Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Among the Mapuche of southern Chile, scattered ethnobotanical references note a guggul‑like resin used as a warm aromatic infusion in local remedies (Bennett et al., 2021). In the Mediterranean and Middle East, Unani practitioners habitually dissolve guggulu resin in warm water or milk, or grind it into a powder and take it with honey or ghee as a tonic and for inflammatory complaints (Nadkarni, 1982; Khan, 2016). Across southern India and the Arabian Peninsula, Ayurveda employs decoctions and infusions of the gum resin—often in the form of a kwath—for dyslipidaemias and arthritic conditions (Singh, 2008; Indian Medicinal Plants: A Compendium of 500 Species).

For a simple 1:5 ethanol tincture of guggulu, place 20 g of powdered resin in a jar with 100 mL of 45–60% ethanol and macerate for 7–10 days, shaking daily. Decant through a coffee filter and store in amber glass. Typical Unani doses for guggulu are 2–4 g daily, and preparations are usually taken with food; consult a qualified practitioner before use, and avoid during pregnancy or while on blood‑thinners.

The resin is rich in guggulsterones E and Z, guggulipids (triterpenoid esters), and a mono‑ and sesquiterpene‑rich essential oil that explains its warm, pungent taste and reported anti‑inflammatory and lipid‑modulating activity (Bajaj, 1992; Hanelt, 2001). Guggulsterones activate the farnesoid X receptor and affect bile acid metabolism, supporting the long‑standing Ayurvedic rationale for its use in high cholesterol (Urizar et al., 2002).

Guggulu remains a component of many classical Ayurvedic and Unani formulae and appears in contemporary pharmacy as standardized extracts, while conservation programs are expanding cultivation due to overharvest in the wild (Bhojvaid, 2010).

General Uses Top

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Common products:
The primary product is a fragrant gum-resin tapped from the stem of Commiphora wightii; this resin is sold as an aromatic material for incense and as a fixative component in fragrance compositions.

Industrial and craft applications:
- Incense manufacturing: the resin functions as a sticky binder and fixative, holding powdered incense ingredients together and moderating volatile-note evaporation; it also serves as a solid fuel in certain incense formulations. - Adhesive/coating: in incense and related crafts, the resin’s natural tack and film-forming behavior act as a binder/cohesive for particle mixtures.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
No documented culinary use or standard commercial use as a beverage ingredient is reported.

Colorants and tanning:
No documented use as a natural dye or tannin source is reported.

Wood and fiber:
No documented timber, fiber, pulp, or papermaking use is reported.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
- Fragrance industry: the resin or essential oil fraction is used as a natural fragrance ingredient and fixative. - Cosmetics: the resin can be employed as a natural fragrance component in perfume bases; as with fragrance materials, formulators rely on established IFRA Standards.

Properties relevant to use:
The gum-resin exhibits adhesive, fixative, and incense-burning characteristics consistent with a resin-rich composition; it displays solubility and melting behavior typical of hydrocarbon resins, facilitating use as a binder and a film-former in incense sticks and other incense formats. The essential oil fraction contributes a characteristic balsamic-spicy odor profile, supporting its role as a fragrance material and fixative.

Standards and regulation:
Use as a fragrance ingredient is subject to IFRA Standards. Export/import of material from certain countries is governed by CITES; compliance with relevant national and international wildlife trade regulations is required.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Commiphora wightii is harvested for resin in arid regions of India, Pakistan, and adjacent areas. Overexploitation for resin has led to conservation concern; recommended practices include regulated tapping, replanting, and enforcement of CITES and national regulations to mitigate wild collection pressure and support sustainable supply.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Balsamea mukul	Baill.	Hist. Pl. 5: 295 (1874)
Balsamodendrum mukul	Hook. ex Stocks	Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 1: 259 (1849)
Balsamodendrum roxburghii	Stocks	J. Asiat. Soc. Bombay 2(11): 391. 1847 [Jul 1847]
Balsamodendrum wightii	Arn.	Ann. Nat. Hist. 3: 86 (1839)
Commiphora roxburghii	Engl.	Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(4): 253 (1896)
Commiphora roxburghii var. serratifolia	Haines	Bot. Bihar Orissa 6: 1307 (1924)
Commiphora mukul	(Hook. ex Stocks) Engl.	Monogr. Phan. [A.DC. & C.DC.] 4: 12 (1883)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	guggul
English	gugal
English	gugul
English	indian bdellium-tree
English	mukul myrrh tree
Spanish	balsamodendron mukul
Spanish	balsamodendron roxburghii
Spanish	goma de guggul
Spanish	guggul
Spanish	mukul
Arabic	مقل اليهود
German	guggul
German	indische myrrhe
German	gum guggulu
German	bedolachharz
German	bdellium
German	bedellium
German	loban
Estonian	india mürripuu
Persian	مقل
French	gugul
French	guggul
French	guggulu
French	gugulon
Hindi	गुग्गुल
Italian	gugul
Malayalam	ഗുൽഗുലു
Marathi	गुग्गुळ
Punjabi	ਗੁੱਗਲ
Polish	guggul
sa	गुग्गुलुसस्यम्
Chinese	拙貝羅香
Chinese	印度没药树
Chinese	安息香
Chinese	安悉香
Chinese	局崛羅
Chinese	拙具羅
Chinese	拙具羅香
Chinese	求求罗香
Chinese	掘具羅
Chinese	殑渠盧
Chinese	求求羅
Chinese	穆庫沒藥
Chinese	穆庫爾沒藥
Chinese	窭具攞
Chinese	窭具羅
Chinese	求求羅香

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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No subspecies added yet.

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Arabian Peninsula
  - Oman
  - Yemen

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - India
  - Pakistan

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000617524
Tropicos	100314904
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:127738-1
The Plant List	kew-2733590
Open Tree Of Life	7058218
NCBI Taxonomy	2067815
IPNI	127738-1
GBIF	3994129
Freebase	/m/026bt3y
USDA GRIN	402551
UNII	L810SP9981
Tropicos	50313440
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:127856-1
The Plant List	kew-2733729
Open Tree Of Life	968492
NCBI Taxonomy	246360
IUCN Red List	31231
IPNI	127856-1
iNaturalist	190829
GBIF	3992808
Freebase	/m/026bt3y
EPPO	COQWI
EOL	2881624
USDA GRIN	406462
Wikipedia	Commiphora_wightii
CMAUP	NPO25991

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Standardization and preliminary characterization of an ayurvedic stress-relieving head massage oil of Nardostachys jatamansi DC

Chavan Bhagwan S, Gupta VS, Deshmukh VV, Sardeshmukh SS, Sardeshmukh SP

J Ayurveda Integr Med

28-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10992859
doi:	10.1016/j.jaim.2024.100900
PMID:	38552438

Immunomodulatory Role of Plants and Their Constituents on the Management of Metabolic Disorders: An Evidence-Based Review

Febriyanti RM, Levita J, Diantini A

Drug Des Devel Ther

23-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10898480
doi:	10.2147/DDDT.S442566
PMID:	38415194

Evaluation of the anti-arthritic activity of Rhuflex-F – A proprietary Ayurvedic herbomineral formulation in albino rats

Gupta V, Panigrahi B, De S, Nariya MB

Ayu

21-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10946666
doi:	10.4103/ayu.ayu_327_21
PMID:	38505109

From immune checkpoints to therapies: understanding immune checkpoint regulation and the influence of natural products and traditional medicine on immune checkpoint and immunotherapy in lung cancer

Zhou Y, Wang F, Li G, Xu J, Zhang J, Gullen E, Yang J, Wang J

Front Immunol

15-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10902058
doi:	10.3389/fimmu.2024.1340307
PMID:	38426097

Farnesoid X receptor promotes non-small cell lung cancer metastasis by activating Jak2/STAT3 signaling via transactivation of IL-6ST and IL-6 genes

Jin X, Shang B, Wang J, Sun J, Li J, Liang B, Wang X, Su L, You W, Jiang S

Cell Death Dis

15-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10869786
doi:	10.1038/s41419-024-06495-y
PMID:	38360812

Enhancing the lipid stability of foods of animal origin using edible packaging systems

Bhat ZF, Bhat HF, Manzoor M, Abdi G, Aadil RM, Hassoun A, Aït-Kaddour A

Food Chem X

14-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10879673
doi:	10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101185
PMID:	38384687

A Case Study of Furunculosis following an Ayurvedic Oil Massage, Sudation Therapy, and Lessons to Learn

Kulkarni SP, Kulkarni PS, Kumar S

Case Rep Dermatol Med

08-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10869181
doi:	10.1155/2024/3660064
PMID:	38361501

The Immune-Stimulating and Anti-Diabetic Effects of Allium hookeri Leaves Grown in a Plant Factory with Artificial Lights in Immunosuppressed Obese C57BL/6 Mice

Jung J, Kim JS, Jeong UY, Bae UJ, Kim M, Park SY, Hwang IG, Heo JW, Shim CK, Ham JS, Lee SH

Pharmaceuticals (Basel)

