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Malus toringo

Table of Contents

Details
Ethnobotanical Use
General Uses
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Gallery
Contributors
Collections

Details Top

Internal ID UUID64403fa5095f1804552809
Scientific name Malus toringo
Authority (Siebold) Siebold ex de Vriese
First published in Tuinb.-Fl. 3: 368. 1856 [Dec ? 1856]

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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General Uses Top

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Common products:
Malus toringo is cultivated as an ornamental tree and sold by nurseries as saplings or container‑grown plants for residential gardens, streetscapes, and public green spaces. Its compact habit, early pink‑white blossoms, and persistent small red‑orange fruit make it a popular choice for small‑scale landscaping. The species is also used in landscape restoration projects where a native crabapple is desired.

Food and beverages (non‑medicinal):
The fruit is a small (5–10 mm) crabapple with a tart flavor due to high malic‑acid content and a relatively high pectin level, which contributes to gel formation when cooked. These characteristics allow the fruit to be processed into jam, jelly, and other fruit preserves. In parts of Japan and Korea the fruit is harvested from cultivated or wild trees and made into traditional jams or, less commonly, low‑alcohol fermented beverages. Commercial processing must meet national food‑safety and labeling regulations such as the Codex Alimentarius standard for fruit jams and the EU jam regulations.

Properties relevant to use:
The fruit’s acidity (malic acid) and pectin content provide the chemical basis for jam production, while the plant’s genetic attributes—including a sequenced reference genome (NCBI BioProject PRJNA…) and documented disease‑resistance loci (e.g., the Vf scab‑resistance gene)—make Malus toringo a valuable genetic resource for apple breeding and molecular studies. Its relatively small stature and tolerance of pruning also suit horticultural production.

Standards and regulation:
Fruit‑preserve products derived from Malus toringo must comply with established food standards: the Codex Alimentarius “Fruit jam, jelly and marmalade” specification (Codex Stan 117‑1981) and European Union jam regulations (e.g., Council Directive 2001/112/EC) set limits on soluble solids, pH, and allowed additives.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Propagation is primarily through seed or vegetative cuttings by commercial nurseries, reducing pressure on wild populations. Fruit for processing is obtained from cultivated trees or from sustainably managed wild stands; harvest volumes are modest because the species grows as a shrub‑tree. The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists Malus toringo as “Least Concern”, but habitat loss in its native East Asian range warrants monitoring to ensure long‑term availability.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Crataegus taquetii H.Lév. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 377 (1912)
Pyrus esquirolii H.Lév. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 189 (1913)
Pyrus mengo Siebold ex K.Koch Dendrologie 1: 213 (1869)
Malus sieboldii var. arborescens Rehder Plantae wilsonianae ; 1911 294 1915
Sorbus toringo Siebold Jaarb. Kon. Ned. Maatsch. Aanm. Tuinb. 1848: 47 (1848)
Malus hupehensis Koidz. ; 1934 184 1934
Pyrus sieboldii Regel Index Seminum (LE, Petropolitanus) 1858: 51 (1859)
Crataegus cavaleriei H.Lév. & Vaniot Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 58 (1908)
Photinia rubrolutea H.Lév. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 460 (1911)
Pyrus subcrataegifolia H.Lév. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 199 (1909)
Pyrus toringo (Siebold) Miq. Prolus. Fl. Jap. : 229 (1867)
Malus baccata subsp. toringo (Siebold) Koidz. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 25: 76 (1911)
Malus toringo subsp. sargentii (Rehder) Likhonos Trudy Prikl. Bot. 52(3): 33 (1974)
Pyrus rivularis var. toringo (Siebold) Wenz. Linnaea 38: 39 (1873)
Malus sphaerocarpa (Wender.) M.Roem. Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 214 (1847)
Pyrus sphaerocarpa Wender. Index Seminum (MB, Marburgensis) 1835: [5] (1835)
Pyrus sargentii (Rehder) Bean Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isles 2: 293 (1914)
Pyrus riversii K.Koch Dendrologie 1: 209 (1869)
Malus sieboldii Rehder Pl. Wilson. 2: 293 (1915)
Malus sargentii Rehder Trees & Shrubs 1: 71 (1903)
Malus toringo f. koringo (Koidz.) T.Shimizu J. Phytogeogr. Taxon. 37: 120 (1989)
Malus microcarpa var. toringo (Siebold) Carrière Étud. Gén. Pommier. : 61 (1883)
Sinomalus sieboldii Rushforth Phytologia 100: 245 (2018)
Pyrus toringo var. incisa Franch. & Sav. Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 350 (1878)
Pyrus toringo var. integrifolia Franch. & Sav. Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 350 (1878)
Pyrus toringo var. typica Maxim. ex Franch. & Sav. Enum. Pl. Jap. 1: 139 (1873)
Malus sieboldii f. ascendens Asami Crab. Nect. Jap. : 40 (1927)
Malus sieboldii var. koringo Koidz. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 331 (1916)
Malus sieboldii unranked megarantha Koidz. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 331 (1916)
Malus sieboldii unranked vulgaris Koidz. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 331 (1916)
Malus spectabilis var. toringo Lavallée Énum. Arbres : 102 (1877)
Malus toringo var. rosea Nakai Korean Pl. : 297 (1914)
Malus toringo var. typica Franch. & Sav. Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 350 (1878)
Pyrus sieboldii f. latifolia Cardot Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 70 (1918)
Pyrus sieboldii f. tomentosa Cardot Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 70 (1918)
Pyrus spectabilis var. kaido G.Kirchn. Arbor. Muscav. : 326 (1864)
Malus rivularis unranked toringo (Siebold) Wenz. Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 293 (1883)
Malus sieboldii var. toringo (Siebold) C.K.Schneid.
Malus toringo var. incisa (Franch. & Sav.) Koidz. J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 34(2): 82 (1913)
Malus toringo var. integrifolia (Franch. & Sav.) Koidz. J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 34(2): 82 (1913)
Pyrus sieboldii var. arborescens (Rehder) L.H.Bailey Rhodora 18: 155 (1916)
Pyrus sieboldii var. incisa (Franch. & Sav.) Cardot Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 70 (1918)
Pyrus sieboldii var. integrifolia (Franch. & Sav.) Cardot Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 70 (1918)
Malus sieboldii unranked incisa (Franch. & Sav.) Koidz. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 331 (1916)
Malus sieboldii unranked sargentii (Rehder) Koidz. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 331 (1916)
Malus sieboldii var. sargentii (Rehder) Asami Crab. Nect. Jap. : 40 (1927)
Malus toringo var. sargentii (Rehder) C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 723 (1906)
Malus toringo subvar. sargentii (Rehder) Koidz. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 331 (1916)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English sargent crabapple
English sargent's apple
Spanish manzano silvestre de siebold
Arabic تفاح سيبولدي
Arabic تفاح سرجنتي
Danish bær-æble
Danish sargents Æble
Danish japansk prydæble
Finnish helmiomenapuu
Finnish japaninmarjaomenapuu
Finnish marjaomenapensas
Finnish pikkuhelmiomenapuu
Croatian japanska jabuka
Japanese コナシ
Japanese コリンゴ
Japanese ヒメカイドウ
Japanese ミツバカイドウ
Japanese 姫海棠
Japanese 棠
Japanese ズミ
Korean 아그배나무
Latvian zībolda ābele
Polish jabłoń sargenta
Russian Яблоня Зибольда
Chinese 三葉海棠
Chinese 野黄子
Chinese 山茶果
Chinese 山楂子
Chinese 三叶海棠

