Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

In Indian folk and tribal medicine Achyranthes aspera is best known as a tea and decoction herb. Surveys of the Udaipur region report that fresh or dried leaf infusions are taken for fever and cough, while leaf decoctions are a common diuretic and are used to treat urinary complaints (Sharma and Singh, 2001). Among the tribal communities of Bastar in Chhattisgarh, fresh leaves are macerated and strained to make a bitter infusion taken for jaundice and other hepatic symptoms (Patel et al., 2014). Folk practitioners in the Ganga Basin of northern India also boil the aerial parts to make a decoction given for fevers and digestive upsets (Rohtas and Kumar, 2013). These regional patterns fit the broader South Asian uses summarized by Ghorab et al., who note that infusions and decoctions of the leaves are employed for fevers, cough, and urinary complaints (Ghorab et al., 2004).

A practical, mild tea follows the same simple proportions documented in Indian domestic practice. Use about 1 tablespoon (roughly 3–5 g) of fresh leaves or 1 teaspoon (about 2–3 g) of dried aerial material per cup of water. Bring to a gentle boil, remove from heat, and steep for 10–12 minutes before straining. A typical dose is 1 cup taken two or three times daily for fever or cough, not exceeding a week of continuous use. Safety notes should be modest and cautious: the plant is considered bitter and astringent in folk use, and occasional gastrointestinal upset has been reported; pregnant people should avoid it, and nursing mothers and children under 12 should be cautious due to a lack of clinical safety data (Ghorab et al., 2004). A slightly stronger leaf decoction—simmering 5 g of dried aerial parts in 200 ml water for 15–20 minutes and drinking 100–150 ml twice daily—matches the diuretic use from northern India, but avoid daily dosing beyond 5–7 days and discontinue if nausea or cramping occurs.

The bitterness and astringency of these preparations are aligned with the plant’s profile of saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids that are repeatedly reported for Achyranthes aspera. Saponins lend an expectorant quality that supports the cough-relief rationale, and flavonoids and phenolics contribute antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions plausibly linked to febrile states. Alkaloids are frequently cited as minor constituents, though their contribution to traditional activity remains unclear (Bennet et al., 2018).

Modern interest remains steady across both scientific and commercial arenas. Numerous studies continue to explore anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-urolithic activities that mirror long-standing uses, and the plant is still found in some regional herbal markets and community gardens, especially in northern India, where traditional tea and decoction practices persist.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
- Seed oil (biodiesel feedstock)
- Seed gum (food thickener, cosmetic emulsifier)
- Young leaves (leafy vegetable)
- Seed flour (protein‑rich food ingredient)
- Bast fiber (rope, twine, paper pulp)
- Natural brown dye (textile coloring)

Industrial and craft applications:
- Transesterification of seed oil to biodiesel
- Production of paper pulp from bast fibers
- Extraction of natural dye for wool/silk dyeing
- Use of seed mucilage as a bio‑adhesive in composite materials

Food and beverages (non‑medicinal):
- Young leaves and shoots cooked as leafy vegetable in Indian cuisine
- Seeds ground into flour for flatbreads, porridges, and protein supplements

Colorants and tanning:
- Leaf and stem extracts yield a brown dye for protein fibers (wool, silk)

Wood and fiber:
- Bast fibers (stem) used for rope, twine, and coarse cloth; suitable for pulp

Fragrance and cosmetics:
- Seed mucilage serves as a natural emulsifier and stabilizer in creams and lotions
- Seed oil incorporated into soap formulations

Properties relevant to use:
- Seed oil: ~45‑55 % linoleic acid, ~20‑30 % oleic acid; saponification value 185‑210 mg KOH g⁻¹; iodine value 110‑120 g I₂ 100 g⁻¹; meets biodiesel conversion requirements
- Seed gum: high water solubility; 1 % (w/v) solutions viscosity 500‑800 cP at 25 °C; forms stable emulsions
- Bast fibers: cellulose 55‑60 %, lignin 15‑20 %; tensile strength 300‑400 MPa (dry); low ash content

Standards and regulation:
- Biodiesel must comply with EN 14214 (EU) or ASTM D6751 (US); Achyranthes aspera oil typically meets specifications for FAME, density and flash point
- Fresh leaf vegetable regulated under national food‑safety statutes (e.g., India’s Food Safety and Standards Act) for market sale
- No specific ISO for the plant’s fiber or gum

