Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Zephyranthes candida, a white-flowered species cultivated in gardens and informal food hedges from Argentina to India, has been recorded in ethnobotanical surveys as a folk-emetic and digestive in the Andean highlands, a wound wash in Sri Lankan home care, and a domestic cold remedy in parts of India. In northern Argentina, grannies and rural healers have been observed to steep the whole flowering herb in hot water and sip the bitter, aromatic infusion after heavy meals or to “make the body throw up” gently; these are noted by Boelcke, 1981 and Arriola et al., 1988. Among Sinhalese and Tamil families in Sri Lanka, householders prepare a decoction of the entire herb to wash suppurating wounds and ulcers, especially when accessible lab supplies are unavailable; this use is summarized by Jayaweera, 1980–1982 and confirmed in medicinal plant checksheets collected around the 1960s. In South India, rural families, and also many Anglo-Indian households who grew the plant as an ornamental, have long simmered leaves and flowers to make a winter “flue tea,” typically taken at bedtime as a mild expectorant; the practice is recorded by Aiyer, 1920 and in a state-level medicinal plant survey of Tamil Nadu compiled in the 1990s.

A simple infusion that is closest to what has been described in these settings is a light, digestive tea. Gather one to two teaspoons of dried flowers (or a small handful of fresh whole herb if flowers are not available) and pour 250 milliliters of freshly boiled water over them; cover and steep 5 to 10 minutes, then strain. Drink a cup 20 to 30 minutes after a heavy meal, limiting use to 1 to 2 cups a day for no more than a week unless supervised. The Amaryllidaceae family includes species with toxic alkaloids, and while lycorine—the main alkaloid reported in Z. candida—has traditional support for occasional emetic use, it is present in the aerial parts at doses that can provoke nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps if taken repeatedly or in larger amounts; do not take during pregnancy or breastfeeding and do not use in children or anyone with gastrointestinal ulcers or who is on emetic or sedative medications.

The main alkaloids in Z. candida have been characterized repeatedly by phytochemical surveys, including lycorine, galanthamine, hippeastrine, tazettine, pretazettine, and several other indole-derived Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. These compounds are reported in the aerial parts, the flowers, and the bulbs of cultivated material, with galanthamine present in comparatively lower abundance in this species compared to plants like Amaryllis; lycorine is typically the most abundant (Bastida et al., 2006; Roldos et al., 2008). Galanthamine is an established acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that contributes to the bitter, stimulant profile of the plant and is documented in Amaryllidaceae research on Z. candida, while lycorine is associated with the classic emetic action known to the indigenous and settler communities who used the plant.

Modern relevance is modest but steady. Z. candida remains a widely grown ornamental and, where it persists, an everyday medicinal in household gardens across South Asia and parts of South America; it is occasionally sold in herb stalls in Sri Lanka, and small wild-collections are found at local markets in northern Argentina. Phytochemical interest continues, especially in the region-specific chemotypes of lycorine, galanthamine, and tazettine, and while it is not a commercial medicinal, local artisans and rural users still turn to its simple teas and washes as they have for generations.

General Uses Top

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Scientific and model organism use:
Zephyranthes candida is used in cytogenetics and chromosome research because of its small, well-defined chromosomes and diploid karyotype (2n=48), facilitating mitotic and meiotic studies and chromosome counting. It has been employed in plant breeding and hybridization programs (e.g., with Z. rosea and Z. robusta), with published manuals detailing crossing techniques and artificial hybridization protocols. Herbarium specimens and living collections serve as standard taxonomic references in floras and botanical databases, and accessions are maintained in germplasm repositories for teaching, training, and breeding resources.

Properties relevant to use:
The species’ small chromosomes, consistent diploid chromosome number, and straightforward culture make it suitable as a model system for chromosome behavior studies and breeding.

Standards and regulation:
Material in ex situ conservation and taxonomic databases follows collection and preservation standards consistent with botanical institution guidelines (e.g., voucher labeling, indexing, and living collection protocols).

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Atamosco candida	(Lindl.) Sasaki	List Pl. Formosa : 112 (1928)
Plectronema candida	Raf.	Fl. Tellur. 4: 10 (1838)
Zephyranthes nivea	D.Dietr.	Syn. Pl. 2: 1176 (1840)
Amaryllis candida	Lindl.	Bot. Reg. 9: t. 724 (1823)
Amaryllis nivea	Schult.f.	Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 7: 799 (1830)
Argyropsis candida	M.Roem.	Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 4: 125 (1847)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	autumn zephyrlily
Spanish	azucenita de rio
Spanish	azucenita de río
dv	ނަރުގިސް
Indonesian	kembang cokelat
Japanese	タマスダレ
Japanese	玉簾
Japanese	レインリリー
Malayalam	സെഫ്രാൻതസ് കാന്റിഡ
Portuguese	carapitaia
Swedish	vit sefyrlilja
Tonga	feuʻu
Chinese	蔥蓮
Chinese	葱兰
Chinese	韭菜莲
Chinese	赛番红花
Chinese	蔥蘭
Chinese	葱莲
Chinese	肝风草
Chinese	玉帘
Chinese	风雨花
Chinese	韭莲

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Sow seeds at 20°C, expecting germination within 3 months without further temperature treatment.

Sow seeds immediately as their viability decreases rapidly, or they best germinate when fresh. If stored, seeds might need temperature cycling and patience to germinate.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- South Tropical Africa
  - Zimbabwe
- Southern Africa
  - Cape Provinces
- Western Indian Ocean
  - Seychelles

Asia-temperate click to expand
- China
  - China South-central
  - China Southeast
- Eastern Asia
  - Korea
  - Nansei-shoto

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Bangladesh
  - East Himalaya
  - India
- Papuasia
  - Solomon Islands

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - Queensland

Northern America click to expand
- South-central U.S.A.
  - Texas
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Alabama
  - Florida
  - Georgia
  - Louisiana
  - Mississippi
  - North Carolina
  - South Carolina

Pacific click to expand
- Northwestern Pacific
  - Marianas
- South-central Pacific
  - Society Islands
- Southwestern Pacific
  - Nauru
  - Tonga

Southern America click to expand
- Brazil
  - Brazil South
  - Brazil Southeast
- Caribbean
  - Leeward Islands
  - Windward Islands
- Southern South America
  - Argentina Northeast
  - Paraguay
  - Uruguay
- Western South America
  - Peru

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000752298
Florida Plant Atlas	312
Flora of Alabama	4434
USDA Plants	ZECA
Tropicos	1200064
INPN	447708
Flora of Italy	8651
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:67201-1
The Plant List	kew-291809
Missouri Botanical Garden	275684
Open Tree Of Life	146415
NCBI Taxonomy	82257
Nature Serve	2.156508
IPNI	67201-1
iNaturalist	170415
GBIF	2859976
Freebase	/m/02rqjj2
EPPO	ZEPCA
EOL	1083634
USDA GRIN	42224
Wikipedia	Zephyranthes_candida

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Influence of Sucrose and Activated Charcoal on Phytochemistry and Vegetative Growth in Zephyranthes irwiniana (Ravenna) Nic. García (Amaryllidaceae)

Dewes Neto B, Gomes-Copeland KK, Silveira D, Gomes SM, Craesmeyer JM, de Castro Nizio DA, Fagg CW

Plants (Basel)

20-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10935178
doi:	10.3390/plants13050569
PMID:	38475416

Identification of Volatile Compounds and Terpene Synthase (TPS) Genes Reveals ZcTPS02 Involved in β-Ocimene Biosynthesis in Zephyranthes candida

Wei G, Xu Y, Xu M, Shi X, Wang J, Feng L

Genes (Basel)

30-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10887521
doi:	10.3390/genes15020185
PMID:	38397175

Ethnomedicinal plants in Champadevi rural municipality, Okhaldhunga district, Nepal

Karki D, Khadka D, Kunwar RM, Aryal PC, Paudel HR, Bhatta S, Shi S

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

11-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10712033
doi:	10.1186/s13002-023-00627-y
PMID:	38072922

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Azadirachta indica Seeds Extract: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity

Rehman G, Umar M, Shah N, Hamayun M, Ali A, Khan W, Khan A, Ahmad S, Alrefaei AF, Almutairi MH, Moon YS, Ali S

Pharmaceuticals (Basel)

01-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10748007
doi:	10.3390/ph16121677
PMID:	38139804

Benzoindolizidine Alkaloids Tylophorine and Lycorine and Their Analogues with Antiviral, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Properties: Promises and Challenges

Di Sotto A, Valipour M, Azari A, Di Giacomo S, Irannejad H

Biomedicines

24-Sep-2023

PMCID:	PMC10603990
doi:	10.3390/biomedicines11102619
PMID:	37892993

Distribution, Effect, and Control of Exotic Plants in Republic of Korea

Lim BS, Seok JE, Lim CH, Kim GS, Shin HC, Lee CS

Biology (Basel)

06-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10294914
doi:	10.3390/biology12060826
PMID:	37372111

Fifty years of sperm cell isolations: from structural to omic studies

Flores-Tornero M, Becker JD

J Exp Bot

07-Apr-2023

PMCID:	PMC10299787
doi:	10.1093/jxb/erad117
PMID:	37025026

Do carbon stocks and floristic diversity of tropical homegardens vary along an elevational gradient and based on holding size in central Kerala, India?

Kumar BM

Agrofor Syst

07-Apr-2023

PMCID:	PMC10081327
doi:	10.1007/s10457-023-00821-7
PMID:	37193256

ERK Inhibition Promotes Engraftment of Allografts by Reprogramming T‐Cell Metabolism

Tan X, Qi C, Zhao X, Sun L, Wu M, Sun W, Gu L, Wang F, Feng H, Huang X, Xie B, Shi Z, Xie P, Wu M, Zhang Y, Chen G

Adv Sci (Weinh)

04-Apr-2023

PMCID:	PMC10238213
doi:	10.1002/advs.202206768
PMID:	37013935

Epimeric Mixture Analysis and Absolute Configuration Determination Using an Integrated Spectroscopic and Computational Approach—A Case Study of Two Epimers of 6-Hydroxyhippeastidine

Le NT, Vermeyen T, Aerts R, Herrebout WA, Pieters L, Tuenter E

Molecules

26-Dec-2022

PMCID:	PMC9822407
doi:	10.3390/molecules28010214
PMID:	36615407

High-throughput sequencing reveals the presence of novel and known viruses in diseased Paris yunnanensis

Lan PX, He P, Yang J, Zhou GH, Chen XJ, Wei TY, Li CR, Gu R, Li R, Li F

Front Microbiol

14-Dec-2022

PMCID:	PMC9795479
doi:	10.3389/fmicb.2022.1045750
PMID:	36590431

Population Parameters and Feeding Preference of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Different Asparagus officinalis Tissues

Ye LM, Di XY, Yan B, Liu JF, Wang XQ, Yang MF

Insects

13-Dec-2022

PMCID:	PMC9783069
doi:	10.3390/insects13121149
PMID:	36555060

Stomata in Close Contact: The Case of Pancratium maritimum L. (Amaryllidaceae)

Saridis P, Georgiadou X, Shtein I, Pouris J, Panteris E, Rhizopoulou S, Constantinidis T, Giannoutsou E, Adamakis ID

Plants (Basel)

05-Dec-2022

PMCID:	PMC9740904
doi:	10.3390/plants11233377
PMID:	36501416

Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridines by Recyclable Magnetic MOF-Catalyzed Coupling and Cyclization of 2-(2-Bromoaryl)imidazoles with Cyclohexane-1,3-diones Followed by Aromatization

Lee SW, Dao PD, Lim HJ, Cho CS

ACS Omega

24-May-2022

PMCID:	PMC9178716
doi:	10.1021/acsomega.2c01038
PMID:	35694479

West African medicinal plants and their constituent compounds as treatments for viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19

Popoola TD, Segun PA, Ekuadzi E, Dickson RA, Awotona OR, Nahar L, Sarker SD, Fatokun AA

Daru

27-Apr-2022

PMCID:	PMC9043090
doi:	10.1007/s40199-022-00437-9
PMID:	35476297

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Amaryllidaceae alkaloids / Crinine- and Haemanthamine-type amaryllidaceae alkaloids
(1S,11R,13R,15S,18S)-15-methoxy-5,7-dioxa-12-azapentacyclo[10.5.2.01,13.02,10.04,8]nonadeca-2,4(8),9,16-tetraene-11,18-diol	162945736	Click to see COC1CC2C3(C=C1)C(CN2C(C4=CC5=C(C=C34)OCO5)O)O	317.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/YAKUSHI1947.84.12_1194
(1S,13S,15S,18R)-15-methoxy-12-methyl-5,7-dioxa-12-azoniapentacyclo[10.5.2.01,13.02,10.04,8]nonadeca-2,4(8),9,16-tetraene-11,18-diol	71452579	Click to see	332.40	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580115/
Crinan-6,11-diol, 1,2-didehydro-3-methoxy-, (3beta,5alpha,6beta,11R,13beta,19alpha)-	544807	Click to see	317.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/YAKUSHI1947.84.12_1194
Hemanthamine	441593	Click to see	301.34	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580115/
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Amaryllidaceae alkaloids / Homolycorine-type amaryllidaceae alkaloids
(+)-O-Methylnerinine	71459807	Click to see	361.40	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580115/
(5aR,7R,11bS,11cR)-8,9,10-trimethoxy-1-methyl-3,5,5a,7,11b,11c-hexahydro-2H-isochromeno[3,4-g]indol-7-ol	163067569	Click to see	347.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/YAKUSHI1947.84.12_1194
Nerinine	573106	Click to see	347.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/YAKUSHI1947.84.12_1194
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Amaryllidaceae alkaloids / Lycorine-type amaryllidaceae alkaloids
(1S,17S,18R,19R)-5,7-dioxa-12-azapentacyclo[10.6.1.02,10.04,8.015,19]nonadeca-2,4(8),9,15-tetraene-17,18-diol	6540810	Click to see	287.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/YAKUSHI1947.84.12_1194
3,3a-Didehydrolycoran-1alpha,2beta-diol	3978	Click to see	287.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/YAKUSHI1947.84.12_1194
Lycorine	72378	Click to see	287.31	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580115/
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Amaryllidaceae alkaloids / Phenanthridine- and phenanthridone-type amaryllidaceae alkaloids
(2S,3R,4S,4aR,11bS)-2,3,4,7-tetrahydroxy-2,3,4,4a,5,11b-hexahydro-1H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-j]phenanthridin-6-one	3000372	Click to see	309.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50067A026
cis-Dihydronarciclasine	436050	Click to see	309.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50067A026
N-Ethoxycarbonylethylcrinasiadine	71454344	Click to see	339.30	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580115/
N-Ethoxycarbonylpropylcrinasiadine	71454342	Click to see	353.40	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580115/
N-Isopentylcrinasiadine	71452577	Click to see CC(C)CCN1C2=CC=CC=C2C3=CC4=C(C=C3C1=O)OCO4	309.40	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580115/
N-Methylcrinasiadine	321176	Click to see	253.25	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580115/
N-Phenylethylcrinasiadine	71452576	Click to see	343.40	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580115/
trans-Dihydronarciclasine	101204	Click to see C1C2C(C(C(C1O)O)O)NC(=O)C3=C(C4=C(C=C23)OCO4)O	309.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50067A026
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Amaryllidaceae alkaloids / Tazettine-type amaryllidaceae alkaloids
(1R,13R,16R,18S)-18-methoxy-15-methyl-5,7,12-trioxa-15-azapentacyclo[11.7.0.01,16.02,10.04,8]icosa-2,4(8),9,19-tetraen-13-ol	92161898	Click to see	331.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/YAKUSHI1947.84.12_1194
(1S,13R,16S,18S)-18-methoxy-15-methyl-5,7,12-trioxa-15-azapentacyclo[11.7.0.01,16.02,10.04,8]icosa-2,4(8),9,19-tetraen-13-ol	443682	Click to see	331.40	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580115/
3-Epimacronine	375117	Click to see	329.30	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580115/
Sekisanin	271607	Click to see	331.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/YAKUSHI1947.84.12_1194
Sekisanolin	5321780	Click to see CN1CC2(C3(C1CC(C=C3)OC)C4=CC5=C(C=C4CO2)OCO5)O	331.40	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580115/
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Sphingolipids / Ceramides / Phytoceramides
2-hydroxy-N-(1,3,4-trihydroxyoctadec-13-en-2-yl)tetracosanamide	163014130	Click to see	682.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9497-5
2-hydroxy-N-(1,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxytetracos-18-en-2-yl)hexacosanamide	162965306	Click to see	826.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9564-Y
N-(1,3,4-trihydroxyhexadecan-2-yl)octacosanamide	138309267	Click to see	696.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9497-5
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Oxosteroids / 16-oxosteroids
trans-Dihydronarciclasine peracetate	44567049	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CC2C(C(C1OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)NC(=O)C3=C(C4=C(C=C23)OCO4)OC(=O)C	477.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50067A026
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Secondary alcohols
(2R)-2-hydroxy-N-[(E,2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-1,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxytetracos-18-en-2-yl]hexacosanamide	163187229	Click to see	826.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9564-Y
(2R)-2-hydroxy-N-[(E,2S,3S,4R)-1,3,4-trihydroxyoctadec-13-en-2-yl]tetracosanamide	163189422	Click to see	682.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9497-5
N-(octacosanoyl)-4R-hydroxyhexadecasphinganine	129881913	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NC(CO)C(C(CCCCCCCCCCCC)O)O	696.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9497-5
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Ethers / Acetals / Ketals
5,6,6-Trimethoxy-2-prop-2-enylcyclohexa-1,3-diene	163192813	Click to see	210.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CBER.19550881019
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzopyrans / 2-benzopyrans
6-Hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-2-(2-oxopropyl)-2,3,3a,9b-tetrahydrofuro[3,2-c]isochromen-5-one	71436822	Click to see CC(=O)CC1CC2C(O1)C3=CC(=C(C(=C3C(=O)O2)O)OC)OC	322.31	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580115/
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Diazinanes / Piperazines
Nigragillin	71454343	Click to see	208.30	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580115/
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Diazinanes / Piperazines / N-alkylpiperazines / N-methylpiperazines
rel-(+)-(2E,4E)-1-((2R,5S)-2,4,5-Trimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-2,4-hexadien-1-one	15939563	Click to see	222.33	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580115/
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives
6-[(6R,7S,7aS)-6-hydroxy-1-methyl-2,3,5,6,7,7a-hexahydroindol-7-yl]-2,3,4-trimethoxybenzaldehyde	163062045	Click to see CN1CCC2=CCC(C(C21)C3=CC(=C(C(=C3C=O)OC)OC)OC)O	347.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CBER.19550881019
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Benzoquinolines / Phenanthridines and derivatives
5,6-Dihydrobicolorine	375118	Click to see	239.27	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580115/
Trisphaeridine	443684	Click to see	223.23	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580115/
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Tetrahydroisoquinolines
(1S,13S,16S,18R)-18-methoxy-12,15-dimethyl-5,7-dioxa-12,15-diazapentacyclo[11.7.0.01,16.02,10.04,8]icosa-2,4(8),9,19-tetraen-14-one	71463265	Click to see	342.40	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580115/

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Zephyranthes candida

Table of Contents

Details Top

Ethnobotanical Use Top

General Uses Top

Synonyms Top

Common names Top

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

Germination/Propagation Top

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Links to other databases Top

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Scientific Literature Top

Phytochemical Profile Top

Gallery Top

Contributors Top

Collections Top