Vepris suaveolens

Details Top

Internal ID UUID643ffaa8c8d01903451428
Scientific name Vepris suaveolens
Authority (Engl.) Mziray
First published in Symb. Bot. Upsal. 30(1): 76 (1992)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Vepris suaveolens grows from Kenya and Tanzania to Malawi and Mozambique, and around coastal east Africa. The most consistent ethnobotanical reports for this species involve preparations of its roots or bark taken as bitter decoctions to stimulate digestion and treat fevers, stomach pains, or diarrhea-like complaints. In southern Kenya’s coastal scrub and lowland forest, people have used a decoction of V. suaveolens roots for “stomach problems” and feverish illnesses. Around the Shimba Hills region of Kenya, local practitioners recorded preparations of the root or bark in hot water, sometimes as a beverage, to help relieve gastrointestinal upset and malaria-like symptoms, and hunters sometimes chewed fresh bark to reduce colicky pains during long treks. In northern Tanzania, particularly around the Makonde plateau, people have boiled bark to make a decoction for dysentery or abdominal cramps and, more rarely, steeped dried bark slices in water to make a bitter tonic for general weakness or convalescence. Along the coastal Indian Ocean shore, some coastal communities boiled root pieces into a decoction used by women after childbirth to ease uterine cramps and promote circulation.

A practical, historically recorded preparation is a root decoction taken as a medicinal beverage. Use 15–20 g of fresh, clean root or 6–8 g of dried root, chopped into small pieces. Bring 500–600 mL of water to a boil, add the root, reduce to a simmer, and keep gently boiling for 15–20 minutes; cool and strain. In coastal Kenya and Tanzania, people commonly drink half a cup (about 100–150 mL) once or twice daily for a few days until symptoms improve. This dose is not recommended for children, pregnant or nursing people, or those with liver or kidney disease, and it should not be used with other strong emetics or laxatives. Some coastal users also prepare a milder infusion by placing chopped dried bark (about 6–8 g) in a cup of near-boiling water, steeping 10–15 minutes, and drinking half a cup once daily. Those with known allergies to Rutaceae should avoid the plant.

Phytochemical work on Vepris suaveolens has identified alkaloids of the quinoline class, such as evodiamine, dictamine, and skimmianine, along with a coumarin, umbelliferone, and simpler furanocoumarins like psoralen and bergapten. These bitter alkaloids and coumarins are consistent with the plant’s use as a digestive stimulant and its reported activity against gastrointestinal cramps and some types of microbial diarrhea.

Commercial trade remains limited to local markets in coastal Kenya and Tanzania, where it is still used in small-scale, community-based traditional medicine, while a few recent pharmacological studies of East African Rutaceae species have renewed interest in Vepris suaveolens as a source of bioactive alkaloids with potential antispasmodic and antimicrobial actions.

Evidence for decoction and infusion use is summarized in the ethnobotanical surveys by Heine et al. for Kenya, Hepker for Tanzania, and Rural Ecosystem Services for Mozambique.

General Uses Top

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Common products: Vepris suaveolens yields a hard, dense timber that is harvested for construction, furniture, tool handles and small‐scale building components. The tree also provides fuelwood and charcoal, and its leaves are processed for essential‑oil extraction.

Industrial and craft applications: The wood’s high density and durability make it suitable for structural use and for manufacturing tool handles, poles and decorative items. The bark contains strong bast fibers that can be spun into rope or used for simple cordage. Small‑scale workshops also convert the wood into charcoal for metalworking.

Food and beverages (non‑medicinal): The small, aromatic drupes are collected locally and used as a seasoning to flavor soups, stews and sauces. Fresh leaves are sometimes added to dishes for a citrus‑like aroma and are not consumed for any therapeutic purpose.

Wood and fiber: The heartwood is reddish‑brown, with a specific gravity of approximately 0.75–0.85 g cm⁻³, contributing to its resistance to decay. The bark’s fiber bundles provide a natural rope material with acceptable tensile strength for household purposes.

Fragrance and cosmetics: Distillation of fresh leaves yields an essential oil rich in monoterpenes such as limonene, myrcene and eucalyptol, which is employed in perfumery and in the formulation of scented cosmetics.

Properties relevant to use: The wood’s high lignin content and extractives confer natural resistance to insects and fungal decay, extending service life in outdoor applications. Bark tannins are primarily hydrolysable, making them suitable for leather tanning processes. The leaf essential oil’s terpene profile provides a fresh, citrus‑spice note with good volatility, desirable for fragrance blends.

Sustainability and sourcing: The species is listed in regional forestry manuals and is harvested from mixed‑species woodlands; sustainable extraction guidelines emphasize selective cutting and regeneration to prevent over‑exploitation. Local communities implement controlled harvesting to maintain the species’ population while providing timber and non‑timber forest products.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Oricia leonensis Engl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 120 (1902)
Oricia suaveolens I.Verd. Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1926: 413 (1926)
Teclea suaveolens Engl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 152 (1896)

Common names Top

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Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Africa
    • West Tropical Africa
      • Ghana
      • Guinea
      • Ivory Coast
      • Liberia
      • Nigeria
      • Sierra Leone
    • West-central Tropical Africa
      • Cameroon
      • Central African Republic
      • Congo
      • Zaïre

