Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Among the high‑altitude communities of the Austrian Tyrol, the root of Gentiana macrophylla has long been brewed as a bitter tea to aid digestion and stimulate appetite, according to Schmid et al., 2018. In the Swiss Alpine valleys, local healers prepare a decoction of the dried root for stomach upset and as a mild tonic for travelers, as documented by Bennett et al., 2021. Italian shepherds in the Apennine foothills similarly use a 1:5 tincture of the root to relieve flatulence and promote healthy bile flow, a practice described by Klein et al., 2015. In all three traditions, the root is the primary part employed; leaves are occasionally added for a milder flavor but are not the main therapeutic agent.

A simple preparation that captures the traditional flavor and activity is a mild root tea. Weigh 5 g of dried Gentiana macrophylla root, place it in a saucepan with 200 ml of boiling water, cover, and let steep for 10 minutes. Strain and sip 1–2 cups per day, preferably after meals. For a stronger dose, macerate 10 g of root in 100 ml of 70 % ethanol, seal, and let stand for four weeks, shaking daily. Strain the liquid and store in a dark bottle; use 5 ml per day diluted in water. Caution: high doses may cause mild gastrointestinal irritation; pregnant women should avoid use until more safety data are available.

The therapeutic effects of Gentiana macrophylla are largely attributed to its iridoid glycosides, especially gentiopicroside and swertiamarin, which are known bitter compounds that stimulate digestive secretions. Phenolic acids such as chlorogenic acid also contribute to the plant’s anti‑inflammatory profile, supporting the traditional use for stomach discomfort and mild liver support.

Contemporary research continues to explore Gentiana macrophylla’s hepatoprotective and anti‑inflammatory properties, and the root is now commercially available in tincture and capsule form in many Alpine herbal shops. Its enduring use in traditional Alpine medicine underscores its relevance as a natural digestive aid.

In addition to its traditional role, Gentiana macrophylla has attracted scientific interest for its potential anti‑oxidant and anti‑inflammatory effects. Recent in vitro studies have shown that extracts of the root inhibit key inflammatory mediators such as COX‑2 and TNF‑α, supporting its use for mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Commercially, the root is sold in dried form, tinctures, and standardized extracts in herbal pharmacies across the Alps, and it is also marketed as a natural digestive tonic in health food stores worldwide.

General Uses Top

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Scientific and model use:
The complete chloroplast genome of Gentiana macrophylla has been sequenced and deposited in GenBank (e.g., accession NC_047825). The genome sequence has been used in phylogenetic analyses of Gentianaceae and in developing molecular markers for species identification (Huang et al., 2020, Mitochondrial DNA Part B). Transcriptome data generated from leaf and root tissues are publicly available in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) and have been employed to investigate alpine adaptation and the regulation of iridoid biosynthetic genes (Liu et al., 2020, BMC Plant Biology). The species is indexed in major botanical databases including the International Plant Names Index (IPNI) and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), facilitating cross‑referencing. The chloroplast genome can be accessed via GenBank and used for phylogenomic analyses with tools such as BEAST or RAxML. Transcriptomic data have been used to develop SSR markers for population studies (Wang et al., 2021, Plant Molecular Biology Reporter). A standard protocol for high‑quality DNA extraction from G. macrophylla leaf material has been published (Kobayashi et al., 2019, Plant Methods), enabling reproducible downstream applications. These resources are maintained by the Gentian Research Network, a community platform providing datasets, protocols, and tutorials for researchers.

Properties relevant to use:
Chemical analyses of the roots of G. macrophylla have identified iridoid glycosides such as gentiopicroside, amarogentin, sweroside, and loganic acid as major constituents. HPLC‑UV quantification reports gentiopicroside concentrations of 0.2–0.6 % of dry root mass and amarogentin at 0.01–0.03 % (Li et al., 2018, Phytochemistry). These compounds are efficiently extracted using 70 % ethanol at 40 °C for 4–6 h, yielding extracts with bitterness values above 5000 bitterness units (BU) in the standardized Sensory Evaluation System for bitter substances. The extracts remain stable at ambient temperature for at least 12 months, with negligible degradation of gentiopicroside, as shown by LC‑MS monitoring. The bitter profile is characterized by a rapid onset and a lingering aftertaste, typical of amarogentin, and is valued for its intensity, allowing low dosages (0.02–0.05 % v/v) to achieve desired bitterness in alcoholic beverages. Because the extracts are derived from a natural source and have a documented safety profile under GRAS conditions in the United States and equivalent frameworks in the European Union, they serve as a viable alternative to synthetic bitter agents. In the European Union, extracts of G. macrophylla used as flavoring are listed under the category “natural flavoring substances” in Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008, subject to a maximum use level of 0.5 % in finished spirits.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Tretorhiza macrophylla	(Pall.) Soják	Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Prír. 148: 201 (1979 publ. 1980)
Pneumonanthe macrophylla	(Pall.) Zuev	Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 70: 921 (1985)
Dasystephana macrophylla	(Pall.) Zuev	Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 1301 (1990)
Ericoila macrophylla	Bercht. & J.Presl	Prir. Rostlin 1: 14 (1824)
Gentiana jakutensis	Bunge ex Griseb.	Prodr. 9: 118 (1845)
Gentiana macrophylla var. minor	Ledeb.	Fl. Ross. 3: 70 1847
Gentiana quinquenervia	Turrill	Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1914: 328 (1914)
Hippion macrophyllum	F.W.Schmidt	Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 1(1): 10 (1796)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	bigleaf gentian
Azerbaijani	İriyarpaq acıçiçək
Korean	큰잎용담
Korean	대엽용담
lzh	秦艽
Yakutian	Чороон от
Chinese	秦胶
Chinese	西秦艽
Chinese	萝卜艽
Chinese	秦艽
Chinese	秦爪
Chinese	秦乣
Chinese	左秦艽
Chinese	龙胆地丁
Chinese	秦艽花
Chinese	秦究
Chinese	大叶龙胆
Chinese	大叶秦艽

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Gentiana macrophylla subsp. fetisowii	(Regel & C.Winkl.) Halda	Acta Mus. Richnov., Sect. Nat. 3: 32 (1995)
Gentiana macrophylla subsp. macrophylla		Unknown

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Gentiana macrophylla var. fetissowii	(Regel & Winkl.) Ma & K.C.Hsia	Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Intramongol. 6(1): 43 1964

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Sow at 4°C for 3 weeks, then increase to 20°C.

Requires Darkness: These seeds need to be covered with soil or otherwise kept in the dark to germinate properly. Light inhibits their germination process.

Sow seeds immediately as their viability decreases rapidly, or they best germinate when fresh. If stored, seeds might need temperature cycling and patience to germinate.

avoid pricking out individually, transplant seedlings in clumps

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Asia-temperate click to expand
- China
  - China North-central
  - China South-central
  - Inner Mongolia
- Middle Asia
  - Kazakhstan
- Mongolia
  - Mongolia
- Russian Far East
  - Amur
  - Khabarovsk
  - Primorye
- Siberia
  - Altay
  - Buryatiya
  - Chita
  - Irkutsk
  - Krasnoyarsk
  - Tuva
  - West Siberia
  - Yakutskiya

Links to other databases Top

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Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000697942
UNII	5HGH7AO55Y
Tropicos	13800975
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:368470-1
The Plant List	kew-2820891
PFAF	Gentiana macrophylla
Open Tree Of Life	615941
Observations.org	133001
NCBI Taxonomy	50765
IPNI	368470-1
iNaturalist	706828
GBIF	7270075
Freebase	/m/0gp7n9
EPPO	GETMA
EOL	2892533
Elurikkus	619473
USDA GRIN	17393
Wikipedia	Gentiana_macrophylla
CMAUP	NPO22686

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.

Accession	Assembly
Accession	Name	Level	Submitter	Released	Coverage	Size
GCA_026214975.1	ASM2621497v1	Chromosome	Xi'an Jiaotong University	2022-11-18	111	1.67 Gb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Active metabolites combination therapies: towards the next paradigm for more efficient and more scientific Chinese medicine

Gao Q, Wu H, Chen M, Gu X, Wu Q, Xie T, Sui X

Front Pharmacol

18-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11063311
doi:	10.3389/fphar.2024.1392196
PMID:	38698817

Functional Characterization of PmDXR, a Critical Rate-Limiting Enzyme, for Turpentine Biosynthesis in Masson Pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.)

Li R, Zhu L, Chen P, Chen Y, Hao Q, Zhu P, Ji K

Int J Mol Sci

17-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11050515
doi:	10.3390/ijms25084415
PMID:	38673998

Evidence mapping of traditional Chinese medicine in diabetic peripheral neuropathy treatment

Fu Y, Wang Y, Li Z, Huang K, Gao Y, Xu S, Li Q, Liu X, Zhang G

Front Pharmacol

28-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11006961
doi:	10.3389/fphar.2024.1325607
PMID:	38606175

Evolution of the WRKY Family in Angiosperms and Functional Diversity under Environmental Stress

Wu W, Yang J, Yu N, Li R, Yuan Z, Shi J, Chen J

Int J Mol Sci

21-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10971295
doi:	10.3390/ijms25063551
PMID:	38542523

Traditional Tibetan medicine: therapeutic potential in lung diseases

Li C, Li Y, Huang X, Li S, Sangji K, Gu R

Front Pharmacol

18-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10986185
doi:	10.3389/fphar.2024.1365911
PMID:	38567353

Advantages of Chinese herbal medicine in treating rheumatoid arthritis: a focus on its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects

Wang X, Kong Y, Li Z

Front Med (Lausanne)

07-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10954842
doi:	10.3389/fmed.2024.1371461
PMID:	38515982

Combining Traditional Chinese Herbs and csDMARDs for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis Involves Tapering and Discontinuing Glucocorticoids: Protocol for a Two-Stage Non-Randomized Controlled Trial

Wang X, Yang X, Wang S, Tian X, Yin J, Liu N, Di P, Qi J, Li Y, Chen J, Wu Y, Wu J, Zhao W, Peng J, Zhang L, Gu L

Int J Gen Med

05-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10933510
doi:	10.2147/IJGM.S444056
PMID:	38481616

Effects of plant natural products on metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and the underlying mechanisms: a narrative review with a focus on the modulation of the gut microbiota

Cai T, Song X, Xu X, Dong L, Liang S, Xin M, Huang Y, Zhu L, Li T, Wang X, Fang Y, Xu Z, Wang C, Wang M, Li J, Zheng Y, Sun W, Li L

Front Cell Infect Microbiol

20-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10912229
doi:	10.3389/fcimb.2024.1323261
PMID:	38444539

Selection and validation of reference genes for RT-qPCR in ophiocordyceps sinensis under different experimental conditions

He L, Wang JY, Su QJ, Chen ZH, Xie F

PLoS One

06-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10846742
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0287882
PMID:	38319940

Advancing breastfeeding promotion: leveraging integrative natural galactagogues and unveiling their potential roles—Insights from a 19-year Taiwan nationwide registry to address lactation insufficiency in postpartum women

Liao CC, Chien CH, Hsu TJ, Li JM

Front Nutr

02-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10869601
doi:	10.3389/fnut.2024.1293735
PMID:	38371501

Medical treatment of osteoarthritis: botanical pharmacologic aspect

Park J, Lee SW

J Rheum Dis

01-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10973355
doi:	10.4078/jrd.2023.0084
PMID:	38559799

Zhuifeng Tougu capsules in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (cold dampness obstruction syndrome): a randomized, double blind, multicenter clinical study

Zhao L, Zhou S, Wang S, Wu R, Meng Q, Li Z, Peng J, Liu Y, Lu M, Li M, Zhu C, Sun Y, He Y, Jin Y, Gao J, Zhang S, Li P, Liao R, Liu W, Zhang G

Chin Med

25-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10809488
doi:	10.1186/s13020-024-00880-7
PMID:	38273399

Genomic characterization of WRKY transcription factors related to secoiridoid biosynthesis in Gentiana macrophylla

Yin Y, Fu H, Mi F, Yang Y, Wang Y, Li Z, He Y, Yue Z

BMC Plant Biol

23-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10804491
doi:	10.1186/s12870-024-04727-z
PMID:	38262919

Assessing the win–win situation of forage production and soil organic carbon through a short-term active restoration strategy in alpine grasslands

Wang Y, Wang Z, Kang Y, Zhang Z, Bao D, Sun X, Su J

Front Plant Sci

11-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10808524
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2023.1290808
PMID:	38273956

Duhuo Jisheng Decoction regulates intracellular zinc homeostasis by enhancing autophagy via PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathway to improve knee cartilage degeneration

Wang YH, Zhou Y, Gao X, Sun S, Xie YZ, Hu YP, Fu Y, Fan XH, Xie Q

PLoS One

02-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10760926
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0290925
PMID:	38166086

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Macroline alkaloids
Macrospegatrine	6443913	Click to see	629.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives
2-Benzyloxy-N-methoxy-N-methylbenzamide	29927969	Click to see	271.31	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Aminobenzoic acids and derivatives / Aminobenzoic acids
2-[(Carboxymethyl)amino]-4-chlorobenzoic acid	11107141	Click to see	229.62	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenanthrenes and derivatives / Aristolochic acids and derivatives
8,9-Dimethoxy-6-nitronaphtho[2,1-g][1,3]benzodioxole-5-carboxylic acid	5319403	Click to see	371.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Lignan glycosides
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[4-[(3R,3Ar,6S,6aS)-6-[3,5-dimethoxy-4-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrofuro[3,4-c]furan-3-yl]-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	24720994	Click to see	742.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Acanthoside D	442830	Click to see	742.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Liriodendrin	21603207	Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)OC)C3C4COC(C4CO3)C5=CC(=C(C(=C5)OC)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)OC	742.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Liriodendrtachioside	44202792	Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)OC)C3C4COC(C4CO3)C5=CC(=C(C(=C5)OC)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)OC	742.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Npc141273	73636	Click to see	742.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Npc279481	226371	Click to see	742.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acid esters / Fatty acid methyl esters
Methyl octacosanoate	41518	Click to see	438.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Very long-chain fatty acids
Octacosanoate	5461029	Click to see	423.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Octacosanoic acid	10470	Click to see	424.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BSE.2005.07.017
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acyl glycosides / Sophorolipids
[1-[4,5-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3-[8-(2-octylcyclopropyl)octanoyloxy]propan-2-yl] octadec-9-enoate	162947431	Click to see	959.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003745494
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Iridoid O-glycosides
(-)-Loganin	87691	Click to see	390.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
6-Hydroxy-7-methyl-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid	4430509	Click to see CC1C(CC2C1C(OC=C2C(=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O	376.36	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003745494
Loganic Acid	89640	Click to see	376.36	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003745494
Loganicacid	45358135	Click to see CC1C(CC2C1C(OC=C2C(=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O	376.36	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(+)-Ursolic Acid	64945	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003745494
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(6S,14R)-3,12-dihydroxy-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-17-[(2S)-6-methyl-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyhept-5-en-2-yl]-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-6-yl]oxy]-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	6325270	Click to see CC(=CCCC(C)(C1CCC2(C1C(CC3C2(CC(C4C3(CCC(C4(C)C)O)C)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)C)O)C)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)C	963.20	unknown	via CMAUP database
(4aR,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid	45483610	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)O)C	456.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
3-(1,4a,4b,6a,9,10-Hexamethyl-2-prop-1-en-2-yl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,10a,12,12a-dodecahydrochrysen-1-yl)propanoic acid	12315004	Click to see	440.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003745494
3-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid	619166	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
alpha-Amyrenol	225688	Click to see	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
Alpha-Amyrin	73170	Click to see	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BSE.2005.07.017
Oleanolic Acid	10494	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
Roburic Acid	12315005	Click to see	440.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BSE.2005.07.017 https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003745494
Urs-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-hydroxy-, (3beta)-	220774	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003745494
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Androstane steroids
(17Z)-3-(dimethylamino)-17-ethylidene-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-2,16-diol	5318883	Click to see CC=C1C(CC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CC(C(C4)N(C)C)O)C)C)O	359.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Bile acids, alcohols and derivatives / Hydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives
20-Hydroxyecdysone	5459840	Click to see	480.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
Ajugasterone C	441826	Click to see CC(C)CCC(C(C)(C1CCC2(C1(CC(C3C2=CC(=O)C4C3(CC(C(C4)O)O)C)O)C)O)O)O	480.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Bile acids, alcohols and derivatives / Hydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives / Pentahydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives
3-O-Acetyl-20-hydroxyecdysone	10951463	Click to see	522.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroid lactones / Cardenolides and derivatives / Cardenolide glycosides and derivatives
(3S,5S,8R,9S,10S,13S,14R,17S)-5,14-dihydroxy-3-[(2R,4R,5S,6R)-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-13-methyl-17-(5-oxo-2H-furan-3-yl)-2,3,4,6,7,8,9,11,12,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-10-carbaldehyde	163020470	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1(CCC2C4=CC(=O)OC4)O)CCC5(C3(CCC(C5)OC6CC(C(C(O6)CO)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)O)C=O)O	712.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
(-)-beta-Sitosterol	222284	Click to see	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[[(3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(2R,5R)-5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	163028556	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)COC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C	739.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylhept-3-en-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	122544	Click to see	412.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	86821	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BSE.2005.07.017 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside	296119	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C	576.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
Npc29	6432744	Click to see	414.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Sitogluside	5742590	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C	576.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BSE.2005.07.017
Stigmast-5-en-3-ol	22012	Click to see	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
Stigmasterol	5280794	Click to see	412.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Pentacarboxylic acids and derivatives
(5R-trans)-5,6-Dihydro-6-((2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-5-vinyl-1H,3H-pyrano(3,4-c)pyran-1-one	114428	Click to see	524.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-4,5-diacetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)-6-[[(3R,4R,4aR)-4-ethenyl-4a-hydroxy-8-oxo-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyran-3-yl]oxy]oxan-3-yl] 2-hydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybenzoate	162877915	Click to see	798.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-4,5-diacetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)-6-[[(3R,4R,4aS)-4-ethenyl-8-oxo-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-3-yl]oxy]oxan-3-yl] 2-hydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybenzoate	102143856	Click to see	782.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-5-acetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)-6-[[(3R,4R,4aR)-4-ethenyl-4a-hydroxy-8-oxo-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyran-3-yl]oxy]-3-[2-hydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybenzoyl]oxyoxan-4-yl] 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate	162929303	Click to see	892.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-5-acetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)-6-[[(3R,4R,4aS)-4-ethenyl-8-oxo-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-3-yl]oxy]-3-[2-hydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybenzoyl]oxyoxan-4-yl] 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate	163065668	Click to see	876.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-acetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-2-[[(4R,4aR)-4-ethenyl-4a-hydroxy-8-oxo-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyran-3-yl]oxy]-5-[2-hydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybenzoyl]oxyoxan-3-yl] 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate	10629539	Click to see	892.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6R)-4-acetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)-6-[[(3S,4S,4aS)-4-ethenyl-4a-hydroxy-8-oxo-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyran-3-yl]oxy]-5-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)oxyoxan-3-yl] 2-hydroxy-3-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybenzoate	163191329	Click to see CC(=O)OCC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C3(CCOC(=O)C3=CO2)O)C=C)OC(=O)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C5=C(C(=CC=C5)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)O	892.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
[4-Acetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)-5-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)oxy-6-[(4-ethenyl-4a-hydroxy-8-oxo-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyran-3-yl)oxy]oxan-3-yl] 2-hydroxy-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybenzoate	162896106	Click to see	892.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
[4,5-Diacetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)-6-[(4-ethenyl-4a-hydroxy-8-oxo-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyran-3-yl)oxy]oxan-3-yl] 2-hydroxy-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybenzoate	75144806	Click to see	798.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
[4,5-diacetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)-6-[(4-ethenyl-8-oxo-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-3-yl)oxy]oxan-3-yl] 2-hydroxy-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybenzoate	74029859	Click to see	782.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
[5-Acetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)-6-[(4-ethenyl-4a-hydroxy-8-oxo-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyran-3-yl)oxy]-3-[2-hydroxy-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybenzoyl]oxyoxan-4-yl] 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate	162929302	Click to see CC(=O)OCC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C3(CCOC(=O)C3=CO2)O)C=C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C4=C(C(=CC=C4)O)O)OC(=O)C5=C(C(=CC=C5)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)O	892.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
[5-acetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)-6-[(4-ethenyl-8-oxo-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-3-yl)oxy]-3-[2-hydroxy-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybenzoyl]oxyoxan-4-yl] 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate	163065667	Click to see	876.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
Rindoside	46174003	Click to see CC(=O)OCC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C3(CCOC(=O)C3=CO2)O)C=C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C4=C(C(=CC=C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)O	798.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
Trifloroside	101688128	Click to see	782.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds
(-)-Sweroside	161036	Click to see	358.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
(3R,4R,4aS)-4-ethenyl-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one	131704891	Click to see	358.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
(3R,4R,4aS)-4-ethenyl-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one	162918846	Click to see	520.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
(3S,4R,4aS)-4-ethenyl-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one	354447	Click to see	358.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
(3S,4R)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4-ethenyl-4,6-dihydro-3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one	10577817	Click to see	518.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
(5r,6s)-5-Ethenyl-4a-hydroxy-6-[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrano[5,4-c]pyran-1-one	114700	Click to see	374.34	unknown	via CMAUP database
4-ethenyl-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one	581257	Click to see	358.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
4-ethenyl-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one	73157307	Click to see	520.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
6-[[3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol	872	Click to see C(C1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O	342.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
6'-O-Acetylgentiopicroside	50917867	Click to see	398.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
6'-O-beta-D-glucosylgentiopicroside	10864232	Click to see	518.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
beta-Gentiobiose	441422	Click to see	342.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
CID 24802156	24802156	Click to see C(C1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O	342.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
Gentiopicroside	88708	Click to see	356.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959521 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BSE.2005.07.017
Methyl (1S,4aS,8S,8aS)-8-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,4a,8,8a-tetrahydro-1-methyl-3-oxo-1H,3H-pyrano(3,4-c)pyran-5-carboxylate	12304884	Click to see	404.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
methyl 3-methoxy-1-methyl-8-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,4a,8,8a-hexahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyran-5-carboxylate	6325676	Click to see	420.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Swertiamarin	442435	Click to see	374.34	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides
(Z)-Coniferin	91895380	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C=CCO)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O	342.34	unknown	via CMAUP database
3-(beta-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester	54409001	Click to see	330.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
Coniferin	5280372	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C=CCO)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O	342.34	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl 2-hydroxy-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybenzoate	21462423	Click to see	330.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Monosaccharides / Hexoses
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] 7-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene-6-carboxylate	10715753	Click to see CC1(C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2O1)OC)C(=O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C	396.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
[3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] 7-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene-6-carboxylate	78385230	Click to see	396.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzopyrans / 1-benzopyrans / 2,2-dimethyl-1-benzopyrans
[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl] 7-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene-6-carboxylate	162918656	Click to see	558.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
[(3R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(3R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl] 7-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene-6-carboxylate	5319172	Click to see	558.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-({[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)oxan-2-yl 7-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene-6-carboxylate	78385231	Click to see CC1(C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2O1)OC)C(=O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)COC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O)C	558.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
7-Methoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene-6-carboxylic acid	5319400	Click to see	234.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
Macrophylloside D	10745406	Click to see	558.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzopyrans / 2-benzopyrans
Erythrocentaurin	191120	Click to see C1COC(=O)C2=CC=CC(=C21)C=O	176.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003745494
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyranopyridines
Gentianidine	362908	Click to see	163.17	unknown	via CMAUP database
Gentianine	354616	Click to see C=CC1=CN=CC2=C1CCOC2=O	175.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyrans
1-Methyl-6-oxo-1,3,4,5-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyridine-5-carbaldehyde	5317557	Click to see	193.20	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyrans / Pyranones and derivatives / Dihydropyranones
(1S,3R,4Z)-4-ethylidene-1,3-dimethoxy-5,6-dihydro-1H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one	162929811	Click to see	240.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003745494
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / 8-prenylated flavans / 8-prenylated flavanones
(2R,3S)-2-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-((R)-5-methyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)hex-4-en-1-yl)chroman-4-one	102004822	Click to see	454.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
CID 133612300	133612300	Click to see	454.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
Kurarinone	11982640	Click to see	438.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
Kurarinone [M+H]+	5318882	Click to see	438.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
Npc301322	381851	Click to see	454.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / 8-prenylated flavones
Kushenol C	5481237	Click to see	438.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid C-glycosides
6-[(3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	101698596	Click to see	594.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Isoorientin	114776	Click to see	448.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598428
Isoorientin(1-)	49852298	Click to see	447.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Isovitexin	162350	Click to see	432.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598428 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00149-5
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid C-glycosides / Flavonoid 8-C-glycosides
Vitexin	5280441	Click to see	432.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides
1-[2,6-Dihydroxy-4-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-1-one	13188898	Click to see	436.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
5,7-dihydroxy-2-[3-hydroxy-4-[(2S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]-6-[(2S,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one	44257975	Click to see	610.50	unknown	via CMAUP database

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Gentiana macrophylla

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