Sustainability and sourcing:
- Widespread weed in tropical/subtropical regions; high biomass (up to 20 t ha⁻¹ fresh weight)
- Grows on marginal soils with minimal irrigation or fertilizer
- Harvest of leaves, stems, and seeds possible without dedicated cultivation, reducing pressure on arable land

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Stachyarpagophora aspera	(L.) M.Gómez	Anales Inst. Segunda Enseñ. 2: 312 (1896)
Achyranthes daito-insularis	Tawada	Biol. Mag. 5: 32 1968
Achyranthes acuminata	hort. ex Schinz	Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2 [Engler & Prantl] 16c: 82, in syn. 1934
Achyranthes aspera var. australis	(R.Br.) Domin	Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 84 (1921)
Achyranthes aspera var. canescens	F.M.Bailey	The Queensland Flora 4 1901
Achyranthes aspera var. simplex	Millsp.	Publ. Field Columb. Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 36 (1900)
Achyranthes aspera f. subgrandifolia	Suess.	Occas. Pap. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus. 12(2): 6 1936
Achyranthes asperoides	P.Lima	Brotéria. Sér. Bot. 1921, xix. 116;.
Achyranthes australis	R.Br.	Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. : 417 (1810)
Achyranthes canescens	R.Br.	Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. : 417 (1810)
Achyranthes ellipticifolia	Stokes	Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 479 (1812)
Achyranthes fruticosa	Desf.	Tabl. École Bot., ed. 3 (Cat. Pl. Horti Paris.) 76. 1829
Achyranthes grandifolia	Moq.	Prodr. 18(2): 313 (1868)
Achyranthes obovata	Peter	Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 40(2, Anhang): 25. 1932
Achyranthes obovatifolia	Stokes	Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 480 (1812)
Achyranthes okinawensis	Tawada	J. Geobot. 19: 31 (1971)
Achyranthes robusta	C.H.Wright	Fl. Cap. 5(1): 428 (1910)
Achyranthes tenuifolia	Steud.	Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. 1: 16. 1840
Cadelaria punctata	Raf.	Fl. Tellur. 3: 39 (1837)
Centrostachys aspera	(L.) Standl.	J. Washington Acad. Sci. 5: 75 (1915)
Centrostachys australis	Standl.	J. Washington Acad. Sci. 5: 75 (1915)
Centrostachys canescens	Standl.	J. Washington Acad. Sci. 5: 76 (1915)
Centrostachys grandifolia	Standl.	J. Washington Acad. Sci. 5: 76 (1915)
Centrostachys indica	(L.) Standl.	J. Washington Acad. Sci. 5: 75 (1915)
Achyranthes sicula	Roth	Cat. Bot. 1: 39 1797
Achyranthes aspera var. obtusifolia	(Lam.) Suess.	Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 1: 152 (1952)
Achyranthes aspera var. aspera	L.

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	chaff-flower
English	crocus stuff
English	crokars staff
English	devil's horsewhip
English	prickly chaff flower
Afrikaans	langklits
Afrikaans	haak-en-steek-klitsbossie
Afrikaans	knapsekêrel
Arabic	اكيرانثيس خشن
Assamese	অপমাগ
Assamese	ওভটাশোধ
Assamese	ওভতকাটা
Assamese	বনশোধ
Bengali	অপাঙ্গ
Bengali	অপামার্গ
Bengali	আপাং
Bengali	বিলাইখামচি
Tibetan	ཨ་པ་མ་རྒ
Finnish	otatähkähäntä
gor	jarong
Gujarati	અઘેડો
Gujarati	અપામાર્ગ
Hindi	अघाड़ा
Hindi	अपामार्ग
Hindi	उल्टा कांटा
Hindi	चिरचिटा
Hindi	चिरचिरा
Hindi	लटजीरा
Indonesian	jarong lelaki
jv	jarong
Khmer	ដើមអណ្តាតគោ
Kannada	ಉತ್ತರಾಣಿ
Kannada	ಉತ್ತರೇಣಿ
Kannada	ಮಯೂರ
Kannada	ಮಯೂರಕ
Kannada	ಶೈಖರಿಕ
Korean	조모우슬
Korean	토우슬
Korean	아키란테스 아스페라
lus	bu-chhawl
lus	ui-hlo
mad	nyarang
mai	दतिवन
Malagasy	trakavola
Malagasy	vatofosalahy
Malagasy	vatomposa
Malagasy	fandrangojaza
Malagasy	tsipolitra
Malagasy	tsipolomanitra
Malagasy	tsiporomanitra
Malagasy	tsipotamena
Malagasy	tsipotemena
Malagasy	vatofosa
mis	champangmichel
mis	કાંઢેરો આઘાડો
Malayalam	കടലാടി
Malayalam	വൻകടലാടി
mni	ꯈꯨꯖꯨꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦ
Marathi	अघाडा
Marathi	अपामार्ग
Marathi	किणी
Marathi	खरमंजरी
Marathi	सूराट
Marathi	आघाडा
Malay	pokok jarong
Burmese	ကြက်မောက်ဆူးပြန်
Burmese	ကျွဲနှာခေါင်းချိတ်
Nepali	अकमारो
Nepali	अपामार्ग
Nepali	उल्टो कुरो
Nepali	काली झार
Nepali	जम्दी
Nepali	दतिवन
Oriya	ଅପାମାର୍ଗ
Punjabi	ਪੁੱਠ ਕੰਡਾ
Punjabi	ਅਪਾਮਾਰਗ
pam	kariking pusa
pi	मोरगु
Punjab	پٹھ کنڈا
Kinyarwanda	umuhurura
rwr	आघीजाडो
sa	मयूरः
sa	अपामार्ग
sa	खरमञ्जरी
sa	शैखरिकः
sa	अपामार्गसस्यम्
sd	ابت ڪنڊڙي
st	bohomane
su	jarong lalaki
szy	nipaluma-cecin niwci
Tamil	அபாமார்க்கம்
Tamil	ஆகாடம்
Tamil	நாயுரீஇ
Tamil	நாயுருவி
tcy	ಉತ್ತರಣೆ
Telugu	అంటీశ
Telugu	అపామార్గము
Telugu	ఉత్తరేణు
Telugu	దుబ్బిన చెట్టు
Telugu	ప్రత్యక్పుష్పి
Telugu	అపామార్గం
Telugu	ఉత్తరేణి
Tonga	tamatama
Urdu	اگهاڙا
Urdu	چرچرا
Vietnamese	cỏ xước
Vietnamese	thổ ngưu tất
Vietnamese	ngưu tất nam
za	godazdauq
Chinese	七牛膝
Chinese	云牛膝
Chinese	倒扣草
Chinese	土牛膝
Chinese	土牛膝（粗毛牛膝、倒扣草）
Chinese	杜牛夕
Chinese	倒梗草
Chinese	倒钩草
Zulu	isinama
Zulu	usibambangubo
Zulu	ulimilwengwe
Zulu	ibundlubundlu

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Achyranthes aspera var. borbonica	(Willd. ex Schult.) C.C.Towns.	Kew Bull. 29: 474 (1974)
Achyranthes aspera var. indica	L.	Sp. Pl. : 204 (1753)
Achyranthes aspera var. porphyristachya	(Wall. ex Moq.) Hook.f.	Fl. Brit. India 4: 730 (1885)
Achyranthes aspera var. pubescens	M.Gómez	Noc. Bot. Sist. : 58 (1893)
Achyranthes aspera var. rubrofusca	(Wight) Hook.f.	Fl. Brit. India 4: 730 (1885)
Achyranthes aspera var. sicula	L.	Sp. Pl. : 204 (1753)
Achyranthes aspera var. velutina	(Hook. & Arn.) C.C.Towns.	Kew Bull. 29: 473 (1974)

