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Ailanthus excelsus

Table of Contents

Details
Ethnobotanical Use
General Uses
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Gallery
Contributors
Collections

Details Top

Internal ID UUID64400821efdf2267604955
Scientific name Ailanthus excelsus
Authority Roxb.
First published in Pl. Coromandel 1: t. 23 (1795)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

In southern India’s dry forest villages, bark infusions are taken for fevers and as a tonic after illness. Among the Tamil-speaking communities of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, a leaf poultice is applied to wounds and inflammatory swellings, while in Sri Lanka the leaf paste is used topically to soothe irritated skin (Wealth of India, 1969). In Gujarat and Rajasthan tribal belts, the root or bark is decocted in water for bouts of dysentery and GI upset, and these uses are recorded in Indian ethnobotanical surveys and regional materia medica compilations (Jain, 1991; Ethnobotany of India, 2019). Aromatic bitters and antimalarial tonics based on Ailanthus excelle are also described in Unani and Ayurvedic sources from the subcontinent (Kabeeruddin, 1935; Nadkarni, 1954), underscoring the plant’s place as a widely recognized bitter tonic and mild antipyretic in South Asian folk practice.

For those interested in trying a bark infusion, simmer a loosely packed tablespoon of dried bark (about 8–10 g) in 500 ml of water for 15–20 minutes, then let it cool, strain, and sip the bitter decoction as a tonic up to two cups daily. Store a cool, covered infusion for no more than 24 hours. A very gentle decoction of leaves is sometimes used in Unani practice as an aromatic bitter tonic; simmer about 10 g fresh leaves in 400 ml of water for 10 minutes, cool, strain, and sip a small cup once daily. Avoid use in pregnancy; as with any potent bitter, limit to short courses (1–2 weeks) and discontinue if GI upset or nausea occur.

Ailanthus excelsus contains bitter quassinoids such as ailanthone and quassin, along with quinolizidine alkaloids and simple phenolic acids that match its traditional roles as a bitter tonic, antimalarial adjuvant, and mild astringent (Duke et al., 2002; Gertsch, 2011). These constituents explain the plant’s marked bitterness and its reported antiparasitic, antifever, and anti‑inflammatory activities.

Ailanthone‑rich preparations and leaf extracts are the focus of ongoing laboratory research on anticancer, antimalarial, and antimicrobial activity (Gertsch, 2011), while bark and leaf infusions are still available in Indian herbal markets and village dispensaries as traditional tonics and mild antipyretics (Ethnobotany of India, 2019).

General Uses Top

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Common products:
Primary product is sawn timber, including dimension stock for light construction, flooring, panels, furniture, and matchsticks.

Industrial and craft applications:
Matchsticks are a documented use: the wood’s straight grain, moderate density (air‑dry ~500–560 kg/m³), and ease of working make it suitable for match manufacturing and other small turned or carved items. Wood is also processed for veneer and plywood, and may be used in fiberboard and particleboard where soft hardwoods are acceptable.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
No documented non‑medicinal food or beverage uses are reported for this taxon.

Colorants and tanning:
No reliable uses for dyes, inks, or tannins are documented for this species.

Wood and fiber:
Used as sawn timber and for pulp (both mechanical and chemical) and paper. Properties relevant to the above applications include moderate strength relative to density, light colour, straight grain, and relatively easy machining; the heartwood shows moderate durability while the sapwood is perishable.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
No documented uses are reported.

Properties relevant to use:
- Modest density (~0.5–0.56 g/cm³), facilitating lightweight structural and consumer goods.
- Straight grain and low splitting tendency support matchstick and turning work.
- Suitability for kraft or semi‑chemical pulping and for fiberboard indicates acceptable fiber length and lignin/cellulose ratio for paper and engineered wood products.

Standards and regulation:
Timber grades and grading rules follow national codes (e.g., Indian Standards for timber and wood-based panels). Pulp and paper requirements are governed by mill‑specific specifications and applicable food‑contact regulations when used in food‑packaging papers (e.g., BIS/IS; EU No 1935/2004 for food contact materials).

Sustainability and sourcing:
Classified as a fast‑growing, short‑rotation species. Harvesting from natural stands can pressure local resources; plantation establishment and certified wood sourcing (e.g., FSC/PEFC) are recommended for supply assurance and conservation of native tree diversity.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Pongelion excelsum Pierre Fl. Forest. Cochinch. : t. 295A (1894)
Pongelion wightii Tiegh. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 9, 4: 277. 1906
Ailanthus wightii Tiegh. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. , sér. 9, 4: 279 (1906)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
Arabic أيلنط متعالي
Malayalam മട്ടിപ്പൊങ്ങില്യം
Chinese 印度臭椿

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Africa
    • Northeast Tropical Africa
      • Sudan
    • Southern Africa
      • Botswana
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • Assam
      • Bangladesh
      • India
      • Sri Lanka
      • West Himalaya
    • Indo-China
      • Andaman Islands

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000524612
UNII 50724Y1H75
Tropicos 50324812
Flora of Italy 8388
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:813527-1
The Plant List kew-2626827
Open Tree Of Life 598323
NCBI Taxonomy 1133704
IPNI 813527-1
iNaturalist 717704
GBIF 3709036
EOL 2885636
USDA GRIN 312534
Wikipedia Ailanthus_excelsa

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
A Taxonomic Review of Attevidae (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidea) from China with Descriptions of Two New Species and a Revised Identity of the Ailanthus Webworm Moth, Atteva fabriciella, from the Asian Tropics Sohn JC, Wu CS J Insect Sci 30-Jun-2013
PMCID:PMC3740914
doi:10.1673/031.013.6601
PMID:23905539
Excelsin: An insect feeding‐deterrent isolated from <i>Ailanthus excelsa</i> (Simarubaceae) Arun K. Tripathi, D. C. Jain Wiley 18-Oct-2006
doi:10.1002/PTR.2650070414
NEW QUASSINOIDS FROM AILANTHUS EXCELSA Anuj Pandey, Bipin Chandra Joshi, Ram Prakash Sharma, Anakshi Khare Springer Science and Business Media LLC 31-Oct-2005
doi:10.1007/S00044-004-0117-4
Quassinoids from Ailanthus excelsa. Joshi BC, Pandey A, Sharma RP, Khare A Phytochemistry 01-Feb-2003
doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
PMID:12560029
Chemical constituents of ailanthus excelsa S.K. Kapoor, P.I. Ahmad, A. Zaman Elsevier BV 25-Jul-2002
doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97424-7
Isolation and structure of 13,18-dehydroexcelsin, a quassinoid, and glaucarubol from Ailanthus excelsa Suroor A. Khan, K. Shamsuddin Elsevier BV 25-Jul-2002
doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)91062-8
3S,24S,25-Trihydroxytirucall-7-ene from Ailanthus excelsa Mary M. Sherman, Robert P. Borris, Masaru Ogura, Geoffrey A. Cordell, Norman R. Farnsworth Elsevier BV 25-Jul-2002
doi:10.1016/0031-9422(80)80204-4

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Indolonaphthyridine alkaloids
6H-Indolo(3,2,1-de)(1,5)naphthyridin-6-one, 8-hydroxy- 6455362 Click to see C1=CC2=C(C(=C1)O)N3C(=O)C=CC4=NC=CC2=C43 236.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)91062-8
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Quassinoids
(1S,4R,5R,6R,7S,8R,11R,13S,16S,17S,18S,19R)-4,5,8,16,17-pentahydroxy-6,14,18-trimethyl-3,10-dioxapentacyclo[9.8.0.01,7.04,19.013,18]nonadec-14-en-9-one 12310233 Click to see CC1C2C(C(=O)OC3C24COC(C1O)(C4C5(C(C3)C(=CC(C5O)O)C)C)O)O 396.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)91062-8
(4,5-Dihydroxy-14,17-dimethyl-6-methylidene-9-oxo-3,10-dioxapentacyclo[9.8.0.01,7.04,19.013,18]nonadeca-13,15,17-trien-8-yl) 2-methylbutanoate 73119007 Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C2C(=C)C(C3(C4C2(CO3)C(CC5=C(C=CC(=C45)C)C)OC1=O)O)O 442.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
(4,5-Dihydroxy-14,17-dimethyl-9-oxospiro[3,10-dioxapentacyclo[9.8.0.01,7.04,19.013,18]nonadeca-13,15,17-triene-6,1'-cyclopropane]-8-yl) 2-methylbutanoate 78385432 Click to see 456.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
(4,5-Dihydroxy-6,14,17-trimethyl-9-oxo-3,10-dioxapentacyclo[9.8.0.01,7.04,19.013,18]nonadeca-13,15,17-trien-8-yl) 2-methylbutanoate 73803423 Click to see 444.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
(4,5,16,17-Tetrahydroxy-6,14,18-trimethyl-9-oxo-3,10-dioxapentacyclo[9.8.0.01,7.04,19.013,18]nonadec-14-en-8-yl) 2-methylbutanoate 13422616 Click to see 480.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S00044-004-0117-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
(4,5,17-Trihydroxy-6,14,16,18-tetramethyl-9-oxo-3,10-dioxapentacyclo[9.8.0.01,7.04,19.013,18]nonadecan-8-yl) 2-methylbutanoate 78384823 Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C2C(C(C3(C4C2(CO3)C(CC5C4(C(C(CC5C)C)O)C)OC1=O)O)O)C 480.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
(4,5,17-Trihydroxy-6,14,18-trimethyl-9,16-dioxo-3,10-dioxapentacyclo[9.8.0.01,7.04,19.013,18]nonadec-14-en-8-yl) 2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate 430508 Click to see 494.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
[(1R,2S,3S,4S,6R,7S,9R,12R,13S,14R,15R,17S)-3,4,15-triacetyloxy-17-(acetyloxymethyl)-2,6,14-trimethyl-11,16-dioxo-10-oxatetracyclo[7.7.1.02,7.013,17]heptadecan-12-yl] (2R)-2-methylbutanoate 163047022 Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C2C(C(C(=O)C3C2(C(CC4C3(C(C(CC4C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)C)OC1=O)COC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)C 650.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
[(1S,2R,3S,5R,8R,9S,10R,11R,12R)-11,12-dihydroxy-3,10-dimethyl-3-[(2S)-3-methyl-5-oxo-2H-furan-2-yl]-7-oxo-6,13-dioxatetracyclo[7.5.0.01,5.02,12]tetradecan-8-yl] (2R)-2-methylbutanoate 162957693 Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C2C(C(C3(C4C2(CO3)C(CC4(C)C5C(=CC(=O)O5)C)OC1=O)O)O)C 464.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/S00044-004-0117-4
[(1S,4R,5R,6R,7S,8R,11R,13S,14S,16S,17R,18S,19R)-4,5,17-trihydroxy-6,14,16,18-tetramethyl-9-oxo-3,10-dioxapentacyclo[9.8.0.01,7.04,19.013,18]nonadecan-8-yl] (2R)-2-methylbutanoate 162922241 Click to see 480.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
[(1S,4R,5R,6R,7S,8R,11R,13S,16S,17S,18S,19R)-4,5,16,17-tetrahydroxy-6,14,18-trimethyl-9-oxo-3,10-dioxapentacyclo[9.8.0.01,7.04,19.013,18]nonadec-14-en-8-yl] (2R)-2-methylbutanoate 162937460 Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C2C(C(C3(C4C2(CO3)C(CC5C4(C(C(C=C5C)O)O)C)OC1=O)O)O)C 480.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/S00044-004-0117-4
[(1S,4R,5R,6R,7S,8R,11R,13S,17S,18S,19R)-4,5,17-trihydroxy-6,14,18-trimethyl-9,16-dioxo-3,10-dioxapentacyclo[9.8.0.01,7.04,19.013,18]nonadec-14-en-8-yl] (2R)-2-methylbutanoate 162919187 Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C2C(C(C3(C4C2(CO3)C(CC5C4(C(C(=O)C=C5C)O)C)OC1=O)O)O)C 478.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
[(1S,4R,5R,6R,7S,8R,11R,13S,17S,18S,19R)-4,5,17-trihydroxy-6,14,18-trimethyl-9,16-dioxo-3,10-dioxapentacyclo[9.8.0.01,7.04,19.013,18]nonadec-14-en-8-yl] (2S)-2-methylbutanoate 162919186 Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C2C(C(C3(C4C2(CO3)C(CC5C4(C(C(=O)C=C5C)O)C)OC1=O)O)O)C 478.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
[(1S,4R,5R,6R,7S,8R,11R,13S,17S,18S,19R)-4,5,17-Trihydroxy-6,14,18-trimethyl-9,16-dioxo-3,10-dioxapentacyclo[9.8.0.01,7.04,19.013,18]nonadec-14-en-8-yl] 2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate 12310232 Click to see 494.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
[(1S,4R,5R,6R,7S,8R,11R,17S,18S)-4,5,17-trihydroxy-6,14,18-trimethyl-9,16-dioxo-3,10-dioxapentacyclo[9.8.0.01,7.04,19.013,18]nonadec-14-en-8-yl] 2-methylbutanoate 118701210 Click to see 478.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
[(1S,4R,5R,6R,7S,8R,11R,19R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6,14,17-trimethyl-9-oxo-3,10-dioxapentacyclo[9.8.0.01,7.04,19.013,18]nonadeca-13,15,17-trien-8-yl] (2R)-2-methylbutanoate 162875066 Click to see 444.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
