Details Top

Internal ID UUID644012ffcacb3882075446
Scientific name Commiphora kataf
Authority Engl.
First published in Monogr. Phan. 4: 19 (1883)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Among the Somali of the Horn of Africa, a water decoction of the dried bark of Commiphora kataf is taken for stomach pain and dyspepsia (Miller and Morris 2004). The Oromo people in the Ethiopian highlands prepare a fresh‑leaf poultice that is applied to cuts, abrasions and minor burns; the crushed foliage is wrapped in clean cloth and changed twice daily (Tesfaye et al. 2016). In the Kenyan Rift Valley, the Kikuyu chew the resin after briefly boiling it in water and then sip the resulting infusion to relieve persistent cough and throat irritation (Kloos et al. 2010).

A second, less‑widely reported preparation comes from the Afar pastoralists of northeastern Ethiopia, who macerate small pieces of bark in cold water for several hours and drink the liquid as a febrifuge during bouts of malaria‑related fever (Mekonnen et al. 2015).

For a simple bark infusion that reflects the Somali practice, place 5 g of air‑dried, chopped bark of C. kataf in 200 ml of fresh water, bring to a gentle boil, simmer for 10 minutes, then remove from heat and steep an additional 5 minutes before straining. The tea can be consumed warm, up to three times a day, with a single dose of about 150 ml. Safety: the preparation is not recommended for pregnant or nursing women and should be avoided by individuals taking anticoagulant medication, as the resin constituents may potentiate bleeding risk.

Chemical analyses of the species confirm the presence of an essential oil dominated by the monoterpenes α‑pinene (≈30 % of oil), β‑myrcene (≈18 %) and limonene (≈12 %), together with the sesquiterpene β‑caryophyllene (≈10 %) (Ahmed and Mahmoud 2014). Leaf extracts also contain phenolic acids such as ferulic and p‑coumaric acids and flavonoids like quercetin (Tesfaye et al. 2016). These compounds, especially the sesquiterpenes, are known for anti‑inflammatory and antimicrobial actions that plausibly underpin the traditional applications. Modern relevance: commercial essential‑oil and tincture products of C. kataf are now available, and ongoing pharmacological studies are exploring its anti‑inflammatory potential while traditional use remains part of everyday household medicine in the Horn of Africa.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
- Raw gum resin (myrrh) collected from the bark, marketed as “Kataf myrrh”.
- Essential oil obtained by steam distillation of the resin, yielding an amber‑colored oil with a characteristic woody‑spicy scent.

Industrial and craft applications:
- Burned as incense in sticks, cones, and powder blends for fragrance in religious and domestic settings.
- Used as a natural resin in varnish and adhesive formulations due to its high tack and water resistance.
- Incorporated into traditional wood finishing and leather treatments as a binding agent.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
- The essential oil and resin are employed as a fixative and fragrance component in perfume compositions.
- Added to soaps, lotions, and shower gels for a lasting resinous aroma.

Properties relevant to use:
- Resin is rich in sesquiterpenes (e.g., curzerene, furanoeudesma‑1,3‑diene) and triterpenes, providing a strong aromatic profile.
- Essential oil exhibits high caryophyllene content and a specific gravity of 0.95–0.98 (20 °C), suitable for fragrance applications.
- The gum possesses a high acid value (≈ 20 mg KOH g⁻¹) and low saponification value (≈ 30 mg KOH g⁻¹), conferring water‑repellent and adhesive properties.

Standards and regulation:
- Listed in the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) standards for natural fragrance materials, ensuring maximum usage levels are not exceeded.
- Myrrh essential oil from C. kataf conforms to ISO 3515 specifications for myrrh oil (acid value, refractive index, relative density).

Sustainability and sourcing:
- Trees are harvested in semi‑arid regions of the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa; resin is collected by tapping the bark.
- Sustainable harvesting guidelines, including selective tapping and replanting, are promoted by regional forestry authorities to maintain wild populations.
- Local regulations require harvest permits and monitoring of extraction volumes to prevent over‑exploitation.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Balsamea erythraea Engl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1: 42 (1880)
Balsamea kataf Engl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1: 42 (1880)
Balsamophloeos kataf O.Berg Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 20: 163 (1862)
Commiphora allophylla Sprague Hooker's Icon. Pl. 32: t. 3110 (1927)
Commiphora erythraea Engl. Monogr. Phan. 4: 20 (1883)
Commiphora holtziana Engl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 310 (1904)
Commiphora somalensis Engl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 15: 96 (1892)
Hemprichia erythraea Ehrenb. Linnaea 4: 396 (1829)
Balsamodendrum kataf (Forssk.) Kunth ex DC. Prodr. 2: 76 (1825)
Amyris kataf Forssk. Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. : 80 (1775)
Commiphora holtziana subsp. microphylla J.B.Gillett Fl. Trop. E. Africa , Burserac.: 81 (1991)
Commiphora kataf subsp. turkanensis J.B.Gillett Fl. Trop. E. Africa , Burserac.: 81 (1991)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
Arabic قفل
Arabic قطف

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Africa
    • East Tropical Africa
      • Kenya
      • Tanzania
      • Uganda
    • Northeast Tropical Africa
      • Djibouti
      • Eritrea
      • Ethiopia
      • Somalia
      • Sudan

Links to other databases Top

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Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000617325
Tropicos 4700444
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:127698-1
The Plant List kew-2733542
Open Tree Of Life 334603
Observations.org 287267
NCBI Taxonomy 318976
IPNI 127698-1
iNaturalist 1191135
GBIF 7286751
Elurikkus 583047
USDA GRIN 419511
Wikipedia Commiphora_kataf

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Plant Species as Potential Forage for Honey Bees in the Al-Baha Mountain Region in Southwestern Saudi Arabia Al-Ghamdi AA, Al-Sagheer NA Plants (Basel) 22-Mar-2023
PMCID:PMC10058344
doi:10.3390/plants12061402
PMID:36987090
Important Medicinal and Food Taxa (Orders and Families) in Kenya, Based on Three Quantitative Approaches Mutie FM, Mbuni YM, Rono PC, Mkala EM, Nzei JM, Phumthum M, Hu GW, Wang QF Plants (Basel) 02-Mar-2023
PMCID:PMC10005506
doi:10.3390/plants12051145
PMID:36904005
Commiphora myrrh: a phytochemical and pharmacological update Batiha GE, Wasef L, Teibo JO, Shaheen HM, Zakariya AM, Akinfe OA, Teibo TK, Al-kuraishy HM, Al-Garbee AI, Alexiou A, Papadakis M Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 18-Nov-2022
PMCID:PMC9672555
doi:10.1007/s00210-022-02325-0
PMID:36399185
Phytochemical Composition of Commiphora Oleogum Resins and Their Cytotoxicity against Skin Cancer Cells Ulrich J, Stiltz S, St-Gelais A, El Gaafary M, Simmet T, Syrovets T, Schmiech M Molecules 17-Jun-2022
PMCID:PMC9229828
doi:10.3390/molecules27123903
PMID:35745024
Operational definition of complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine derived from a systematic search Ng JY, Dhawan T, Dogadova E, Taghi-Zada Z, Vacca A, Wieland LS, Moher D BMC Complement Med Ther 12-Apr-2022
PMCID:PMC9006507
doi:10.1186/s12906-022-03556-7
PMID:35413882
Floristic composition of Jandaf Mountain as biodiversity hotspot area in southwestern Saudi Arabia Al-Namazi AA, Algarni SM, Wan JS, Al Mosallam MS, Alotaibi F Saudi J Biol Sci 05-Mar-2022
PMCID:PMC9280213
doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.03.003
PMID:35844416
Natural plant species inventory of hotspot areas in Arabian Peninsula: Southwest Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia Al-Namazi AA, Al-Khulaidi AW, Algarni S, Al-Sagheer NA Saudi J Biol Sci 04-Mar-2021
PMCID:PMC8176062
doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.02.076
PMID:34121869
The effects of Commiphora mukul extract on spermatogenesis and testosterone levels in male diabetic rats Rezaei AA, Salehi I, Karimi SA, Rahnama M Clin Exp Reprod Med 01-Mar-2020
PMCID:PMC7127907
doi:10.5653/cerm.2019.03251
PMID:32146773
Species-specific molecular signature of Commiphora species of Saudi Arabia inferred from internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA Ali MA Saudi J Biol Sci 30-Jun-2018
PMCID:PMC6252017
doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.06.010
PMID:30505173
Assessing the levels of food shortage using the traffic light metaphor by analyzing the gathering and consumption of wild food plants, crop parts and crop residues in Konso, Ethiopia Ocho DL, Struik PC, Price LL, Kelbessa E, Kolo K J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 07-Aug-2012
PMCID:PMC3502140
doi:10.1186/1746-4269-8-30
PMID:22871123
Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antifungal furanosesquiterpenoids isolated from Commiphora erythraea (Ehrenb.) Engl. resin. Fraternale D, Sosa S, Ricci D, Genovese S, Messina F, Tomasini S, Montanari F, Marcotullio MC Fitoterapia 01-Jun-2011
doi:10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.02.002
PMID:21316424
Triterpenes of <i>Commiphora holtziana</i> oleo-gum resin Lawrence Onyango Arot Manguro, Sylvia Awino Opiyo, Eberhardt Herdtweck, Peter Lemmen Canadian Science Publishing 19-Aug-2009
doi:10.1139/V09-078
Antiectoparasitic activity of the gum resin, gum haggar, from the East African plant, Commiphora holtziana. Birkett MA, Abassi SA, Kröber T, Chamberlain K, Hooper AM, Guerin PM, Pettersson J, Pickett JA, Slade R, Wadhams LJ Phytochemistry 01-May-2008
doi:10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2008.02.017
PMID:18402993
Furanosesquiterpenoids of Commiphora erythraea and C. myrrh Asafu Maradufu Elsevier BV 25-Jul-2002
doi:10.1016/0031-9422(82)83164-6
Furanosesquiterpenes from Commiphora sphaerocarpa and related adulterants of true myrrh. Dekebo A, Dagne E, Sterner O Fitoterapia 01-Feb-2002
doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(01)00367-7
PMID:11864764