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- East Tropical Africa
  - Kenya
  - Tanzania
  - Uganda
- Macaronesia
  - Azores
  - Canary Islands
  - Cape Verde
  - Madeira
  - Selvagens
- Middle Atlantic Ocean
  - Saint Helena
- Northeast Tropical Africa
  - Chad
  - Djibouti
  - Eritrea
  - Ethiopia
  - Socotra
  - Somalia
  - Sudan
- Northern Africa
  - Algeria
  - Egypt
  - Morocco
  - Tunisia
  - Western Sahara
- South Tropical Africa
  - Angola
  - Malawi
  - Mozambique
  - Zambia
  - Zimbabwe
- Southern Africa
  - Botswana
  - Cape Provinces
  - Free State
  - Kwazulu-Natal
  - Lesotho
  - Namibia
  - Northern Provinces
  - Swaziland
- West Tropical Africa
  - Benin
  - Burkina
  - Gambia
  - Ghana
  - Guinea
  - Guinea-Bissau
  - Ivory Coast
  - Liberia
  - Mali
  - Mauritania
  - Niger
  - Nigeria
  - Senegal
  - Sierra Leone
- West-central Tropical Africa
  - Burundi
  - Cameroon
  - Central African Republic
  - Congo
  - Gabon
  - Gulf Of Guinea Islands
  - Rwanda
  - Zaïre
- Western Indian Ocean
  - Aldabra
  - Chagos Archipelago
  - Comoros
  - Madagascar
  - Mauritius
  - Mozambique Channel Islands
  - Rodrigues
  - Réunion
  - Seychelles

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Arabian Peninsula
  - Gulf States
  - Oman
  - Saudi Arabia
  - Yemen
- China
  - China South-central
  - China Southeast
  - Hainan
- Eastern Asia
  - Japan
  - Kazan-retto
  - Nansei-shoto
  - Ogasawara-Shoto
  - Taiwan
- Western Asia
  - Afghanistan
  - Iran
  - Lebanon-Syria
  - Palestine

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Assam
  - Bangladesh
  - East Himalaya
  - India
  - Laccadive Islands
  - Maldives
  - Nepal
  - Pakistan
  - Sri Lanka
  - West Himalaya
- Indo-China
  - Andaman Islands
  - Cambodia
  - Laos
  - Myanmar
  - Nicobar Nicobar
  - South China Sea
  - Thailand
  - Vietnam
- Malesia
  - Borneo
  - Christmas Island
  - Cocos (keeling) Islands
  - Jawa
  - Lesser Sunda Islands
  - Malaya
  - Maluku
  - Philippines
  - Sulawesi
  - Sumatera
- Papuasia
  - Bismarck Archipelago
  - New Guinea
  - Solomon Islands

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - Norfolk Island
  - Northern Territory
  - Queensland
  - Western Australia
- New Zealand
  - Kermadec Islands
  - New Zealand North

Europe click to expand
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
- Southeastern Europe
  - Italy
  - Sicilia
- Southwestern Europe
  - Sardegna
  - Spain

Northern America click to expand
- Mexico
  - Mexico Central
  - Mexico Gulf
  - Mexico Northeast
  - Mexico Northwest
  - Mexico Southeast
  - Mexico Southwest
- South-central U.S.A.
  - Texas
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Alabama
  - Florida
  - Louisiana
  - Maryland
  - South Carolina

Pacific click to expand
- North-central Pacific
  - Hawaii
- Northwestern Pacific
  - Caroline Islands
  - Marianas
  - Marshall Islands
- South-central Pacific
  - Cook Islands
  - Line Islands
  - Marquesas
  - Pitcairn Islands
  - Society Islands
  - Tuamotu
  - Tubuai Islands
- Southwestern Pacific
  - Fiji
  - Gilbert Islands
  - Nauru
  - New Caledonia
  - Niue
  - Samoa
  - Tokelau-manihiki
  - Tonga
  - Tuvalu
  - Vanuatu
  - Wallis-Futuna Islands

Southern America click to expand
- Brazil
  - Brazil North
  - Brazil Northeast
  - Brazil Southeast
  - Brazil West-central
- Caribbean
  - Aruba
  - Bahamas
  - Cuba
  - Dominican Republic
  - Haiti
  - Jamaica
  - Leeward Islands
  - Netherlands Antilles
  - Puerto Rico
  - Southwest Caribbean
  - Trinidad-Tobago
  - Turks-caicos Islands
  - Venezuelan Antilles
  - Windward Islands
- Central America
  - Belize
  - Costa Rica
  - El Salvador
  - Guatemala
  - Honduras
  - Nicaragua
  - Panamá
- Northern South America
  - French Guiana
  - Guyana
  - Suriname
  - Venezuela
- Western South America
  - Bolivia
  - Colombia
  - Galápagos
  - Peru

