čierny
Slovenian	črni lučnik
Swedish	mörkt kungsljus
Ukrainian	Дивина чорна
Chinese	黑毛蕊花

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Verbascum nigrum subsp. abietinum	(Borbás) I.K.Ferguson	Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 64: 232 (1971)
Verbascum nigrum subsp. nigrum		Unknown

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Sow seeds at 20°C, expecting germination within 3 months without further temperature treatment.

Requires Light or Surface Sowing: These seeds need light to germinate and should not be covered with soil or only very lightly. They are often very small and sown directly on the surface of the growing medium.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Siberia
  - Altay
  - Irkutsk
  - Krasnoyarsk
  - West Siberia

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Baltic States
  - Belarus
  - Central European Russia
  - East European Russia
  - North European Russia
  - Northwest European Russia
  - South European Russia
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
  - Belgium
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Germany
  - Hungary
  - Netherlands
  - Poland
  - Switzerland
- Northern Europe
  - Denmark
  - Finland
  - Great Britain
  - Norway
  - Sweden
- Southeastern Europe
  - Albania
  - Bulgaria
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Romania
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - Baleares
  - France
  - Spain

Northern America click to expand
- Eastern Canada
  - Ontario
- North-central U.S.A.
  - Illinois
  - Minnesota
  - Wisconsin
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Massachusetts
  - New Hampshire
  - New Jersey
  - Pennsylvania
  - Vermont
- Western Canada
  - Alberta
  - Saskatchewan

Southern America click to expand
- Western South America
  - Bolivia

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000420517
UNII	RH1S9086AY
Canadensys	9327
USDA Plants	VENI
Tropicos	29200417
INPN	128615
Flora of Italy	4772
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:770013-1
The Plant List	kew-2454894
Open Tree Of Life	934441
Observations.org	7610
NCBI Taxonomy	90364
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0000004052
Nature Serve	2.160297
IPNI	770013-1
iNaturalist	56164
GBIF	3171945
Freebase	/m/0462jv3
WisFlora	5336
EPPO	VESNI
EOL	484419
Elurikkus	8130
USDA GRIN	41149
Wikipedia	Verbascum_nigrum

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.

Accession	Assembly
Accession	Name	Level	Submitter	Released	Coverage	Size
GCA_964305475.2	daVerNigr1.hap1.2	Chromosome	WELLCOME SANGER INSTITUTE	2025-10-14	49	320.24 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Effects of Florivory on Floral Visitors and Reproductive Success of Sagittaria lancifolia (Alismataceae) in a Mexican Wetland

Rodríguez-Morales D, Aguirre-Jaimes A, García-Franco JG

Plants (Basel)

17-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10893147
doi:	10.3390/plants13040547
PMID:	38498564

Effect of the Freeze-Dried Mullein Flower Extract (Verbascum nigrum L.) Addition on Oxidative Stability and Antioxidant Activity of Selected Cold-Pressed Oils

Symoniuk E, Marczak Z, Brzezińska R, Janowicz M, Ksibi N

Foods

16-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10297054
doi:	10.3390/foods12122391
PMID:	37372603

Vertical Columns with Sustainable Green Cover: Meadow Plants in Urban Design

Stakelienė V, Pašakinskienė I, Ložienė K, Ryliškis D, Skridaila A

Plants (Basel)

01-Feb-2023

PMCID:	PMC9921580
doi:	10.3390/plants12030636
PMID:	36771721

Leucosceptosides A and B: Two Phenyl-Ethanoid Glycosides with Important Occurrence and Biological Activities

Frezza C, De Vita D, Toniolo C, Sciubba F, Tomassini L, Venditti A, Bianco A, Serafini M, Foddai S

Biomolecules

02-Dec-2022

PMCID:	PMC9775335
doi:	10.3390/biom12121807
PMID:	36551235

New and Interesting Fungi. 5

Crous PW, Begoude BA, Boers J, Braun U, Declercq B, Dijksterhuis J, Elliott TF, Garay-Rodriguez GA, Jurjević Ž, Kruse J, Linde CC, Loyd A, Mound L, Osieck ER, Rivera-Vargas LI, Quimbita AM, Rodas CA, Roux J, Schumacher RK, Starink-Willemse M, Thangavel R, Trappe JM, van Iperen AL, Van Steenwinkel C, Wells A, Wingfield MJ, Yilmaz N, Groenewald JZ

Fungal Syst Evol

08-Sep-2022

PMCID:	PMC9903348
doi:	10.3114/fuse.2022.10.02
PMID:	36789279

Saponins as Natural Emulsifiers for Nanoemulsions

Schreiner TB, Dias MM, Barreiro MF, Pinho SP

J Agric Food Chem

27-May-2022

PMCID:	PMC9776534
doi:	10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07893
PMID:	35621387

Influence of Habitat Types on Diversity and Species Composition of Urban Flora—A Case Study in Serbia

Glišić M, Jakovljević K, Lakušić D, Šinžar-Sekulić J, Vukojičić S, Tabašević M, Jovanović S

Plants (Basel)

25-Nov-2021

PMCID:	PMC8704744
doi:	10.3390/plants10122572
PMID:	34961043

Sowing Mixtures of Native Plant Species: Are There Any Differences between Hydroseeding and Regular Seeding?

Gudyniene V, Juzenas S, Stukonis V, Norkeviciene E

Plants (Basel)

18-Nov-2021

PMCID:	PMC8624565
doi:	10.3390/plants10112507
PMID:	34834869

Pathogenesis of Keratinocyte Carcinomas and the Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants and Phytochemicals

Josiah AJ, Twilley D, Pillai SK, Ray SS, Lall N

Molecules

01-Apr-2021

PMCID:	PMC8037492
doi:	10.3390/molecules26071979
PMID:	33915735

Vegetation- and Environmental Changes on Non-Reclaimed Spoil Heaps in Southern Poland

Rahmonov O, Krzysztofik R, Środek D, Smolarek-Lach J

Biology (Basel)

15-Jul-2020

PMCID:	PMC7408371
doi:	10.3390/biology9070164
PMID:	32679749

Surfactant addition in diesel oil degradation – how can it help the microbes?

Zdarta A, Smułek W, Pacholak A, Dudzińska-Bajorek B, Kaczorek E

J Environ Health Sci Eng

20-Jun-2020

PMCID:	PMC7721782
doi:	10.1007/s40201-020-00494-9
PMID:	33312593

Polyphenolic compounds as electron shuttles for sustainable energy utilization

Hsueh CC, Wu CC, Chen BY

Biotechnol Biofuels

18-Nov-2019

PMCID:	PMC6859638
doi:	10.1186/s13068-019-1602-9
PMID:	31832094

Analysis and Modeling of the Variations of Root Branching Density Within Individual Plants and Among Species

Pagès L

Front Plant Sci

08-Aug-2019

PMCID:	PMC6694179
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2019.01020
PMID:	31440270

A comprehensive dataset on cultivated and spontaneously growing vascular plants in urban gardens

Frey D, Moretti M

Data Brief

23-May-2019

PMCID:	PMC6545399
doi:	10.1016/j.dib.2019.103982
PMID:	31194048

Chemical characterization and biological activity in young sesame leaves (Sesamum indicum L.) and changes in iridoid and polyphenol content at different growth stages

Fuji Y, Uchida A, Fukahori K, Chino M, Ohtsuki T, Matsufuji H

PLoS One

27-Mar-2018

PMCID:	PMC5870955
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0194449
PMID:	29584748