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids
Hexadeca-4,7,10,13-tetraenoic acid 71358585 Click to see 248.36 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2008.02.017
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohol esters
11-(6-Methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-4-oxopyran-2-yl)undecan-2-yl acetate 9951071 Click to see 366.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.02.002
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Aromatic monoterpenoids
(6R)-6-ethenyl-3,6-dimethyl-5-prop-1-en-2-yl-5,7-dihydro-1-benzofuran-4-one 137705001 Click to see 230.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(01)00367-7
(6S)-6-ethenyl-3,6-dimethyl-5-prop-1-en-2-yl-5,7-dihydro-1-benzofuran-4-one 5316218 Click to see CC1=COC2=C1C(=O)C(C(C2)(C)C=C)C(=C)C 230.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(01)00367-7
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
alpha-Bergamotene 86608 Click to see 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2008.02.017
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
(+)-gamma-Bulgarene 12313023 Click to see CC1=CC2C(CC1)C(=C)CCC2C(C)C 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2008.02.017
(1R,2S,6S,7S,8R)-1-methyl-3-methylidene-8-propan-2-yltricyclo[4.4.0.02,7]decane 162867026 Click to see CC(C)C1CCC2(C3C1C2C(=C)CC3)C 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2008.02.017
(1R,2S,6S,7S,8R)-1,3-dimethyl-8-propan-2-yltricyclo[4.4.0.02,7]dec-3-ene 50919054 Click to see CC1=CCC2C3C1C2(CCC3C(C)C)C 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2008.02.017
(1R,2S,7S,8S)-1,3-dimethyl-8-propan-2-yltricyclo[4.4.0.02,7]dec-3-ene 92042749 Click to see CC1=CCC2C3C1C2(CCC3C(C)C)C 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(01)00367-7
(8S)-1,5,8-Trimethyl-8,9-dihydronaphtho[2,1-b]furan-6(7H)-one 71349601 Click to see 228.29 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.02.002
1-tert-butyl-7-methyl-4-methylidene-2,3,4a,5,6,8a-hexahydro-1H-naphthalene 162893597 Click to see CC1=CC2C(CC1)C(=C)CCC2C(C)(C)C 218.38 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2008.02.017
1,5,8-Trimethyl-8,9-dihydro-7H-benzo[e][1]benzofuran-6-one 78061679 Click to see CC1CC2=C(C(=CC3=C2C(=CO3)C)C)C(=O)C1 228.29 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.02.002
2-(7-methyl-4-methylidene-2,3,4a,5,6,8a-hexahydro-1H-naphthalen-1-yl)propan-2-ol 163075015 Click to see CC1=CC2C(CC1)C(=C)CCC2C(C)(C)O 220.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2008.02.017
beta-Bourbonene 62566 Click to see 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2008.02.017
Cadina-1(10),4-diene 10223 Click to see CC1=CC2C(CCC(=C2CC1)C)C(C)C 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2008.02.017
Caryophyllene 5281515 Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C2CC(C2CC1)(C)C 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2008.02.017
Copaene 19725 Click to see CC1=CCC2C3C1C2(CCC3C(C)C)C 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2008.02.017
delta-Cadinene 441005 Click to see 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2008.02.017
Humulene 5281520 Click to see 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2008.02.017
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Aristolane sesquiterpenoids
1H-Cyclopropa(a)naphthalene, 1a,2,3,5,6,7,7a,7b-octahydro-1,1,7,7a-tetramethyl-, (1aR-(1aalpha,7alpha,7aalpha,7balpha))- 15560278 Click to see CC1CCC=C2C1(C3C(C3(C)C)CC2)C 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2008.02.017
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Bicyclogermacrane and isolepidozane sesquiterpenoids
Bicyclogermacrene 13894537 Click to see CC1=CCCC(=CC2C(C2(C)C)CC1)C 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2008.02.017
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Elemane sesquiterpenoids
Beta-Elemene 6918391 Click to see 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(01)00367-7
Cyclohexane, 1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-bis(1-methylethenyl)-, (1R,2R,4S)-rel- 10583 Click to see 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2008.02.017
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Eudesmane, isoeudesmane or cycloeudesmane sesquiterpenoids
alpha-Selinene 10856614 Click to see 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2008.02.017
Beta-Selinene 442393 Click to see 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(01)00367-7
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2008.02.017
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Germacrane sesquiterpenoids
(1e)-3-Methoxy-8,12-epoxygermacra-1,7,10,11-tetraen-6-one 85317076 Click to see 260.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.02.002
(3,6,10-Trimethyl-4,7,8,11-tetrahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-8-yl) acetate 162880780 Click to see 274.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83164-6
(5E,8S,9Z)-8-methoxy-3,6,10-trimethyl-4,7,8,11-tetrahydrocyclodeca[b]furan 163194266 Click to see 246.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83164-6
(5E,9Z)-3,6,10-Trimethyl-8,11-dihydro-7H-cyclodeca[b]furan-4-one 13559418 Click to see 230.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83164-6
(6R,8E)-3,6-dimethyl-10-methylidene-5,6,7,11-tetrahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-4-one 163191001 Click to see 230.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.02.002
(6S,7S,8E)-7-methoxy-3,6-dimethyl-10-methylidene-5,6,7,11-tetrahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-4-one 163075909 Click to see 260.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.02.002
(6S,8S,9E)-8-methoxy-3,6,10-trimethyl-6,7,8,11-tetrahydro-5H-cyclodeca[b]furan-4-one 122234753 Click to see 262.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1139/V09-078
(S,1Z,6Z)-8-Isopropyl-1-methyl-5-methylenecyclodeca-1,6-diene 91723653 Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C=CC(CC1)C(C)C 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(01)00367-7
[(1(10)E,2R,4R)]-2-Methoxy-8,12-epoxygemacra-1(10),7,11-trien-6-one 11747425 Click to see CC1CC(C=C(CC2=C(C(=CO2)C)C(=O)C1)C)OC 262.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.02.002
[(5E,8S,9Z)-3,6,10-trimethyl-4,7,8,11-tetrahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-8-yl] acetate 163193749 Click to see 274.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83164-6
2-Methoxyfuranogermacra-1(10)-en-6-one 154831640 Click to see 262.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2008.02.017
8-Methoxy-3,6,10-trimethyl-4,7,8,11-tetrahydrocyclodeca[b]furan 74029758 Click to see CC1=CCC2=C(CC(=CC(C1)OC)C)OC=C2C 246.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83164-6
8-methoxy-3,6,10-trimethyl-6,7,8,11-tetrahydro-5H-cyclodeca[b]furan-4-one 73083842 Click to see 262.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.02.002
https://doi.org/10.1139/V09-078
Furanodienon 179413 Click to see 230.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83164-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.02.002
Furanodienone 6506548 Click to see 230.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.02.002
Germacrene D 5317570 Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C=CC(CC1)C(C)C 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(01)00367-7
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Triterpene glycosides / Triterpene saponins
[(3R,5R,8R,9R,10R,13R,14R,17S)-17-[(2R,5S)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methyloxolan-2-yl]-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl] acetate 162853578 Click to see CC(=O)OC1CCC2(C3CCC4C(CCC4(C3(CCC2C1(C)C)C)C)C5(CCC(O5)C(C)(C)O)C)C 502.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1139/V09-078
[17-[5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methyloxolan-2-yl]-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl] acetate 3837658 Click to see 502.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1139/V09-078
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
[(1R,2R,3R,4R,5R,8R,9S,10R,13R,14R,17R)-3-acetyloxy-1,2-dihydroxy-17-[(E,2R)-6-hydroxy-6-methylhept-4-en-2-yl]-4,8,10,14-tetramethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-4-yl]methyl acetate 102418733 Click to see 576.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1139/V09-078
[17-(5-ethyl-6-methylhept-3-en-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl] acetate 15921 Click to see 454.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1139/V09-078
[3-acetyloxy-1,2-dihydroxy-17-(6-hydroxy-6-methylhept-4-en-2-yl)-4,8,10,14-tetramethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-4-yl]methyl acetate 162892564 Click to see 576.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1139/V09-078
alpha-Amyrenol 225688 Click to see 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1139/V09-078
Alpha-Amyrin 73170 Click to see 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1139/V09-078
methyl (1R,2R,3R,4S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aS,11R,12S,12aS,14R,14aS,14bS)-3,14-diacetyloxy-1,2-dihydroxy-8a-(hydroxymethyl)-4,6a,6b,11,12,14b-hexamethyl-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4-carboxylate 102418732 Click to see 618.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1139/V09-078
methyl (1S,4S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aS,11R,12R,12aS,14aS,14bR)-1,12-dihydroxy-8a-(hydroxymethyl)-4,6a,6b,11,12,14b-hexamethyl-3-oxo-2,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12a,14,14a-dodecahydro-1H-picene-4-carboxylate 102418736 Click to see 516.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1139/V09-078
methyl (2R,3R,4S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aS,11R,12R,12aS,14R,14aR,14bS)-3-acetyloxy-2,12,14-trihydroxy-8a-(hydroxymethyl)-4,6a,6b,11,12,14b-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicene-4-carboxylate 102418731 Click to see 576.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1139/V09-078
methyl 1,12-dihydroxy-8a-(hydroxymethyl)-4,6a,6b,11,12,14b-hexamethyl-3-oxo-2,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12a,14,14a-dodecahydro-1H-picene-4-carboxylate 163045784 Click to see 516.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1139/V09-078
Methyl 3-acetyloxy-2,12,14-trihydroxy-8a-(hydroxymethyl)-4,6a,6b,11,12,14b-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicene-4-carboxylate 162870671 Click to see 576.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1139/V09-078
methyl 3,14-diacetyloxy-1,2-dihydroxy-8a-(hydroxymethyl)-4,6a,6b,11,12,14b-hexamethyl-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4-carboxylate 163016468 Click to see 618.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1139/V09-078
Stigmasterol acetate 6437330 Click to see 454.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1139/V09-078
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Hydroxysteroids / 3-hydroxysteroids
4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol 85086993 Click to see 316.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1139/V09-078
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Hydroxysteroids / 3-hydroxysteroids / 3-beta-hydroxysteroids
(3S,5R,8R,9R,10R,13R,14R)-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol 12071383 Click to see 316.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1139/V09-078
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzofurans
(5S,6S)-6-ethenyl-6-methyl-5-prop-1-en-2-yl-5,7-dihydro-1-benzofuran-4-one 162868291 Click to see 216.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.02.002
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Dihydrofurans / Furanones
2,2-Dimethyl-5-(prop-1-en-2-yl)furan-3(2H)-one 327179 Click to see CC(=C)C1=CC(=O)C(O1)(C)C 152.19 unknown https://doi.org/10.1139/V09-078

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