Visnaga daucoides, also known as toothpick-plant, is a flowering plant in the carrot family that is native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa. It can now be found worldwide as an introduced species. This annual plant can grow up to 80 centimeters in height and has oval to triangular leaves with small linear to lance-shaped segments. Its white flowers are arranged in a compound umbel and its fruit is a small oval-shaped body. Visnaga daucoides is a source of khellin, a diuretic extract. It is often grown in gardens and has been used in traditional medicine in Egypt for kidney stones and angina pectoris therapy. Laboratory studies have shown its potential as a diuretic and its ability to slow the buildup of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys. However, its clinical effects in humans are still unknown. Visnaga daucoides contains chemical compounds such as khellin, amiodarone, cromoglycate, visnagin, and visnadine, which have been used for medicinal purposes. However, some of these compounds have adverse side effects and their use is limited.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Visnaga vera	Raf.	New Fl. 4: 28 (1838)
Sium visnaga	Stokes	Bot. Mat. Med. 2: 106 (1812)
Ammi dilatatum	St.-Lag.	Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 119 (1880)
Ammi visnaga	(L.) Lam.	Fl. Franç. 3: 462 (1779)
Ammi visnaga var. longibracteatum	Zohary.	Fl. Palaestina 2: 459 (1972)
Apium visnaga	Crantz	Cl. Umbell. Emend. : 104 (1767)
Carum visnaga	Koso-Pol.	Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou , n.s., 29: 198 (1915 publ. 1916)
Daucus gingidium	L. ex DC.	Prodr. 4: 113 1830
Daucus laevis	Salisb.	Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton : 162 (1796)
Daucus visnaga	L.	Sp. Pl. : 242 (1753)
Ammi visnaga var. hybernonis	Sennen	Diagn. Nouv. 117 1936
Ammi visnaga var. paui	Sennen	Diagn. Nouv. 116 1936
Selinum visnaga	E.H.L.Krause	Deutschl. Fl. Abbild. , ed. 2, 12: 44 (1904)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
Arabic	صقلين
French	carotte cure-dent
French	visnaga vera
French	sium visnaga
French	petit ammi
French	herbe aux gencives
French	herbe aux cure-dents
French	fenouil annuel
French	daucus visnaga
French	daucus laevis
French	ammi visnage
French	ammi visnaga var. longibracteatum
French	ammi visnaga
French	ammi cure-dents
French	apium visnaga
French	carum visnaga
French	ammi dilatatum
Chinese	阿米芹
Chinese	牙签芹

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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No subspecies added yet.

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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Sow seeds at 20°C, expecting germination within 3 months without further temperature treatment.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- Macaronesia
  - Azores
  - Canary Islands
  - Madeira
- Northeast Tropical Africa
  - Eritrea
  - Ethiopia
- Northern Africa
  - Algeria
  - Egypt
  - Libya
  - Morocco
  - Tunisia

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Caucasus
  - North Caucasus
  - Transcaucasus
- China
  - China Southeast
- Eastern Asia
  - Japan
- Western Asia
  - Cyprus
  - East Aegean Islands
  - Iran
  - Iraq
  - Lebanon-Syria
  - Palestine
  - Turkey

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Pakistan
- Indo-China
  - Vietnam

Europe click to expand
- Middle Europe
  - Belgium
  - Czechoslovakia
- Northern Europe
  - Great Britain
- Southeastern Europe
  - Albania
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Sicilia
  - Turkey-in-Europe
- Southwestern Europe
  - Baleares
  - Corse
  - France
  - Portugal
  - Sardegna
  - Spain

Northern America click to expand
- Mexico
  - Mexico Southwest
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Pennsylvania
- Northwestern U.S.A.
  - Oregon
- South-central U.S.A.
  - Texas
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Alabama
  - Florida
  - North Carolina
- Southwestern U.S.A.
  - California

Southern America click to expand
- Brazil
  - Brazil South
- Southern South America
  - Argentina Northeast
  - Argentina Northwest
  - Chile Central
  - Juan Fernández Islands
  - Uruguay
- Western South America
  - Colombia
  - Peru

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000421889
Tropicos	1703282
INPN	129910
Flora of Italy	3587
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:849956-1
IPNI	849956-1
iNaturalist	806563
GBIF	5371753
USDA GRIN	466289
Wikipedia	Visnaga_daucoides

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Khellin and Visnagin, Furanochromones from Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam., as Potential Bioherbicides.

Travaini ML, Sosa GM, Ceccarelli EA, Walter H, Cantrell CL, Carrillo NJ, Dayan FE, Meepagala KM, Duke SO

J Agric Food Chem

21-Dec-2016

doi:	10.1021/ACS.JAFC.6B02462
PMID:	27936681

Validated HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of khellol glucoside, khellin and visnagin in Ammi visnaga L. fruits and pharmaceutical preparations.