09-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10818880
doi:	10.3390/ph17010091
PMID:	38256924

Role of Alternate Therapies to Improve the Quality of Life in Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review

Aarshageetha P, Janci PR, Tharani ND

J Midlife Health

30-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10836436
doi:	10.4103/jmh.jmh_222_22
PMID:	38312763

Consideration of SHP-1 as a Molecular Target for Tumor Therapy

Lim S, Lee KW, Kim JY, Kim KD

Int J Mol Sci

26-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10779157
doi:	10.3390/ijms25010331
PMID:	38203502

Targeting Farnesoid X Receptor in Tumor and the Tumor Microenvironment: Implication for Therapy

Nenkov M, Shi Y, Ma Y, Gaßler N, Chen Y

Int J Mol Sci

19-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10778939
doi:	10.3390/ijms25010006
PMID:	38203175

Lipophilic Statins Eliminate Senescent Endothelial Cells by inducing Anoikis-Related Cell Death

Belakova B, Wedige NK, Awad EM, Hess S, Oszwald A, Fellner M, Khan SY, Resch U, Lipovac M, Šmejkal K, Uhrin P, Breuss JM

Cells

14-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10742095
doi:	10.3390/cells12242836
PMID:	38132158

Medicinal Herbs: Promising Immunomodulators for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases

Alanazi HH, Elasbali AM, Alanazi MK, El Azab EF

Molecules

12-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10745476
doi:	10.3390/molecules28248045
PMID:	38138535

Safety profile of herbal medicines submitted for marketing authorization in Tanzania: a cross-sectional retrospective study

Mssusa AK, Holst L, Kagashe G, Maregesi S

J Pharm Policy Pract

20-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10658996
doi:	10.1186/s40545-023-00661-x
PMID:	37986124

Pharmacologically active herbal remedies against atherosclerosis, characterization and DoE based marker quantification by densitometry, and cell based assays on THP-1 cell lines

Sireesha R, Krishnan M, Sadiq M, Ramanujam Ganesh M, Kamaraj C, Alharbi NS, Thiruvengadam M

Saudi Pharm J

20-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10698018
doi:	10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101880
PMID:	38075545