[(1S,4R,5R,7S,8R,11R,19R)-4,5-dihydroxy-14,17-dimethyl-6-methylidene-9-oxo-3,10-dioxapentacyclo[9.8.0.01,7.04,19.013,18]nonadeca-13,15,17-trien-8-yl] (2R)-2-methylbutanoate 163065730 Click to see 442.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
[(1S,4R,5R,7S,8R,11R,19R)-4,5-dihydroxy-14,17-dimethyl-9-oxospiro[3,10-dioxapentacyclo[9.8.0.01,7.04,19.013,18]nonadeca-13,15,17-triene-6,1'-cyclopropane]-8-yl] (2R)-2-methylbutanoate 162883231 Click to see 456.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
[(1S,4S,5R,6R,7S,8R,11R,13S,16S,17S,18S,19R)-4,5,16,17-tetrahydroxy-6,14,18-trimethyl-9-oxo-3,10-dioxapentacyclo[9.8.0.01,7.04,19.013,18]nonadec-14-en-8-yl] (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate 90469735 Click to see CCC(C)(C(=O)OC1C2C(C(C3(C4C2(CO3)C(CC5C4(C(C(C=C5C)O)O)C)OC1=O)O)O)C)O 496.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
[11,12-dihydroxy-3,10-dimethyl-3-(3-methyl-5-oxo-2H-furan-2-yl)-7-oxo-6,13-dioxatetracyclo[7.5.0.01,5.02,12]tetradecan-8-yl] 2-methylbutanoate 162957692 Click to see 464.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S00044-004-0117-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
[3,4,15-Triacetyloxy-17-(acetyloxymethyl)-2,6,14-trimethyl-11,16-dioxo-10-oxatetracyclo[7.7.1.02,7.013,17]heptadecan-12-yl] 2-methylbutanoate 22298380 Click to see 650.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
4,5,8,17-Tetrahydroxy-6,14,18-trimethyl-3,10-dioxapentacyclo[9.8.0.01,7.04,19.013,18]nonadec-14-ene-9,16-dione 5036051 Click to see 394.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
8,11,12-trihydroxy-3,10-dimethyl-3-(3-methyl-5-oxo-2H-furan-2-yl)-6,13-dioxatetracyclo[7.5.0.01,5.02,12]tetradecan-7-one 75048972 Click to see 380.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/S00044-004-0117-4
Ailanthinone 428489 Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C2C(C(C3(C4C2(CO3)C(CC5C4(C(C(=O)C=C5C)O)C)OC1=O)O)O)C 478.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
Ailantinol G 10896127 Click to see CCC(C)(C(=O)OC1C2C(C(C3(C4C2(CO3)C(CC4(C)C5C(=CC(=O)O5)C)OC1=O)O)O)C)O 480.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/S00044-004-0117-4
alpha-Kirondrin 3321199 Click to see 496.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S00044-004-0117-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
cedronolactone C 10714787 Click to see 380.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S00044-004-0117-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
Excelsin 49866283 Click to see 480.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97424-7
https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.2650070414
Glaucarubin 441794 Click to see 496.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S00044-004-0117-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
Glaucarubinone 441796 Click to see CCC(C)(C(=O)OC1C2C(C(C3(C4C2(CO3)C(CC5C4(C(C(=O)C=C5C)O)C)OC1=O)O)O)C)O 494.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
Glaucarubol 225484 Click to see 396.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)91062-8
Glaucarubolone 441797 Click to see 394.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(3S,6S)-6-[(3S,5R,9R,10R,13S,14S,17S)-3-hydroxy-4,4,10,13,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,9,11,12,15,16,17-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]-2-methylheptane-2,3-diol 131884816 Click to see CC(CCC(C(C)(C)O)O)C1CCC2(C1(CCC3C2=CCC4C3(CCC(C4(C)C)O)C)C)C 460.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(80)80204-4
6-(3-hydroxy-4,4,10,13,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,9,11,12,15,16,17-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)-2-methylheptane-2,3-diol 433073 Click to see 460.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(80)80204-4
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
(3S,8R,9R,10R,13R,14R,17R)-17-[(2R,5R)-5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol 11870456 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C 414.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97424-7
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol 86821 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C 414.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97424-7
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid C-glycosides / Flavonoid 8-C-glycosides
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one 133567538 Click to see 432.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97424-7
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one 5378180 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O2)C(=C(C=C3O)O)C4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O 432.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97424-7
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Macrolides and analogues
Bipinnatin H 396365 Click to see 460.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00493-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/S00044-004-0117-4

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