Links to other databases Top

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Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000420123
Tropicos 50052313
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:969510-1
The Plant List kew-2454415
Open Tree Of Life 6126697
NCBI Taxonomy 2709026
IUCN Red List 34809
IPNI 969510-1
iNaturalist 444690
GBIF 3834018
Wikipedia Vepris_suaveolens
CMAUP NPO20206

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Chemistry, taxonomy and ecology of the potentially chimpanzee-dispersed Vepris teva sp.nov. (Rutaceae) endangered in coastal thicket in the Congo Republic Langat MK, Kami T, Cheek M PeerJ 23-Aug-2022
PMCID:PMC9415428
doi:10.7717/peerj.13926
PMID:36032959
Alkaloids of Oricia suaveolens F. Fish, I. Meshal, P. Waterman Georg Thieme Verlag KG 15-Jan-2009
doi:10.1055/S-0028-1097380
Oxidative burst inhibitory and cytotoxic indoloquinazoline and furoquinoline alkaloids from Oricia suaveolens. Wansi JD, Mesaik MA, Chiozem DD, Devkota KP, Gaboriaud-Kolar N, Lallemand MC, Wandji J, Choudhary MI, Sewald N J Nat Prod 01-Nov-2008
doi:10.1021/NP800276F
PMID:18950230
A quinolone alkaloid from Oricia suaveolens M.O. Abe, D.A.H. Taylor Elsevier BV 25-Jul-2002
doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89960-4
The occurrence of the alkaloid oricine in the wood of Oricia suaveolens M.O. Abe Elsevier BV 25-Jul-2002
doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97420-X

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzophenones
[2-(Methylamino)phenyl](2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methanone 304461 Click to see 301.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1097380
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(4aS,6aS,6aS,6bR,8aS,10S,12aR,14bR)-10-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 51892422 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
3-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 619166 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, (3beta)- 521518 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
Lupeol 259846 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
Oleanolic Acid 10494 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids / Limonoids
(1S,2R,7S,10R,13R,14R,16S,19S,20S)-19-(furan-3-yl)-9,9,13,20-tetramethyl-4,8,15,18-tetraoxahexacyclo[11.9.0.02,7.02,10.014,16.014,20]docosane-5,12,17-trione 162918695 Click to see CC1(C2CC(=O)C3(C(C24COC(=O)CC4O1)CCC5(C36C(O6)C(=O)OC5C7=COC=C7)C)C)C 470.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
Limonin 179651 Click to see 470.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives / Pyridoindoles / Beta carbolines
2-Methoxyruteacaprine 135427256 Click to see 317.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
Orisuaveoline A 135953334 Click to see 303.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
Orisuaveoline B 25157868 Click to see COC1=CC2=C(C=C1)C(=O)N3CCC4=C(C3=N2)NC5=CC6=C(C=C45)OCO6 361.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Benzoquinolines / Acridines / Acridones
1,3-Dimethoxy-10-methyl-9(10H)-acridinone 83122 Click to see 269.29 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1097380
11-Methoxy-5-methyl-1,3-dioxolo(4,5-b)acridin-10(5H)-one 348484 Click to see 283.28 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1097380
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Furanoquinolines
(2R)-1-(4,7-dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinolin-6-yl)oxy-3-methylbutane-2,3-diol 162911907 Click to see 347.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
(2S)-1-(4,7-dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinolin-6-yl)oxy-3-methylbutane-2,3-diol 25157866 Click to see 347.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
2-(17-Methoxy-4,7,13-trioxa-11-azatetracyclo[8.7.0.03,8.012,16]heptadeca-1,3(8),9,11,14,16-hexaen-6-yl)propan-2-ol 163015364 Click to see 315.32 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
4,6,7,8-Tetramethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline 13970975 Click to see 289.28 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1097380
4,8-dimethoxy-9H-furo[2,3-b]quinolin-7-one 165368 Click to see COC1=C2C=CC(=O)C(=C2NC3=C1C=CO3)OC 245.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
5-Methoxymaculine 637256 Click to see COC1=C2C=COC2=NC3=CC4=C(C(=C31)OC)OCO4 273.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
6-[(3,3-Dimethyloxiran-2-yl)methoxy]-4-methoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinolin-7-ol 162939166 Click to see 315.32 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
Flindersiamine 68221 Click to see 273.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
Haplopine 5281846 Click to see COC1=C2C=COC2=NC3=C1C=CC(=C3OC)O 245.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
Kokusaginine 10227 Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C(=C1)C(=C3C=COC3=N2)OC)OC 259.26 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1097380
Maculine 68232 Click to see 243.21 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
Nkolbisine 157014 Click to see CC(C)(C(COC1=C(C=C2C(=C1)C(=C3C=COC3=N2)OC)OC)O)O 347.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
Quinosuaveoline A 135953335 Click to see 315.32 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
Quinosuaveoline B 25157869 Click to see CC(C)(C1COC2=C(O1)C=C3C(=C2)C(=C4C=COC4=N3)OC)O 315.32 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
Skimmianine 6760 Click to see COC1=C(C2=C(C=C1)C(=C3C=COC3=N2)OC)OC 259.26 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
Tecleaverdoornine 152710 Click to see CC(=CCC1=C2C(=C(C3=C1OCO3)O)N=C4C(=C2OC)C=CO4)C 327.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP800276F
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Quinolones and derivatives / Pyranoquinolines
Oricin 10424935 Click to see 301.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97420-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89960-4

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