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives
Protocatechuic Acid	72	Click to see	154.12	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Benzenediols / Catechols
Hispidin	54685921	Click to see	246.21	unknown	via CMAUP database
Hypholomine B	54730031	Click to see	490.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Interfungin A	54726789	Click to see	464.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Phellinstatin	54728876	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C=CC2=CC(=C(C(=O)O2)C3=CC(=C(C=C3C=CC4=CC5=C(C(C(O5)C6=CC(=C(C=C6)O)O)C7=CC(=CC(=O)O7)O)C(=O)O4)O)O)O)O)O	734.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols
Methyldavallialactone	54726724	Click to see CC1=CC(=O)C(C(O1)C2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)C3=C(C=C(OC3=O)C=CC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)OC)O	478.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans
Diayangambin	167452	Click to see	446.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1200
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Lignan lactones
(5aR,8aR,9S)-4-hydroxy-9-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-5a,6,8a,9-tetrahydro-5H-[2]benzofuro[5,6-f][1,3]benzodioxol-8-one	11860863	Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)C2C3C(CC4=C(C5=C(C=C24)OCO5)O)COC3=O	400.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols
(Z,2R,3S,4R)-tricos-5-ene-1,2,3,4-tetrol	154495932	Click to see	386.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00485-4
(Z,2R,3S,4S)-tetracos-5-ene-1,2,3,4-tetrol	154495931	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=CC(C(C(CO)O)O)O	400.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00485-4
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols / Long-chain fatty alcohols
[(2S,3S,4R)-2,3,4-trihydroxyicosyl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	101390174	Click to see	522.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNB-2005-1114
2,3,4-Trihydroxyicosyl 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	162977317	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(C(C(COC(=O)C=CC1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)OC)O)O)O	522.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNB-2005-1114
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Cembrane diterpenoids
(1E,3Z,6E,10E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-14-propan-2-ylcyclotetradeca-1,3,6,10-tetraene	6427092	Click to see	272.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP8004453
(3Z,6Z,10Z)-3,7,11-trimethyl-14-propan-2-ylcyclotetradeca-1,3,6,10-tetraene	134128866	Click to see CC1=CCCC(=CCC=C(C=CC(CC1)C(C)C)C)C	272.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP8004453
Cembren-1-ol	45267132	Click to see CC1=CCCC(=CCC=C(C=CC(CC1)(C(C)C)O)C)C	288.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP8004453
CID 564745	564745	Click to see	290.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19723050703
Epimukulol	13255923	Click to see	290.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP8004453 https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19723050703
Neocembrene	5281384	Click to see CC1=CCCC(=CCC(CCC(=CCC1)C)C(=C)C)C	272.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP8004453
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Aromatic monoterpenoids
(5S,6S)-6-ethenyl-3,6-dimethyl-5-prop-1-en-2-yl-5,7-dihydro-1-benzofuran-4-one	10376566	Click to see	230.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2003.12.003
4(5H)-Benzofuranone, 6-ethenyl-6,7-dihydro-3,6-dimethyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)-, (5R,6S)-	5315433	Click to see	230.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2003.12.003
Curzerene	572766	Click to see CC1=COC2=C1CC(C(C2)(C)C=C)C(=C)C	216.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2003.12.003
Furanoelemene	12305300	Click to see CC1=COC2=C1CC(C(C2)(C)C=C)C(=C)C	216.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2003.12.003
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Eremophilane, 8,9-secoeremophilane and furoeremophilane sesquiterpenoids
3,8a-Dimethyl-5-methylidene-4,4a,6,9-tetrahydrobenzo[f][1]benzofuran	12311269	Click to see	214.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2003.12.003
Lindestrene	12311270	Click to see CC1=COC2=C1CC3C(=C)CC=CC3(C2)C	214.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2003.12.003
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(1R,2R,4aR,6S,8aS)-1-[(3E,7E,11E)-13-hydroxy-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trienyl]-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-3,4,4a,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-naphthalene-2,6-diol	11397036	Click to see CC(=CCCC1C2(CCC(C(C2CCC1(C)O)(C)C)O)C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CO	460.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6
(8R)-3beta,8-Dihydroxypolypoda-13E,17E,21-triene	57401582	Click to see	444.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
1-(13-hydroxy-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trienyl)-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-3,4,4a,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-naphthalene-2,6-diol	72831041	Click to see	460.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6
6-Hydroxy-5-(13-hydroxy-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trienyl)-1,1,4a,6-tetramethyl-3,4,5,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-2-one	69924933	Click to see	458.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6
Commipherol	10479302	Click to see	458.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6
Myrrhanol A	42608309	Click to see	460.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1200 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-894X(01)00111-1
Myrrhanol B	102242790	Click to see	474.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1200
Myrrhanone A	102242791	Click to see	458.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-894X(01)00111-1 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1200
Myrrhanone B	102242792	Click to see	472.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.52.1200
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Androstane steroids / Androgens and derivatives
(10R,13S,17E)-17-(1-methoxyethylidene)-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,16-dione	5317855	Click to see CC(=C1C(=O)CC2C1(CCC3C2CCC4=CC(=O)CCC34C)C)OC	342.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6
(8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17E)-17-(1-methoxyethylidene)-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,16-dione	10925932	Click to see CC(=C1C(=O)CC2C1(CCC3C2CCC4=CC(=O)CCC34C)C)OC	342.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6
(8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17Z)-10,13-dimethyl-17-(3-oxobutan-2-ylidene)-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,16-dione	101223034	Click to see CC(=C1C(=O)CC2C1(CCC3C2CCC4=CC(=O)CCC34C)C)C(=O)C	354.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6
(8S,9R,10R,13R,14S,17E)-17-ethylidene-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,16-dione	122173093	Click to see	312.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP8004453 https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.1072891
(8S,9S,10R,13S,14S,17E)-17-(1-methoxyethylidene)-10,13-dimethyl-6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,16-dione	11759612	Click to see	340.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6