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Iridoid O-glycosides
[(1S,4aR,5S,7S,7aS)-5-hydroxy-7-methyl-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-7-yl] (E)-3-phenylprop-2-enoate	15736666	Click to see CC1(CC(C2C1C(OC=C2)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC4=CC=CC=C4	478.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19820650539
[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[[(1S,4aR,5S,7aS)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-5-yl]oxy]-4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	44715579	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C=C(C3C2C=COC3OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)CO)OC(=O)C=CC5=CC(=C(C=C5)OC)O)O)O	668.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JLAC.199419940718
[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[[(1S,4aR,5S,7aS)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-5-yl]oxy]-4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	23928106	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C=C(C3C2C=COC3OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)CO)OC(=O)C=CC5=CC=C(C=C5)O)O)O	638.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JLAC.199419940718
[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[[(1S,4aR,5S,7aS)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-5-yl]oxy]-4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-3-yl] (E)-3-phenylprop-2-enoate	21591415	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C=C(C3C2C=COC3OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)CO)OC(=O)C=CC5=CC=CC=C5)O)O	622.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19820650539
[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-2-[[(1S,4aR,5S,7aS)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-5-yl]oxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-4-yl] (E)-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	44715578	Click to see	668.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JLAC.199419940718
[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-2-[[(1S,4aR,5S,7aS)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-5-yl]oxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-4-yl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	163189323	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C=C(C3C2C=COC3OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)CO)O)OC(=O)C=CC5=CC=C(C=C5)O)O	638.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JLAC.199419940718
[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-2-[[(1S,4aR,5S,7aS)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-5-yl]oxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-4-yl] (E)-3-phenylprop-2-enoate	21591414	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C=C(C3C2C=COC3OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)CO)O)OC(=O)C=CC5=CC=CC=C5)O	622.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19820650539
[3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[[7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-5-yl]oxy]-6-methyloxan-4-yl] 3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	162869655	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C=C(C3C2C=COC3OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)CO)O)OC(=O)C=CC5=CC(=C(C=C5)OC)O)O	668.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JLAC.199419940718
[3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[[7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-5-yl]oxy]-6-methyloxan-4-yl] 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	75111045	Click to see	638.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JLAC.199419940718
[3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[[7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-5-yl]oxy]-6-methyloxan-4-yl] 3-phenylprop-2-enoate	73808814	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C=C(C3C2C=COC3OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)CO)O)OC(=O)C=CC5=CC=CC=C5)O	622.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19820650539
[4,5-Dihydroxy-2-[[7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-5-yl]oxy]-6-methyloxan-3-yl] 3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	75061254	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C=C(C3C2C=COC3OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)CO)OC(=O)C=CC5=CC(=C(C=C5)OC)O)O)O	668.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JLAC.199419940718
[4,5-Dihydroxy-2-[[7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-5-yl]oxy]-6-methyloxan-3-yl] 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	74155540	Click to see	638.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JLAC.199419940718
[4,5-Dihydroxy-2-[[7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-5-yl]oxy]-6-methyloxan-3-yl] 3-phenylprop-2-enoate	73808815	Click to see	622.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19820650539
[4a,5-Dihydroxy-7-methyl-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,5,6,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-7-yl] 3-phenylprop-2-enoate	4221373	Click to see	494.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19820650539
[5-hydroxy-7-methyl-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-7-yl] 3-phenylprop-2-enoate	73717544	Click to see	478.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19820650539
Ajugol	6325127	Click to see	348.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(72)85053-2
Aucubin	91458	Click to see C1=COC(C2C1C(C=C2CO)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O	346.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(72)85053-2
Harpagoside	5281542	Click to see	494.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BSE.2008.05.004 https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19820650539
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Triterpene glycosides / Triterpene saponins
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-5-hydroxy-2-[[(1S,4S,5R,8R,9R,10S,13S,14R,17S,18S)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-4,5,9,13,20,20-hexamethyl-24-oxahexacyclo[15.5.2.01,18.04,17.05,14.08,13]tetracos-15-en-10-yl]oxy]-6-methyl-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-4-yl]oxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol	162984268	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(OC(C(C2O)O)OC3C(C(OC(C3OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)OC5CCC6(C(C5(C)CO)CCC7(C6C=CC89C7(CCC1(C8CC(CC1)(C)C)CO9)C)C)C)C)O)CO)O)O)O	1073.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)80481-S
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(3S,4R,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aS,12aR,14R,14aR,14bS)-4,8a-bis(hydroxymethyl)-14-methoxy-4,6a,6b,11,11,14b-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-yl]oxy]-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-4-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol	163059948	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(OC(C(C2O)O)OC3C(C(OC(C3OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)OC5CCC6(C(C5(C)CO)CCC7(C6C(C=C8C7(CCC9(C8CC(CC9)(C)C)CO)C)OC)C)C)C)O)CO)O)O)O	1105.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)80481-S
2-[4,5-Dihydroxy-6-[5-hydroxy-2-[[9-(hydroxymethyl)-4,5,9,13,20,20-hexamethyl-24-oxahexacyclo[15.5.2.01,18.04,17.05,14.08,13]tetracos-15-en-10-yl]oxy]-6-methyl-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-4-yl]oxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol	73157220	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(OC(C(C2O)O)OC3C(C(OC(C3OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)OC5CCC6(C(C5(C)CO)CCC7(C6C=CC89C7(CCC1(C8CC(CC1)(C)C)CO9)C)C)C)C)O)CO)O)O)O	1073.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)80481-S
Ilwensisaponin C	178583	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(OC(C(C2O)O)OC3C(C(OC(C3OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)OC5CCC6(C(C5(C)CO)CCC7(C6C(C=C8C7(CCC9(C8CC(CC9)(C)C)CO)C)OC)C)C)C)O)CO)O)O)O	1105.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)80481-S

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Verbascum nigrum

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