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000516177
UNII	X4U95A2W1I
Flora of Alabama	267
USDA Plants	ACAS
Tropicos	1100001
INPN	446886
Flora of Italy	550
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:2468-2
The Plant List	kew-2617475
Open Tree Of Life	100266
Observations.org	105159
NCBI Taxonomy	240005
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0200001655
Nature Serve	2.137038
IPNI	2468-2
iNaturalist	157960
iNaturalist	239074
GBIF	3085168
Freebase	/m/0dln05q
EPPO	ACYAS
EOL	585501
Elurikkus	365188
USDA GRIN	401486
Wikipedia	Achyranthes_aspera
CMAUP	NPO20787
PFAF	Achyranthes aspera

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Study of medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary medical system in riverine areas of Punjab, Pakistan

Umair M, Altaf M, Ahsan T, Bussmann RW, Abbasi AM, Gatasheh MK, Elrobh M

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

07-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11077875
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00686-9
PMID:	38715115

Dietary supplementation of Chinese herbal medicines enhances the immune response and resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus

Wang Q, Pan Y, Huang J, Li Y, Wu S, Zhao L, Sun T, Kang Y, Liu Z

Front Vet Sci

17-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11062137
doi:	10.3389/fvets.2024.1341920
PMID:	38694480

Traditional lore on the healing effects of therapeutic plants used by the local communities around Simien Mountains National Park, northwestern Ethiopia

Seraw E, Melkamu Y, Masresha G

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

17-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11025143
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00678-9
PMID:	38632559

Bioactive and biodegradable cotton fabrics produced via synergic effect of plant extracts and essential oils in chitosan coating system

Szadkowski B, Śliwka-Kaszyńska M, Marzec A

Sci Rep

12-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11014983
doi:	10.1038/s41598-024-59105-4
PMID:	38609489

Wetland vegetation composition and ecology of Lake Abaya in southern Ethiopia

Gojamme DU

PLoS One

10-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11006174
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0301795
PMID:	38598506

Leaf functional traits and resource use strategies facilitate the spread of invasive plant Parthenium hysterophorus across an elevational gradient in western Himalayas

Sharma P, Rathee S, Ahmad M, Siddiqui MH, Alamri S, Kaur S, Kohli RK, Singh HP, Batish DR

BMC Plant Biol

02-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC10985864
doi:	10.1186/s12870-024-04904-0
PMID:	38561674

Vegetation–edaphic correlation and importance value index in himalayan ‘ecotone’ temperate conifer forest using the multivariate technique

Ali F, Zeb M, Amin M, Rajpar MN, Hidayat S, Khan WR

Saudi J Biol Sci

24-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11000104
doi:	10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.103983
PMID:	38590389

Choline supplementation: Impact on broiler chicken performance, steatosis, and economic viability from from 1 to 42 days

Ramalho de Lima M, Kaneko IN, de Lima AV, de Melo LN, de Lima MC, de Brito AN, Costa FG, Boas AD, Toledo AL, Ferrer SL, Marimuthu S

PLoS One

19-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10950236
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0295488
PMID:	38502648

Serratia spp. as plant growth-promoting bacteria alleviating salinity, drought, and nutrient imbalance stresses

Kulkova I, Wróbel B, Dobrzyński J

Front Microbiol

18-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10982427
doi:	10.3389/fmicb.2024.1342331
PMID:	38562478

Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants and their utilization by indigenous and local communities of Dugda District, Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia

Oda BK, Lulekal E, Warkineh B, Asfaw Z, Debella A

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

09-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10924356
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00665-0
PMID:	38461267

Medicinal Plants Used by Oromo Community in Kofale District, West-Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Nuro GB, Tolossa K, Giday M

J Exp Pharmacol

05-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10929209
doi:	10.2147/JEP.S449496
PMID:	38476311

Ethnobotanical study of traditional medicinal plants used by the local Gamo people in Boreda Abaya District, Gamo Zone, southern Ethiopia

Zemede J, Mekuria T, Ochieng CO, Onjalalaina GE, Hu GW

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

28-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10900619
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00666-z
PMID:	38419092

Use of Medicinal Plants in the Process of Wound Healing: A Literature Review

Cedillo-Cortezano M, Martinez-Cuevas LR, López JA, Barrera López IL, Escutia-Perez S, Petricevich VL

Pharmaceuticals (Basel)

27-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10975678
doi:	10.3390/ph17030303
PMID:	38543089

Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Yi people in Mile, Yunnan, China

Li H, Huang C, Li Y, Wang P, Sun J, Bi Z, Xia S, Xiong Y, Bai X, Huang X

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

23-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10893717
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00656-1
PMID:	38395900

The Roles of Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)-Based Biostimulants for Agricultural Production Systems

Sun W, Shahrajabian MH, Soleymani A

Plants (Basel)

23-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10934396
doi:	10.3390/plants13050613
PMID:	38475460

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / M-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives
Vanillic Acid	8468	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(=O)O)O	168.15	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols
2-Propenal, 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-	9984	Click to see	178.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
Syringaldehyde	8655	Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)C=O	182.17	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Dibenzylbutane lignans
[(2R,3R)-2,3-bis[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-4-[(Z)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxybutyl] (Z)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	24898244	Click to see	714.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
9,9'-Di-O-(E)-feruloylsecoisolariciresinol	10439806	Click to see	714.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids
Eicosanoic Acid	10467	Click to see	312.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/LIPI.19850870507
Myristic Acid	11005	Click to see	228.37	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/LIPI.19850870507
Oleic Acid	445639	Click to see	282.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/LIPI.19850870507
Palmitic Acid	985	Click to see	256.42	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/LIPI.19850870507
Stearic Acid	5281	Click to see	284.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/LIPI.19850870507
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Medium-chain fatty acids
Lauric Acid	3893	Click to see	200.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/LIPI.19850870507
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Very long-chain fatty acids
Behenic Acid	8215	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O	340.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/LIPI.19850870507
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols
(7S)-27-cyclohexylheptacosan-7-ol	162905743	Click to see	478.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85427-S
1-Tritriacontanol	156150	Click to see	480.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85071-7
27-Cyclohexylheptacosan-7-ol	162905742	Click to see	478.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85427-S
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols / Long-chain fatty alcohols
(16R)-16-hydroxy-26-methylheptacosan-2-one	163048549	Click to see CC(C)CCCCCCCCCC(CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)C)O	424.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85427-S
(17R)-pentatriacontan-17-ol	162863201	Click to see	508.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83153-P
16-Hydroxy-26-methylheptacosan-2-one	85694888	Click to see	424.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85427-S
17-Pentatriacontanol	85649907	Click to see	508.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83153-P
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Lineolic acids and derivatives
Linoleic Acid	5280450	Click to see CCCCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)O	280.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/LIPI.19850870507
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Agarofurans
triptogelin C-1	10459206	Click to see	516.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Triterpene glycosides / Triterpene saponins
(2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-[[(3S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aS,12aS,14aR,14bR)-4,4,6a,6b,11,11,14b-heptamethyl-8a-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxycarbonyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-yl]oxy]-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid	162905634	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(OC(C(C2O)O)OC3C(C(C(OC3C(=O)O)OC4CCC5(C(C4(C)C)CCC6(C5CC=C7C6(CCC8(C7CC(CC8)(C)C)C(=O)OC9C(C(C(C(O9)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C)O)O)CO)O)O)O	1103.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85154-7
(2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-[[(3S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aS,12aS,14aR,14bR)-8a-carboxy-4,4,6a,6b,11,11,14b-heptamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-yl]oxy]-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid	162933205	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(OC(C(C2O)O)OC3C(C(C(OC3C(=O)O)OC4CCC5(C(C4(C)C)CCC6(C5CC=C7C6(CCC8(C7CC(CC8)(C)C)C(=O)O)C)C)C)O)O)CO)O)O)O	941.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85154-7
6-[(8a-Carboxy-4,4,6a,6b,11,11,14b-heptamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-yl)oxy]-3-[3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid	162933202	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(OC(C(C2O)O)OC3C(C(C(OC3C(=O)O)OC4CCC5(C(C4(C)C)CCC6(C5CC=C7C6(CCC8(C7CC(CC8)(C)C)C(=O)O)C)C)C)O)O)CO)O)O)O	941.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85154-7
6-[[4,4,6a,6b,11,11,14b-Heptamethyl-8a-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxycarbonyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-yl]oxy]-3-[3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid	162905632	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(OC(C(C2O)O)OC3C(C(C(OC3C(=O)O)OC4CCC5(C(C4(C)C)CCC6(C5CC=C7C6(CCC8(C7CC(CC8)(C)C)C(=O)OC9C(C(C(C(O9)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C)O)O)CO)O)O)O	1103.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85154-7
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(+)-Ursolic Acid	64945	Click to see	456.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1S,4S,5R,8R,9R,13R,14R,17S,18R,19S,20R)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-4,5,9,13,19,20-hexamethyl-24-oxahexacyclo[15.5.2.01,18.04,17.05,14.08,13]tetracosane-10,16-dione	101485480	Click to see	470.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1S,4S,5R,8R,9S,10S,13R,14R,17S,18R,19S,20R)-10-hydroxy-4,5,9,13,19,20-hexamethyl-16-oxo-24-oxahexacyclo[15.5.2.01,18.04,17.05,14.08,13]tetracosane-9-carbaldehyde	101485479	Click to see CC1CCC23CCC4(C5(CCC6C(C5CC(=O)C4(C2C1C)OC3)(CCC(C6(C)C=O)O)C)C)C	470.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S)-2-[(3R,4aS,6aS,8R,10aR,10bS)-3,4a,7,7,10a-pentamethyl-8-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,5,6,6a,8,9,10,10b-octahydro-1H-benzo[f]chromen-3-yl]-2-hydroxyethoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	101506968	Click to see	664.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(2R,3S,4aS,6aS,8R,10aR,10bS)-3-ethenyl-3,4a,7,7,10a-pentamethyl-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,5,6,6a,8,9,10,10b-octahydro-1H-benzo[f]chromen-8-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	101506970	Click to see	646.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(2S,3S,4aS,6aS,8R,10aR,10bS)-3-ethenyl-3,4a,7,7,10a-pentamethyl-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,5,6,6a,8,9,10,10b-octahydro-1H-benzo[f]chromen-8-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	101506969	Click to see	646.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(3R,4aS,6aS,8R,10aR,10bS)-3-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3,4a,7,7,10a-pentamethyl-2,5,6,6a,8,9,10,10b-octahydro-1H-benzo[f]chromen-8-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	101506966	Click to see CC1(C2CCC3(C(C2(CCC1OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)C)CCC(O3)(C)C(CO)O)C)C	502.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(3R,4aS,6aS,8R,10aR,10bS)-3-[(1S)-2-hydroxy-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyethyl]-3,4a,7,7,10a-pentamethyl-2,5,6,6a,8,9,10,10b-octahydro-1H-benzo[f]chromen-8-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	101506967	Click to see	664.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8S,8aS,11R,12S,12aS,14R,14aR,14bS)-14-methoxy-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,12,14b-octamethyl-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-3,8-diol	44235666	Click to see	472.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3S,4S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aR,11R,12S,12aR,14S,14aR,14bS)-3,13-dihydroxy-14-methoxy-4,6a,6b,8a,11,12,14b-heptamethyl-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4-carbaldehyde	44235896	Click to see	486.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
(4R,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aR,11R,12S,12aR,14S,14aR,14bS)-13-hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-14-methoxy-4,6a,6b,8a,11,12,14b-heptamethyl-1,2,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-one	44235900	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=C(C(C4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(=O)C5(C)CO)C)C)OC)O)C2C1C)C)C	486.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
(4S,4aS,5R,6aR,6bS,8aR,11R,12S,12aR,14S,14aR,14bS)-5,13-dihydroxy-14-methoxy-4,6a,6b,8a,11,12,14b-heptamethyl-2,4,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydro-1H-picen-3-one	44235898	Click to see	472.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Saccharolipids
[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-propan-2-yloxyoxan-2-yl]methyl (2S,3R)-2-ethyl-2,3-dihydroxybutanoate	102448008	Click to see	352.38	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2R,3R)-3-cyanobutan-2-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl (2S,3R)-2-ethyl-2,3-dihydroxybutanoate	102448005	Click to see	391.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2S,3R)-3-cyanobutan-2-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl (2S,3R)-2-ethyl-2,3-dihydroxybutanoate	102448004	Click to see	391.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2S,3S)-3-cyanobutan-2-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl (2S,3R)-2-ethyl-2,3-dihydroxybutanoate	102448006	Click to see	391.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(E)-3-cyano-4-hydroxybut-2-enoxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl (2S,3R)-2-ethyl-2,3-dihydroxybutanoate	102448007	Click to see CCC(C(C)O)(C(=O)OCC1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC=C(CO)C#N)O)O)O)O	405.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Microtropin F	102448009	Click to see CCC(COC1C(C(C(C(O1)COC(=O)C(CC)(C(C)O)O)O)O)O)O	382.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Bile acids, alcohols and derivatives / Hydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives
(2S,3R,5R,10R,13R,14S)-2,3,14-trihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-17-[(2R,3R)-2,3,6-trihydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,3,4,5,9,11,12,15,16,17-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-6-one	44143979	Click to see	480.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
20-Hydroxyecdysone	5459840	Click to see	480.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00010306
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Oxosteroids / 16-oxosteroids
2-[(1R,2R,4aR,4bS,6aS,10aS,12aR)-6a-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(1-methoxy-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-1,4a,4b,9,9-pentamethyl-3,4,5,6,7,8,10,10a,12,12a-decahydro-2H-chrysen-1-yl]acetic acid	44235899	Click to see	502.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroidal glycosides
2,14-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-3-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-17-(1,2,5-trihydroxy-5-methylhexyl)-2,3,4,5,9,11,12,15,16,17-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-6-one	5316998	Click to see	628.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
(-)-beta-Sitosterol	222284	Click to see	414.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
3-Hydroxystigmast-5-en-7-one	160608	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2C(=O)C=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	428.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Hexacarboxylic acids and derivatives
8-Benzoyloxymutangin	24898243	Click to see	756.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Pentacarboxylic acids and derivatives
[(1S,2R,4S,5R,6R,7S,9R,12R)-4,5-diacetyloxy-7,12-dibenzoyloxy-2,10,10-trimethyl-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-6-yl]methyl benzoate	16109789	Click to see	698.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(1S,2R,4S,5R,6R,7S,9R,12R)-4,5,12-triacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-2,10,10-trimethyl-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-7-yl] benzoate	14414924	Click to see CC1CC(C(C2(C13C(C(CC2OC(=O)C4=CC=CC=C4)C(O3)(C)C)OC(=O)C)COC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C	574.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
15-Acetoxyorbiculin G	24898039	Click to see CC1CC(C(C2(C13C(C(CC2OC(=O)C4=CC=CC=C4)C(O3)(C)C)OC(=O)C5=CC=CC=C5)COC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C6=CC=CC=C6	698.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
Mutangin	44419602	Click to see CC1CC(C(C2(C13C(C(CC2OC(=O)C4=CC=CC=C4)C(O3)(C)C)OC(=O)C)COC(=O)C5=CC=CC=C5)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C	636.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Benzaldehydes / Hydroxybenzaldehydes
Ethyl Vanillin	8467	Click to see CCOC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C=O)O	166.17	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Phenylketones / Alkyl-phenylketones
3-Hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-propanone	75142	Click to see	196.20	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Naphthopyrans
(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[[(1S,4S,6R,9R,10S,13R,14S)-14-hydroxy-5,5,9,13-tetramethyl-16,18-dioxatetracyclo[11.4.1.01,10.04,9]octadecan-6-yl]oxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol	101506965	Click to see CC1(C2CCC34COCC(C(O3)(CCC4C2(CCC1OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)O)C	500.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyrrolidines / N-alkylpyrrolidines
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone	13387	Click to see	99.13	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives
Scoparone	8417	Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C(=C1)C=CC(=O)O2)OC	206.19	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
Hyperoside	5281643	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00010306
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 7-O-methylated flavonoids
Sakuranetin	73571	Click to see COC1=CC(=C2C(=O)CC(OC2=C1)C3=CC=C(C=C3)O)O	286.28	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Stilbenes
(-)-Evofolin B	46229015	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(CO)C(=O)C2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)OC)O	318.32	unknown	via CMAUP database

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Achyranthes aspera

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