(8S,9S,10S,13S,14S,17E)-17-(1-methoxyethylidene)-9,10,13-trimethyl-7,8,11,12,14,15-hexahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,16-dione	163027168	Click to see	354.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6
(E&Z)-Guggulsterone	73880857	Click to see	342.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6
17-(1-Methoxyethylidene)-10,13-dimethyl-6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,16-dione	73088872	Click to see CC(=C1C(=O)CC2C1(CCC3C2CCC4=CC(=O)C=CC34C)C)OC	340.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6
17-(1-methoxyethylidene)-9,10,13-trimethyl-7,8,11,12,14,15-hexahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,16-dione	163027167	Click to see CC(=C1C(=O)CC2C1(CCC3(C2CCC4=CC(=O)C=CC43C)C)C)OC	354.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6
E-Guggulsterone	6439929	Click to see CC=C1C(=O)CC2C1(CCC3C2CCC4=CC(=O)CCC34C)C	312.40	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744036/ https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(97)00626-9 https://doi.org/10.1093/JAOAC/84.1.24 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(98)00433-2 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP8004453 https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.1072891
Guggulsterone	6450278	Click to see	312.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969626 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(97)00626-9 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP8004453 https://doi.org/10.1093/JAOAC/84.1.24 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(98)00433-2
Pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione	53394010	Click to see	312.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744036/
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Bile acids, alcohols and derivatives / Hydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives / Trihydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives
(16beta,22R)-16,20,22-Trihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one	162901794	Click to see	432.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6
(8S,9S,10R,13S,14S,16S,17R)-17-[(3R)-2,3-dihydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-16-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one	101297673	Click to see	432.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6
17-(2,3-Dihydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-16-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one	5250524	Click to see CC(C)CCC(C(C)(C1C(CC2C1(CCC3C2CCC4=CC(=O)CCC34C)C)O)O)O	432.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Cholestane steroids / Cholesterols and derivatives
(3S,10R,13S,16S)-17-[(2S)-2,6-dihydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,16-diol	5317852	Click to see CC12CCC(CC1=CCC3C2CCC4(C3CC(C4C(C)(CCCC(C)(C)O)O)O)C)O	434.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6
(3S,8S,9S,10R,13S,14S,16S,17R)-17-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,16-diol	162991281	Click to see	418.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNB-2005-1114
(3S,8S,9S,10R,13S,14S,16S,17R)-17-[(2S)-2,6-dihydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,16-diol	11070131	Click to see	434.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6
(3S,8S,9S,10R,13S,14S,16S,17S)-17-[(2S)-2,6-dihydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,16-diol	163188115	Click to see	434.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6
17-(2-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,16-diol	85803537	Click to see	418.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNB-2005-1114
17-(2,6-dihydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,16-diol	78385008	Click to see	434.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00388-6
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Ergostane steroids
Ergosterol peroxide	5351516	Click to see CC(C)C(C)C=CC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C24C=CC5(C3(CCC(C5)O)C)OO4)C	428.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues / Purine nucleosides
(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[6-[hydroxy(methyl)amino]purin-9-yl]oxolane-3,4-diol	101518	Click to see	297.27	unknown	via CMAUP database
Adenosine	60961	Click to see C1=NC(=C2C(=N1)N(C=N2)C3C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)N	267.24	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Benzaldehydes / Hydroxybenzaldehydes
3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde	8768	Click to see	138.12	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzodioxoles
4-[(2R,3aS,6S,6aS)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrofuro[2,3-c]furan-6-yl]-8-methoxy-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f][1,3]benzodioxole	9549055	Click to see COC1=CC=C(C=C1)C2CC3COC(C3O2)C4=C5C(=C(C6=C4OCO6)OC)OCO5	414.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNB-2005-1114
8-Methoxy-4-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrofuro[2,3-c]furan-6-yl]-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f][1,3]benzodioxole	85037448	Click to see COC1=CC=C(C=C1)C2CC3COC(C3O2)C4=C5C(=C(C6=C4OCO6)OC)OCO5	414.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNB-2005-1114
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Furopyrans
Phellifuropyranone A	24770409	Click to see	378.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids
Caffeic Acid	689043	Click to see	180.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones
(+-)-Naringenin	932	Click to see	272.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00686-6 https://doi.org/10.1002/CHIN.200340218
(2R)-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-4H-chromen-4-one	667495	Click to see C1C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C2C1=O)O)O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)O	272.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CHIN.200340218 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00686-6
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones / Flavanonols
(2S,3R)-3-[(2S,9R,15R)-9,15-dimethylheptadecan-2-yl]oxy-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one	154497056	Click to see CCC(C)CCCCCC(C)CCCCCCC(C)OC1C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C2C1=O)O)O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)O	554.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00686-6
(2S,3R)-3-[(2S,9R,15S)-9,15-dimethylheptadecan-2-yl]oxy-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one	163050615	Click to see CCC(C)CCCCCC(C)CCCCCCC(C)OC1C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C2C1=O)O)O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)O	554.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00686-6
3-(9,15-Dimethylheptadecan-2-yloxy)-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one	5319966	Click to see	554.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CHIN.200340218 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00686-6
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Isocoumarins and derivatives
Phelligridin C	10248188	Click to see	364.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
Phelligridin D	10339712	Click to see	380.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Tannins / Hydrolyzable tannins
Ellagic Acid	5281855	Click to see C1=C2C3=C(C(=C1O)O)OC(=O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C43)OC2=O)O)O	302.19	unknown	via CMAUP database

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Commiphora wightii

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