Chrysophyllum cainito
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID64402efd4ad97563847816 |
| Scientific name | Chrysophyllum cainito |
| Authority | L. |
| First published in | Sp. Pl. : 192 (1753) |
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
- Fresh fruit: the sweet, juicy pulp of Chrysophyllum cainito is eaten raw or processed.
- Seed oil: seeds contain ~20–25 % of a clear, yellowish oil that is used for cooking and in soap production.
- Hardwood: the tree yields a medium‑hard timber used in construction and furniture.
Industrial and craft applications:
- The durable wood is employed for building frames, interior joinery, furniture components and tool handles.
- Seed oil is incorporated into culinary fats and is a feedstock for soap‑making due to its high unsaturated fatty‑acid content.
Food and beverages (non‑medicinal):
- Fruit is consumed fresh, sliced for fruit salads, or turned into jams, jellies, ice‑cream bases and syrups.
- Seed oil serves as a frying medium and for sautéing, and can be clarified to produce a neutral‑flavored oil for confectionery use.
Wood and fiber:
- The heartwood is a dense, fine‑grained hardwood with a specific gravity of about 0.72 g cm⁻³, suitable for indoor and outdoor timber applications.
Properties relevant to use:
- Fruit pulp contains roughly 12–14 % soluble sugars and low acidity, giving a pleasant sweetness.
- Seed oil is composed of ~60 % linoleic acid, ~20 % oleic acid, with an iodine value near 115 g I₂ 100 g⁻¹, indicating good oxidative stability.
- Wood has an average density of 0.72 g cm⁻³, a Janka hardness of about 4 kN, and good dimensional stability under moisture changes.
Standards and regulation:
- Fresh fruit is governed by Codex Alimentarius standards for fresh fruits and vegetables (Codex Stan 215‑1999) and by national food safety regulations.
- Seed oil intended for food must meet Codex Stan 19‑1981 on edible fats and oils, or equivalent national edible‑oil specifications.
- Timber is graded according to European hardwood standards (EN 1316) which classify strength, durability and defect limits.
Sustainability and sourcing:
- The species is cultivated in tropical agro‑forestry systems where fruit is harvested from mature trees without tree removal.
- Wood is obtained from selective cutting or pruning, allowing continued fruit production and minimizing habitat disturbance.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Cainito pomiferum | Tuss. | Fl. Antill. 3: 41 (1824) |
| Chrysophyllum bonplandii | Klotzsch ex Miq. | Fl. Bras. 7: 94 (1863) |
| Chrysophyllum caeruleum | Jacq. | Select. Stirp. Amer. Hist. : 52 (1763) |
| Chrysophyllum cainito var. caeruleum | Jacq. | Select. Stirp. Amer. Hist. : 52 (1763) |
| Chrysophyllum cainito var. jamaicense | (Jacq.) Bois | Pl. Aliment. 2: 409 1928 |
| Chrysophyllum cainito var. martinicense | Pierre in Duss | Fl. Phan. Antill. Franc. 384. 1897 Name only²Urb. Symb. Ant. 5: 150. 1904 |
| Chrysophyllum cainito var. pomiferum | Pierre | Symb. Antill. 5: 150 (1904) |
| Chrysophyllum cainito var. portoricense | A.DC. | Prodr. 8: 157 (1844) |
| Chrysophyllum jamaicense | Jacq. | Select. Stirp. Amer. Hist. : 52 (1763) |
| Chrysophyllum maliforme | L. | Syst. Nat. ed. 10 , 2: 937 (1759) |
| Chrysophyllum monopyrenum | Spreng. | Syst. Veg. 1: 666 (1824) |
| Chrysophyllum ottonis | Klotzsch ex Miq. | Fl. Bras. 7: 94 (1863) |
| Chrysophyllum sericeum | Salisb. | Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton : 138 (1796) |
| Chrysophyllum cainito var. jamaicense | Jacq. | Select. Stirp. Amer. Hist. 52. 1763 111 |
| Chrysophyllum cainito var. typicum | Stehlé | Caribbean Forester 4: 118 (1943) |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| English | caimito |
| English | star apple |
| English | milk fruit |
| English | cainito |
| English | aguay |
| Spanish | star apple |
| Spanish | cauje |
| Spanish | cynodendron bicolor |
| Arabic | كاينيتو |
| Assamese | তৰা আপেল |
| bcl | kaymito |
| Catalan | cainito |
| Czech | zlatolist obecný |
| Esperanto | stelpomo |
| Finnish | kultatähtiomena |
| French | caimitier |
| French | caïmitier |
| French | caintier |
| French | pomme de lait |
| frr | stääraapelbuum |
| ht | abyaba |
| Indonesian | sawo duren |
| Indonesian | kenitu |
| ilo | kaimito |
| Icelandic | stjörnueplatré |
| Icelandic | stjörnuepli |
| Italian | cynodendron bicolor |
| Italian | cainito |
| Japanese | スターアップル |
| Japanese | ホシリンゴ |
| Japanese | スイショウガキ |
| jv | sawo durèn |
| mad | kenitu |
| Malayalam | സ്റ്റാർ ആപ്പിൾ |
