Macrotyloma axillare
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID643fd8dcea772211432282 |
| Scientific name | Macrotyloma axillare |
| Authority | (E.Mey.) Verdc. |
| First published in | Kew Bull.24: 402 (1970) |
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
Macrotyloma axillare is cultivated mainly as a forage legume. The aerial biomass is cut for hay, dried and baled, or ensiled to silage. Cattle, sheep and goats also graze the fresh foliage. The mature seeds are protein‑rich and are sometimes used in commercial feed mixes. Typical yields amount to a few tonnes per hectare for hay and several tonnes per hectare for silage.
Industrial and craft applications:
Dried plant material is pelletized to produce animal‑feed pellets, providing a cost‑effective protein supplement. In mixed‑cropping rotations the legume functions as a green manure; its symbiosis with Bradyrhizobium spp. fixes atmospheric nitrogen, reducing synthetic fertilizer needs and enriching soil organic matter.
Food and beverages (non‑medicinal):
In parts of East and Southern Africa the young leaves are cooked as a leafy vegetable. The mature seeds are boiled, roasted, or milled into flour and used as a pulse in traditional stews and porridges. The seeds’ relatively high protein content makes them a valuable protein source where animal protein is scarce.
Properties relevant to use:
The foliage is relatively high in crude protein and highly digestible. Seeds are protein‑rich, supplying essential amino acids. The plant’s nitrogen‑fixing ability improves soil fertility and supports sustainable crop‑livestock systems.
Standards and regulation:
The protein content of Macrotyloma axillare fodder meets the minimum protein levels required by major feed regulations (e.g., Codex Alimentarius Guidelines for Animal Feeding). Seed protein complies with the specifications for inclusion in commercial livestock concentrates as defined by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO).
Sustainability and sourcing:
Macrotyloma axillare thrives in semi‑arid to sub‑humid tropical environments, tolerates drought and low‑fertility soils, and can be cultivated on marginal land. Its dual role as feed and green manure reduces reliance on synthetic fertilizers and enhances carbon sequestration. The species is listed by the FAO as a neglected and underutilized crop, indicating potential for expanded low‑input production.
Scientific/model use:
The plant has been used in controlled experiments on nitrogen fixation and legume‑rhizobium symbiosis, serving as a test species for evaluating inoculant performance and plant responses to varied soil nitrogen conditions.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Dolichos axillaris | E.Mey. | Comm. Pl. Afr. Austr.: 144 (1836) |
| Dolichos axillaris var. pubescens | E.Mey. | Comm. Pl. Afr. Austr. : 144 (1836) |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| English | perennial horsegram |
| Chinese | 阿其尔大结豆 |
Varieties (abbr. var.) Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Macrotyloma axillare var. axillare | (E.Mey.) Verdc. | Unknown |
| Macrotyloma axillare var. glabrum | (E.Mey.) Verdc. | Kew Bull.24: 402 (1970) |
| Macrotyloma axillare var. macranthum | (Brenan) Verdc. | Kew Bull.24: 402 (1970) |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Africa click to expand
-
East Tropical Africa
- Kenya
- Tanzania
- Uganda
-
Northeast Tropical Africa
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- Somalia
- Sudan
-
South Tropical Africa
- Angola
- Malawi
- Mozambique
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
-
Southern Africa
- Botswana
- Cape Provinces
- Kwazulu-Natal
- Namibia
- Northern Provinces
- Swaziland
-
West Tropical Africa
- Ghana
- Guinea
- Nigeria
- Senegal
- Sierra Leone
- Togo
-
West-central Tropical Africa
- Burundi
- Cameroon
- Rwanda
- Zaïre
-
Western Indian Ocean
- Comoros
- Madagascar
- Mauritius
- Réunion
-
East Tropical Africa
-
Asia-temperate click to expand
-
Arabian Peninsula
- Yemen
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Asia-tropical click to expand
-
Indian Subcontinent
- Sri Lanka
-
Papuasia
- New Guinea
-
Indian Subcontinent
-
Australasia click to expand
-
Australia
- Queensland
-
Australia
-
Pacific click to expand
-
Southwestern Pacific
- New Caledonia
-
Southwestern Pacific
-
Southern America click to expand
-
Western South America
- Bolivia
-
Western South America
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000181770 |
| USDA Plants | MAAX2 |
| Tropicos | 13062627 |
| INPN | 706511 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:505853-1 |
| The Plant List | ild-2789 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 1086817 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 3876 |
| IPNI | 505853-1 |
| iNaturalist | 468905 |
| GBIF | 2976978 |
| EPPO | MTMAX |
| EOL | 644798 |
| USDA GRIN | 104908 |
| CMAUP | NPO17739 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Phytochemical Profile Top
Add a new one!
Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acid esters | |||||
| [(2S,5S,6R,7S,9S,11R,13S)-9,11-dihydroxy-13-(methoxymethyl)-5,9,13-trimethyl-4-oxo-3,12-dioxatricyclo[8.3.0.02,6]tridec-1(10)-en-7-yl] (Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoate | 102321417 | Click to see | 410.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(3S,3aR,4S,6S,7S,9R,9bS)-6,7,9-trihydroxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-3a,4,5,7,8,9b-hexahydro-3H-azuleno[4,5-b]furan-4-yl] (Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoate | 643640 | Click to see | 380.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(3S,3aR,4S,6S,9bS)-6-hydroxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,8,9b-hexahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-4-yl] (E)-2-methylbut-2-enoate | 101672241 | Click to see | 346.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(3S,3aR,4S,6S,9bS)-6-hydroxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,8,9b-hexahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-4-yl] (Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoate | 101078309 | Click to see | 346.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(3S,3aR,4S,6S,9R,9bS)-6,9-dihydroxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2,7-dioxo-3,3a,4,5,8,9b-hexahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-4-yl] (E)-2-methylbut-2-enoate | 15922700 | Click to see | 378.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(3S,3aR,4S,6S,9R,9bS)-6,9-dihydroxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2,7-dioxo-3,3a,4,5,8,9b-hexahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-4-yl] (Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoate | 101143220 | Click to see | 378.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Guaianes | |||||
| (2S)-2-(3,8-dimethylazulen-5-yl)propanoic acid | 3083593 | Click to see CC1=C2C=CC(=C2C=C(C=C1)C(C)C(=O)O)C | 228.29 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones | |||||
| (3R,3aS,7R,10E,11aS)-7-hydroxy-3,10-dimethyl-6-methylidene-3,3a,4,5,7,8,9,11a-octahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-2-one | 13821246 | Click to see | 250.33 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Eudesmanolides, secoeudesmanolides, and derivatives | |||||
| (3R,3aS,5aR,6R,9R,9aS,9bS)-6,9-dihydroxy-3,5a,9-trimethyl-3a,4,5,6,7,8,9a,9b-octahydro-3H-benzo[g][1]benzofuran-2-one | 14110909 | Click to see | 268.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Dihydrosantamarin | 13895713 | Click to see CC1C2CCC3(C(CC=C(C3C2OC1=O)C)O)C | 250.33 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Germacranolides and derivatives | |||||
| Costunolide derivative | 54607887 | Click to see | 250.33 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Alpha amino acids | |||||
| Betaine | 247 | Click to see | 117.15 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Proline and derivatives | |||||
| (-)-Stachydrine | 115244 | Click to see | 143.18 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (2S)-pyrrolidinium-2-carboxylate | 6971047 | Click to see | 115.13 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Betonicine | 164642 | Click to see | 159.18 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Quaternary ammonium salts / Cholines | |||||
| Choline | 305 | Click to see | 104.17 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Cycloheptafurans | |||||
| (3S,3aR,4S,6S,9bS)-4-(Acetyloxy)-3a,5,6,9b-tetrahydro-6-hydroxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-4H-cyclohepta(2,1-b:3,4-c')difuran-2(3H)-one | 15127111 | Click to see | 308.33 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(2S,5S,6R,7S,9S)-9-hydroxy-5,9,13-trimethyl-4-oxo-3,12-dioxatricyclo[8.3.0.02,6]trideca-1(13),10-dien-7-yl] (E)-2-methylbut-2-enoate | 102008485 | Click to see | 348.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 2-Butenoic acid, 2-methyl-, (3S,3aR,4S,6S,9bS)-2,3,3a,5,6,9b-hexahydro-6-hydroxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-4H-cyclohepta(2,1-b:3,4-c')difuran-4-yl ester, (2Z)- | 102008484 | Click to see | 348.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Lactones / Gamma butyrolactones | |||||
| [(3R,3aR,4S,9aS,9bR)-3,6,9-trimethyl-2,7-dioxo-3,3a,4,5,9a,9b-hexahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-4-yl] acetate | 102014217 | Click to see | 304.34 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(3S,3aR,4S,9aR,9bS)-9a-hydroxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2,7-dioxo-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3H-azuleno[4,5-b]furan-4-yl] acetate | 76764466 | Click to see | 320.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 14-Deoxylactucin | 156302 | Click to see | 260.28 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Deacetylmatricarin | 6713966 | Click to see | 262.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Dehydroleucodine | 73440 | Click to see CC1=C2C(C3C(CC1)C(=C)C(=O)O3)C(=CC2=O)C | 244.28 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Hydroxyachillin | 10038339 | Click to see | 262.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Matricarin | 3083923 | Click to see CC1C2C(CC(=C3C(C2OC1=O)C(=CC3=O)C)C)OC(=O)C | 304.34 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Matricin | 92265 | Click to see CC1C2C(CC(=C3C=CC(C3C2OC1=O)(C)O)C)OC(=O)C | 306.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols | |||||
| Quercetagetin-6,7-3',4'-tetramethyl Ether | 5316832 | Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C(=C(C=C3O2)OC)OC)O)O)OC | 374.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid C-glycosides / Flavonoid 8-C-glycosides | |||||
| Isoschaftoside | 3084995 | Click to see C1C(C(C(C(O1)C2=C(C(=C3C(=C2O)C(=O)C=C(O3)C4=CC=C(C=C4)O)C5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O)O | 564.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Schaftoside | 442658 | Click to see C1C(C(C(C(O1)C2=C3C(=C(C(=C2O)C4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)C(=O)C=C(O3)C5=CC=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O | 564.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glucuronides / Flavonoid-7-O-glucuronides | |||||
| Luteolin 7-glucuronide | 5280601 | Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)C(=O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O | 462.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides | |||||
| Kaempferol-3-O-Rutinoside | 5318767 | Click to see | 594.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Rutin | 5280805 | Click to see | 610.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides | |||||
| 6-Hydroxyluteolin 7-glucoside | 185766 | Click to see | 464.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Apigenin 7-O-glucoside | 5280704 | Click to see | 432.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Isorhoifolin | 9851181 | Click to see | 578.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Luteolin 7-O-glucoside | 5280637 | Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O | 448.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 4-O-methylated flavonoids | |||||
| Diosmetin | 5281612 | Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O | 300.26 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 6-O-methylated flavonoids | |||||
| Centaureidin | 5315773 | Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(O2)C=C(C(=C3O)OC)O)OC)O | 360.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Pectolinarigenin | 5320438 | Click to see COC1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O2)C=C(C(=C3O)OC)O | 314.29 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Santin | 5281695 | Click to see COC1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(O2)C=C(C(=C3O)OC)O)OC | 344.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 7-O-methylated flavonoids | |||||
| Artemetin | 5320351 | Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C(=C(C=C3O2)OC)OC)O)OC)OC | 388.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Eupatorin | 97214 | Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C(=C(C=C3O2)OC)OC)O)O | 344.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Penduletin 4'-methyl ether | 5318355 | Click to see | 358.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |