Details Top

Internal ID UUID64400fb233171555335292
Scientific name Castilleja integra
Authority A.Gray
First published in Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. 2(1): 119 (1858)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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General Uses Top

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Common products:
- Live container‑grown plants sold by native‑plant nurseries for ornamental landscaping, xeriscapes, pollinator‑friendly gardens, and roadside revegetation projects.
- Seeds packaged as individual packets or as components of regional wildflower mixes for commercial restoration, habitat enhancement, and educational demonstration plantings.
- Whole‑plant material (above‑ground foliage and inflorescences) sometimes marketed for cut‑flower arrangements in specialty horticultural markets.

Properties relevant to use:
- Adapted to arid and semi‑arid habitats; tolerates low‑water conditions, enabling establishment in drought‑prone landscapes.
- Perennial herbaceous habit with a height of 30–80 cm; produces conspicuous scarlet to orange bracts that persist from late spring to early summer, providing visual appeal for ornamental use.
- Seeds are small (≈1 mm), exhibit physiological dormancy, and require a cold stratification period of 30–60 days at 1–5 °C to achieve high germination rates; this trait is leveraged in commercial seed‑treatment protocols.
- Growth on well‑drained, low‑nutrient soils with a pH of 6.0–8.0, reducing the need for supplemental fertilization in landscape applications.
- Strong root system that tolerates moderately alkaline conditions, supporting soil stabilization in erosion‑control plantings.

Sustainability and sourcing:
- Seed collection from wild populations is subject to state and federal guidelines (e.g., Arizona and New Mexico Plant Conservation Programs) that limit harvest to ≤10 % of an individual population per season to maintain viable gene pools.
- Commercial nurseries increasingly produce seed under controlled conditions using locally sourced mother plants to preserve regional ecotypes and reduce pressure on wild stands.
- Certification of seed origin and genetic integrity is maintained through the Native Seed Certification Program administered by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, ensuring traceability and compliance with regional restoration standards.
- Sustainable propagation practices include careful handling of seed beds, avoidance of synthetic inputs during production, and recycling of growing media to minimize environmental impact.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Castilleja angustifolia A.Gray Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 118.
Castilleja elongata Pennell Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 92: 306 (1941)
Castilleja gloriosa Britton Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 16: 203 (1889)
Castilleja integra var. gloriosa (Britton) Cockerell The Southwest 2: 134 (1900)
Castilleja integra var. gracilis Cockerell Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 17: 35 (1890)
Castilleja integra var. intermedia Cockerell The Southwest 2: 134 (1900)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English wholeleaf indian paintbrush
English foothills paintbrush

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Northern America
    • Mexico
      • Mexico Gulf
      • Mexico Northeast
      • Mexico Northwest
    • Northwestern U.S.A.
      • Colorado
    • South-central U.S.A.
      • New Mexico
      • Texas
    • Southwestern U.S.A.
      • Arizona

Links to other databases Top

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Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000590266
USDA Plants CAIN14
Tropicos 29200027
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:801001-1
The Plant List kew-2705070
Open Tree Of Life 309054
NCBI Taxonomy 90352
Nature Serve 2.151381
IPNI 801001-1
iNaturalist 160199
GBIF 3170569
Freebase /m/0swmx6z
EOL 580215
USDA GRIN 316609
Wikipedia Castilleja_integra

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Preference, performance, and chemical defense in an endangered butterfly using novel and ancestral host plants Haan NL, Bowers MD, Bakker JD Sci Rep 14-Jan-2021
PMCID:PMC7809109
doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80413-y
PMID:33446768
Genuine and Sequestered Natural Products from the Genus Orobanche (Orobanchaceae, Lamiales) Scharenberg F, Zidorn C Molecules 30-Oct-2018
PMCID:PMC6278508
doi:10.3390/molecules23112821
PMID:30380787
New Iridoid Glucosides from Castilleja and Besseya: 6-Hydroxyadoxoside and 6-Isovanillylcatapol Dale R. Gardner, Jucy Narum, Douglas Zook, Frank R. Stermitz American Chemical Society (ACS) 17-Mar-2005
doi:10.1021/NP50051A024
Content of iridoid glycosides in different parts of Castilleja integra Elliott W. Mead, Frank R. Stermitz Elsevier BV 25-Jul-2002
doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95082-9

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Monocyclic monoterpenoids
cis-(1S,2R)-1-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)-2-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclopropane 13745740 Click to see 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50051A024
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Iridoid O-glycosides
(1S,4aS,5R,7S,7aR)-5-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid 162956006 Click to see C1C(C2C(C1O)C(=COC2OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)O)CO 392.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95082-9
5-Hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid 76023744 Click to see C1C(C2C(C1O)C(=COC2OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)O)CO 392.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95082-9
8-Epiloganic Acid 158144 Click to see 376.36 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95082-9
https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50051A024
Adoxoside 11079666 Click to see 390.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50051A024
Adoxosidic acid 13892717 Click to see C1CC2C(C1CO)C(OC=C2C(=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O 376.36 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95082-9
https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50051A024
methyl (1S,4aS,5R,7S,7aR)-5-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate 163018166 Click to see 406.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50051A024
Shanzhiside 11948668 Click to see CC1(CC(C2C1C(OC=C2C(=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O)O 392.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95082-9
https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50051A024
Shanzhiside methyl ester 13892722 Click to see CC1(CC(C2C1C(OC=C2C(=O)OC)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O)O 406.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95082-9
https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50051A024
Shanzhiside-methylester 3085296 Click to see 406.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95082-9
https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50051A024
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds
(2R)-2-[[(1R,2S,6S)-5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,9-dioxatricyclo[4.4.0.02,4]dec-7-en-10-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 138107792 Click to see 362.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50051A024
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95082-9
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(1S,2S,4S,5R,6S,10S)-5,6-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,9-dioxatricyclo[4.4.0.02,4]dec-7-en-10-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 13892726 Click to see C1=COC(C2C1(C(C3C2(O3)CO)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O 378.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50051A024
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95082-9
Catalpol 91520 Click to see 362.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95082-9
https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50051A024
Gardoside 46173850 Click to see C=C1C(CC2C1C(OC=C2C(=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O 374.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95082-9
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl 3-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-4-O-((2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside 132274946 Click to see 624.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50051A024
Verbascoside 5281800 Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)CO)OCCC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O 624.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50051A024

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