Badr JM, Hadad GM, Nahriry K, Hassanean HA

Nat Prod Res

01-Jan-2015

doi:	10.1080/14786419.2014.945170
PMID:	25111086

Influence of growing conditions on metabolite profile of Ammi visnaga umbels with special reference to bioactive furanochromones and pyranocoumarins.

Sellami HK, Napolitano A, Masullo M, Smiti S, Piacente S, Pizza C

Phytochemistry

01-Nov-2013

doi:	10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2013.08.001
PMID:	23993295

Pharmacokinetic evaluation of visnagin and Ammi visnaga aqueous extract after oral administration in rats.

Haug KG, Weber B, Hochhaus G, Butterweck V

Planta Med

01-Nov-2012

doi:	10.1055/S-0032-1315393
PMID:	23096256

Prevention of renal crystal deposition by an extract of Ammi visnaga L. and its constituents khellin and visnagin in hyperoxaluric rats.

Vanachayangkul P, Chow N, Khan SR, Butterweck V

Urol Res

01-Jun-2011

PMCID:	PMC3663934
doi:	10.1007/S00240-010-0333-Y
PMID:	21069311

An aqueous extract of Ammi visnaga fruits and its constituents khellin and visnagin prevent cell damage caused by oxalate in renal epithelial cells.

Vanachayangkul P, Byer K, Khan S, Butterweck V

Phytomedicine

01-Jul-2010

PMCID:	PMC3618668
doi:	10.1016/J.PHYMED.2009.10.011
PMID:	20036111

Ammi Visnaga(L.) Lam.: Occurrence of Khellin and Visnagin in Primary Rib Channels and Endosperm, and Emptiness of Vittae, Revealed by U.V. Microscopy*

G. G. Franchi, S. Ferri, L. Bovalini, P. Martelli

Informa UK Limited

20-Nov-2007

doi:	10.3109/13880208709060918

Ammi visnaga: Composition of the fatty acids present in the seed fat

D. N. Grindley

Wiley

01-Nov-2006

doi:	10.1002/JSFA.2740010207

Analyse der Wirkstoffe aus Ammi visnaga L.

G. Illing

Wiley

15-Oct-2006

doi:	10.1002/ARDP.19572900609

Visnagin: Biosynthesis and Isolation from Ammi visnagi Suspension Cultures

B. Kaul, E. J. Staba

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

05-Oct-2006

doi:	10.1126/SCIENCE.151.3707.184-B

Isolation and 1H and 13C NMR of Ammiol and Khellol Glucosides

Larry W. Tjarks, Gayland F. Spencer, Eric P. Seest

American Chemical Society (ACS)

17-Mar-2005

doi:	10.1021/NP50063A033

Furocoumarins from the Fruit of Ammi visnaga

Philip W. Le Quesne, Muu N. Do, Mohammad Ikram, M. Israrkkhan, I. Mir

American Chemical Society (ACS)

17-Mar-2005

doi:	10.1021/NP50039A030

Die Konstitution des Visamminols

W. Bencze, Judith Eisenbeiss, H. Schmid

Wiley

23-Dec-2004

doi:	10.1002/HLCA.19560390337

The chemical investigations on the ripe fruits of Ammi visnaga (Lam.) Lamarck growing in Turkey.

Günaydin K, Beyazit N

Nat Prod Res

01-Apr-2004

doi:	10.1080/14786410310001608091
PMID:	14984092

Cytotoxic activity of five compounds isolated from Colombian plants.