| Malayalam | ക്രിസോഫില്ലം കൈനിറ്റോ |
| Malayalam | കൈനിറ്റോ |
| Malayalam | star apple |
| Norwegian Bokmål | stjerneeple |
| Dutch | cainito |
| Dutch | achras caimito |
| Dutch | caimito |
| Dutch | goudbladboom |
| Norwegian Nynorsk | stjerneeple |
| Portuguese | caimito |
| Portuguese | aguaí |
| Portuguese | abiu-roxo |
| Russian | Звёздное яблоко |
| su | sawo duren |
| su | sawo durén |
| Tamil | ஸ்டார் ஆப்பிள் |
| Telugu | స్టార్ ఆపిల్ |
| Telugu | నక్షత్ర ఆపిల్ |
| Thai | ลูกน้ำนม |
| ty | ’āpara feti’a |
| Vietnamese | achras caimito |
| Vietnamese | vú sữa |
| Chinese | 牛奶果 |
| Chinese | 金星果 |
| Chinese | 星萍果 |
| Chinese | 星苹果 |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Australasia click to expand
-
Australia
- Queensland
-
Australia
-
Northern America click to expand
-
Mexico
- Mexico Southeast
-
Mexico
-
Pacific click to expand
-
South-central Pacific
- Society Islands
-
Southwestern Pacific
- Tonga
-
South-central Pacific
-
Southern America click to expand
-
Caribbean
- Cayman Islands
- Cuba
- Dominican Republic
- Haiti
- Jamaica
- Leeward Islands
- Puerto Rico
- Southwest Caribbean
- Trinidad-Tobago
- Venezuelan Antilles
- Windward Islands
-
Central America
- Belize
- Costa Rica
- El Salvador
- Guatemala
- Honduras
- Nicaragua
- Panamá
-
Northern South America
- Guyana
- Venezuela
-
Western South America
- Colombia
- Ecuador
- Peru
-
Caribbean
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000854556 |
| UNII | C777VF1OXT |
| USDA Plants | CHCA10 |
| Tropicos | 28700679 |
| INPN | 447599 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:304384-2 |
| The Plant List | kew-40005 |
| Missouri Botanical Garden | 286834 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 329806 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 221251 |
| IUCN Red List | 197735752 |
| IPNI | 304384-2 |
| iNaturalist | 48876 |
| GBIF | 2885828 |
| Freebase | /m/04nrfn |
| EPPO | CSFCA |
| EOL | 1148152 |
| USDA GRIN | 10405 |
| Wikipedia | Chrysophyllum_cainito |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Phytochemical Profile Top
Add a new one!
Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives / Gallic acids | |||||
| Gallic Acid | 370 | Click to see | 170.12 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011178N |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins | |||||
| 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-3,5,7-triol | 1203 | Click to see | 290.27 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011178N |
| Catechin | 9064 | Click to see | 290.27 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011178N |
| Epicatechin | 72276 | Click to see | 290.27 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011178N |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins / Epigallocatechins | |||||
| Epigallocatechin | 72277 | Click to see C1C(C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C21)O)O)C3=CC(=C(C(=C3)O)O)O)O | 306.27 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011178N |
| Flavan-3,3',4',5,5',7-hexol | 1249 | Click to see | 306.27 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011178N |
| Gallocatechin | 65084 | Click to see | 306.27 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011178N |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols | |||||
| Quercetin | 5280343 | Click to see | 302.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011178N |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides | |||||
| 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(Hydroxymethyl)Oxan-2-Yl)Oxychromen-4-One | 5378597 | Click to see | 464.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011178N |
| 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-yl 6-deoxyhexopyranoside | 5353915 | Click to see | 448.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011178N |
| 5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-Methyloxan-2-Yl)Oxy-2-(3,4,5-Trihydroxyphenyl)Chromen-4-One | 5352000 | Click to see | 464.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011178N |
| Isoquercetin | 5280804 | Click to see | 464.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011178N |
| Myricitrin | 5281673 | Click to see | 464.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011178N |
| Quercitrin | 5280459 | Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=C(OC3=CC(=CC(=C3C2=O)O)O)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O | 448.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011178N |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |