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Zephyranthes citrina

Table of Contents

Details
Ethnobotanical Use
General Uses
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Gallery
Contributors
Collections

Details Top

Internal ID UUID644024382c103823109763
Scientific name Zephyranthes citrina
Authority Baker
First published in Bot. Mag. 108: t. 6605 (1882)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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General Uses Top

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Common products:
The principal commercial product of Zephyranthes citrina is the whole plant marketed as an ornamental bulb or container‑grown perennial. Nurseries sell dormant bulbs for planting in garden borders, rockeries, and mixed perennial beds, as well as established potted plants for indoor and outdoor display. Cut flowering stems are occasionally offered by floral wholesalers for short‑term vase arrangements, although the brief bloom period limits large‑scale floristry use. All commercial forms are supplied under horticultural trade names that emphasize the species’ bright yellow flowers and early summer flowering habit.

Properties relevant to use:
The species is a herbaceous, geophytic perennial with a tunicated bulb that stores nutrients, enabling rapid shoot emergence after dormancy. Plants reach 20–35 cm in height and produce linear, basal leaves that remain evergreen in mild climates. Flowers are actinomorphic, funnel‑shaped, and a vivid yellow, opening in succession over a 4–6‑week period in late spring to early summer. The hardiness rating of USDA zones 8–11 and a moderate drought tolerance make the plant suitable for low‑maintenance landscapes in warm temperate and subtropical regions. The combination of compact size, early floral display, and naturalization tendency contributes to its popularity among landscapers seeking seasonal color without extensive pruning or irrigation.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Commercial propagation is almost entirely vegetative, accomplished by dividing mature bulbs or via seed sowing in controlled nursery environments. This method reduces reliance on wild‑collected material and minimizes genetic erosion. While some range countries have local populations, most cultivated material originates from breeding programs and commercial growers rather than wild harvest, contributing to a low impact on natural habitats. Packaging standards for bulb trade typically follow the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) for cultivar naming and the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) protocols for seed quality, ensuring traceability and varietal integrity.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Atamosco eggersiana Britton Fl. Bermuda : 79 (1918)
Zephyranthes eggersiana Urb. Symb. Antill. 5: 292 (1907)
Zephyranthes sulphurea Noter Monogr. Hort. Pl. Bulbeuses : 84 (1905)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English citron zephyrlily
Japanese キバナサフランモドキ
Thai พญาหัวเดียว
Chinese 黄花葱兰
Chinese 黄花葱莲

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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Sow seeds at 20°C, expecting germination within 3 months without further temperature treatment.
Sow seeds immediately as their viability decreases rapidly, or they best germinate when fresh. If stored, seeds might need temperature cycling and patience to germinate.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Northern America
    • Mexico
      • Mexico Southeast
    • Southeastern U.S.A.
      • Alabama
      • Florida
      • Mississippi
  • Pacific
    • North-central Pacific
      • Hawaii
    • South-central Pacific
      • Cook Islands
    • Southwestern Pacific
      • Tokelau-manihiki
  • Southern America
    • Caribbean
      • Bahamas
      • Cayman Islands
      • Cuba
      • Haiti
      • Jamaica
      • Leeward Islands
      • Puerto Rico
      • Trinidad-Tobago
      • Windward Islands
    • Central America
      • Honduras
      • Panamá

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000752509
Florida Plant Atlas 149
Flora of Alabama 4435
USDA Plants ZECI
Tropicos 1200708
INPN 630920
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:67211-1
The Plant List kew-292006
Open Tree Of Life 122232
NCBI Taxonomy 146473
Nature Serve 2.143720
IPNI 67211-1
iNaturalist 170416
GBIF 2859827
Freebase /m/012dtg0z
EPPO ZEPCI
EOL 1083700
USDA GRIN 42227
Wikipedia Zephyranthes_citrina
CMAUP NPO6667

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Influence of Sucrose and Activated Charcoal on Phytochemistry and Vegetative Growth in Zephyranthes irwiniana (Ravenna) Nic. García (Amaryllidaceae) Dewes Neto B, Gomes-Copeland KK, Silveira D, Gomes SM, Craesmeyer JM, de Castro Nizio DA, Fagg CW Plants (Basel) 20-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10935178
doi:10.3390/plants13050569
PMID:38475416
Antileishmanial Activity of Clinanthus milagroanthus S. Leiva & Meerow (Amaryllidaceae) Collected in Peru Soto-Vásquez MR, Alvarado-García PA, Osorio EH, Tallini LR, Bastida J Plants (Basel) 10-Jan-2023
PMCID:PMC9866881
doi:10.3390/plants12020322
PMID:36679035
Phytochemical and toxicological evaluation of Zephyranthes citrina Rehman MH, Saleem U, Ahmad B, Rashid M Front Pharmacol 23-Sep-2022
PMCID:PMC9539839
doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1007310
PMID:36210854
Identification of a Novel Lipase with AHSMG Pentapeptide in Hypocreales and Glomerellales Filamentous Fungi Gutiérrez-Domínguez DE, Chí-Manzanero B, Rodríguez-Argüello MM, Todd JN, Islas-Flores I, Canseco-Pérez MÁ, Canto-Canché B Int J Mol Sci 19-Aug-2022
PMCID:PMC9408867
doi:10.3390/ijms23169367
PMID:36012636
Alkaloid Composition and Biological Activities of the Amaryllidaceae Species Ismene amancaes (Ker Gawl.) Herb. Soto-Vásquez MR, Rodríguez-Muñoz CA, Tallini LR, Bastida J Plants (Basel) 22-Jul-2022
PMCID:PMC9331871
doi:10.3390/plants11151906
PMID:35893610
Semisynthetic Derivatives of Selected Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids as a New Class of Antimycobacterial Agents Maafi N, Mamun AA, Janďourek O, Maříková J, Breiterová K, Diepoltová A, Konečná K, Hošťálková A, Hulcová D, Kuneš J, Kohelová E, Koutová D, Šafratová M, Nováková L, Cahlíková L Molecules 04-Oct-2021
PMCID:PMC8512562
doi:10.3390/molecules26196023
PMID:34641567
Recent Progress on Biological Activity of Amaryllidaceae and Further Isoquinoline Alkaloids in Connection with Alzheimer’s Disease Cahlíková L, Vrabec R, Pidaný F, Peřinová R, Maafi N, Mamun AA, Ritomská A, Wijaya V, Blunden G Molecules 29-Aug-2021
PMCID:PMC8434202
doi:10.3390/molecules26175240
PMID:34500673
Structure Elucidation and Cholinesterase Inhibition Activity of Two New Minor Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids Maříková J, Mamun AA, Shammari LA, Korábečný J, Kučera T, Hulcová D, Kuneš J, Malaník M, Vašková M, Kohelová E, Nováková L, Cahlíková L, Pour M Molecules 26-Feb-2021
PMCID:PMC7956344
doi:10.3390/molecules26051279
PMID:33652925
Modified CTAB and TRIzol protocols improve RNA extraction from chemically complex Embryophyta Jordon-Thaden IE, Chanderbali AS, Gitzendanner MA, Soltis DE Appl Plant Sci 13-May-2015
PMCID:PMC4435465
doi:10.3732/apps.1400105
PMID:25995975
First Nuclear DNA Amounts in more than 300 Angiosperms ZONNEVELD BJ, LEITCH IJ, BENNETT MD Ann Bot 19-May-2005
PMCID:PMC4246870
doi:10.1093/aob/mci170
PMID:15905300
Crinane and lycorane type alkaloids from Zephyranthes citrina. Herrera MR, Machocho AK, Brun R, Viladomat F, Codina C, Bastida J Planta Med 01-Mar-2001
doi:10.1055/S-2001-11495
PMID:11301878

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Amaryllidaceae alkaloids / Crinine- and Haemanthamine-type amaryllidaceae alkaloids
(+)-Vittatine 443693 Click to see 271.31 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2001-11495
(1S,11S,13S,15S,18S)-15-methoxy-5,7-dioxa-12-azapentacyclo[10.5.2.01,13.02,10.04,8]nonadeca-2,4(8),9,16-tetraene-11,18-diol 154496716 Click to see 317.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2001-11495
(1S,13S,15S,18S)-15-Methoxy-5,7-dioxa-12-azapentacyclo[10.5.2.01,13.02,10.04,8]nonadeca-2,4(8),9,16-tetraene-11,18-diol 5282090 Click to see COC1CC2C3(C=C1)C(CN2C(C4=CC5=C(C=C34)OCO5)O)O 317.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2001-11495
1,2-Didehydrocrinan-3-ol 101727 Click to see C1CN2CC3=CC4=C(C=C3C15C2CC(C=C5)O)OCO4 271.31 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2001-11495
Crinamine 500027 Click to see COC1CC2C3(C=C1)C(CN2CC4=CC5=C(C=C34)OCO5)O 301.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2001-11495
Crinan-6,11-diol, 1,2-didehydro-3-methoxy-, (3beta,5alpha,6beta,11R,13beta,19alpha)- 544807 Click to see 317.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2001-11495
Haemanthidine 49799009 Click to see 317.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2001-11495
Hemanthamine 441593 Click to see 301.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2001-11495
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Amaryllidaceae alkaloids / Lycorine-type amaryllidaceae alkaloids
Lycorine 72378 Click to see 287.31 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2001-11495
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives / Gallic acids
Gallic Acid 370 Click to see 170.12 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclitols and derivatives / Quinic acids and derivatives
3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester 6476139 Click to see 368.30 unknown via CMAUP database
4-Galloylchlorogenic acid 10929258 Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)OC(=O)C3=CC(=C(C(=C3)O)O)O)O 506.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Methyl 4-O-galloylchlorogenate 10951440 Click to see 520.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzopyrans / 2-benzopyrans
6-Hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-2-(2-oxopropyl)-2,3,3a,9b-tetrahydrofuro[3,2-c]isochromen-5-one 71436822 Click to see CC(=O)CC1CC2C(O1)C3=CC(=C(C(=C3C(=O)O2)O)OC)OC 322.31 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2001-11495
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Benzoquinolines / Phenanthridines and derivatives
(1R,10S)-4,5-dimethoxy-9-azatetracyclo[7.5.2.01,10.02,7]hexadeca-2,4,6,13-tetraen-12-one 44195367 Click to see 285.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2001-11495
(1R,14R,15R,16R)-4,5,14-trimethoxy-9-azatetracyclo[7.6.1.02,7.012,16]hexadeca-2,4,6,12-tetraen-15-ol 133564758 Click to see 317.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2001-11495
2,9,10-Trimethoxy-4,12-didehydrogalanthan-1,3-diol 282781 Click to see 333.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2001-11495
3,12-Didehydro-2beta,9,10-trimethoxygalanthan-1alpha-ol 97315 Click to see COC1C=C2CCN3C2C(C1O)C4=CC(=C(C=C4C3)OC)OC 317.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2001-11495
4,5-Dimethoxy-9-azatetracyclo[7.5.2.01,10.02,7]hexadeca-2,4,6,13-tetraen-12-ol 15560109 Click to see 287.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2001-11495
4,5-Dimethoxy-9-azatetracyclo[7.5.2.01,10.02,7]hexadeca-2,4,6,13-tetraen-12-one 74947509 Click to see 285.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2001-11495
Galanthine 10403528 Click to see 317.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2001-11495
Maritidine 11185307 Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C(=C1)CN3CCC24C3CC(C=C4)O)OC 287.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2001-11495
Narcissidine 443686 Click to see 333.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2001-11495
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins
Catechin 9064 Click to see 290.27 unknown via CMAUP database
Epicatechin 72276 Click to see 290.27 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins / Epigallocatechins
Dihydromyricetin 161557 Click to see C1=C(C=C(C(=C1O)O)O)C2C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O 320.25 unknown via CMAUP database
Gallocatechin 65084 Click to see 306.27 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
Myricitrin 5281673 Click to see 464.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Quercitrin 5280459 Click to see 448.40 unknown via CMAUP database

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