Cordero CP, Gómez-González S, León-Acosta CJ, Morantes-Medina SJ, Aristizabal FA

Fitoterapia

01-Mar-2004

doi:	10.1016/J.FITOTE.2003.12.017
PMID:	15030931

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzopyrans / 1-benzopyrans / Chromones / Furanochromones
(2S)-4-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-7-methyl-2,3-dihydrofuro[3,2-g]chromen-5-one	3083595	Click to see CC1=CC(=O)C2=C(C3=C(C=C2O1)OC(C3)C(C)(C)O)O	276.28	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19560390337 https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19572900609
[(2S)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4-methoxy-5-oxo-2,3-dihydrofuro[3,2-g]chromen-7-yl]methyl 2-methylbutanoate	73212329	Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OCC1=CC(=O)C2=C(C3=C(C=C2O1)OC(C3)C(C)(C)O)OC	390.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2013.08.001
[(2S)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4-methoxy-5-oxo-2,3-dihydrofuro[3,2-g]chromen-7-yl]methyl 3-methylbutanoate	73212328	Click to see CC(C)CC(=O)OCC1=CC(=O)C2=C(C3=C(C=C2O1)OC(C3)C(C)(C)O)OC	390.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2013.08.001
Ammiol	621572	Click to see COC1=C2C(=O)C=C(OC2=C(C3=C1C=CO3)OC)CO	276.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-960912 https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19542870209
Ammiol glucoside	14377805	Click to see COC1=C2C(=O)C=C(OC2=C(C3=C1C=CO3)OC)COC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O	438.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50063A033
Khellin	3828	Click to see CC1=CC(=O)C2=C(C3=C(C(=C2O1)OC)OC=C3)OC	260.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)01173-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0229(03)00180-7 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099861 https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19572900609 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-960912 https://doi.org/10.1002/JPS.2600810518 https://doi.org/10.1002/JSFA.2740010207 https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410310001608091 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-962061 https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19560390337 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959426 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)89202-5 https://doi.org/10.3109/13880208709060918 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(85)90088-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2003.12.017
Khellinol	10167	Click to see CC1=CC(=O)C2=C(O1)C(=C3C(=C2O)C=CO3)OC	246.21	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19572900609 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-960912 https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19560390337
Khellol	164613	Click to see COC1=C2C=COC2=CC3=C1C(=O)C=C(O3)CO	246.21	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-960912 https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19572900609
Khelloside	441966	Click to see COC1=C2C=COC2=CC3=C1C(=O)C=C(O3)COC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O	408.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50063A033 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.2042-7158.1949.TB12460.X https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19572900609
Pimolin	100920750	Click to see CC1=CC(=O)C2=C(C3=C(C=C2O1)OC4C3C5C4(OC6=C(C5=O)C(=C7C=COC7=C6)OC)C)OC	460.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-960912
Vernomycin B	28404	Click to see COC1=C2C=COC2=CC3=C1C(=O)C=C(O3)COC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O	408.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.2042-7158.1949.TB12460.X https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19572900609
Visammiol	5315249	Click to see CC1=CC(=O)C2=C(C3=C(C=C2O1)OC(C3)C(C)(C)O)O	276.28	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19560390337 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-960912 https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19572900609
Visnagin	6716	Click to see CC1=CC(=O)C2=C(O1)C=C3C(=C2OC)C=CO3	230.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-960912 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0032-1315393 https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.150.3704.1731 https://doi.org/10.1002/JPS.2600810518 https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.945170 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0229(03)00180-7 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-962061 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)01173-4 https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19560390337 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3618668/ https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959426 https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410310001608091 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)89202-5 https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.JAFC.6B02462 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3663934/ https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.151.3707.184-B https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(85)90088-1 https://doi.org/10.3109/13880208709060918
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Furanocoumarins / Psoralens
Pentosalen	10212	Click to see CC(=CCOC1=C2C(=CC3=C1OC=C3)C=CC(=O)O2)C	270.28	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50039A030
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Furanocoumarins / Psoralens / 8-methoxypsoralens
Methoxsalen	4114	Click to see COC1=C2C(=CC3=C1OC=C3)C=CC(=O)O2	216.19	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50039A030
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Pyranocoumarins / Angular pyranocoumarins
(-)-trans-Khellactone	9992853	Click to see CC1(C(C(C2=C(O1)C=CC3=C2OC(=O)C=C3)O)O)C	262.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19572900609
(10-Acetyloxy-8,8-dimethyl-2-oxo-9,10-dihydropyrano[2,3-f]chromen-9-yl) 2-methylbutanoate	10157	Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C(C2=C(C=CC3=C2OC(=O)C=C3)OC1(C)C)OC(=O)C	388.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19572900609 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099861
(10-Acetyloxy-8,8-dimethyl-2-oxo-9,10-dihydropyrano[2,3-f]chromen-9-yl) 3-methylbut-2-enoate	10158	Click to see CC(=CC(=O)OC1C(C2=C(C=CC3=C2OC(=O)C=C3)OC1(C)C)OC(=O)C)C	386.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19572900609
Dihydrosamidin	442128	Click to see CC(C)CC(=O)OC1C(C2=C(C=CC3=C2OC(=O)C=C3)OC1(C)C)OC(=O)C	388.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19572900609
Khellactone	253856	Click to see CC1(C(C(C2=C(O1)C=CC3=C2OC(=O)C=C3)O)O)C	262.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19572900609
Khellactone, cis-(+)-	455821	Click to see CC1(C(C(C2=C(O1)C=CC3=C2OC(=O)C=C3)O)O)C	262.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19572900609
rac Dihydro Samidin	2841560	Click to see CC(C)CC(=O)OC1C(C2=C(C=CC3=C2OC(=O)C=C3)OC1(C)C)OC(=O)C	388.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19572900609
Samidin	442150	Click to see CC(=CC(=O)OC1C(C2=C(C=CC3=C2OC(=O)C=C3)OC1(C)C)OC(=O)C)C	386.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19572900609
Visnadine	442151	Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C(C2=C(C=CC3=C2OC(=O)C=C3)OC1(C)C)OC(=O)C	388.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19572900609 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)01173-4 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959426 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099861
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols
Isorhamnetin	5281654	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O	316.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-960912
Rhamnazin	5320945	Click to see COC1=CC(=C2C(=C1)OC(=C(C2=O)O)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)OC)O	330.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-960912

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Visnaga daucoides

Table of Contents

Details Top

Description Top

Synonyms Top

Common names Top

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

Germination/Propagation Top

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Links to other databases Top

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Scientific Literature Top

Phytochemical Profile Top

Biological Material Top

Contributors Top

Collections Top