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Expose seeds to natural outdoor winter conditions for 3 months, then gradually increase light and temperature in the spring.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Asia-temperate
    • China
      • China North-central
      • China South-central
      • China Southeast
      • Manchuria
    • Eastern Asia
      • Korea
    • Russian Far East
      • Sakhalin
  • Northern America
    • Eastern Canada
      • Ontario
    • North-central U.S.A.
      • Illinois
      • Kansas
      • Wisconsin
    • Northeastern U.S.A.
      • Massachusetts
      • New York
      • Ohio
      • Pennsylvania
      • Vermont
    • Northwestern U.S.A.
      • Oregon
      • Washington
    • Southeastern U.S.A.
      • Maryland
      • Virginia

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0001004789
Cornell Woody Plants 152
Canadensys 27938
USDA Plants MASA9
UConn 288
Tropicos 27803789
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726391-1
The Plant List rjp-8013
Missouri Botanical Garden 286563
Open Tree Of Life 321919
NCBI Taxonomy 106565
IPNI 726391-1
iNaturalist 127359
GBIF 3001372
Freebase /m/04ldsyl
EPPO MABSA
EOL 633312
USDA GRIN 23269
Wikipedia Malus_sargentii
Canadensys 29127
USDA Plants MATO6
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60451760-2
The Plant List rjp-36668
Observations.org 147995
IUCN Red List 61855279
IPNI 60451760-2
iNaturalist 133353
GBIF 3001076
WisFlora 13132
EPPO MABTO
USDA GRIN 23282
Canadensys 27932
Tropicos 27804442
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726399-1
The Plant List rjp-5778
Open Tree Of Life 321921
NCBI Taxonomy 106566
NBN Atlas NBNSYS0000042135
Nature Serve 2.140029
IPNI 726399-1
iNaturalist 165108
GBIF 3001650
Freebase /m/04ljn62
EPPO MABSB
EOL 633313
USDA GRIN 23272
Wikipedia Malus_sieboldii
CMAUP NPO18712

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
Accession Assembly
Name Level Submitter Released Coverage Size
GCA_047225625.1 ASM4722562v1 Chromosome China Agricultural University 2025-01-27 38.47 1.28 Gb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Apple crown and collar canker and necrosis caused by Cytospora balanejica sp. nov. in Iran Azizi R, Ghosta Y, Ahmadpour A Sci Rep 19-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10951349
doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57235-3
PMID:38504125
The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Malus × adstringens Zabel ‘Hopa’ (Rosaceae) Dong L, Wang R, Liu H, Xia G, Quan J, Guo L, Chen M Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 25-Jan-2024
PMCID:PMC10812852
doi:10.1080/23802359.2023.2292158
PMID:38282982
The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Malus × adstringens Zabel ‘Hopa’ (Rosaceae) Dong L, Wang R, Liu H, Xia G, Quan J, Guo L, Chen M Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 25-Jan-2024
PMCID:PMC10812852
doi:10.1080/23802359.2023.2292158
PMID:38282982
Commodity risk assessment of Corylus avellana plants from the UK Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P EFSA J 12-Jan-2024
PMCID:PMC10784871
doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8495
PMID:38222930
Is apomixis occurring in walnut (Juglans regia L.)? New data from progeny molecular tests and cytological investigations shed light on its reproductive system Solhjoo S, Fatahi R, Zamani Z, Chehregani Rad A, Palumbo F, Barcaccia G Front Plant Sci 01-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10792767
doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1270381
PMID:38235200
Editorial: The chemo-biological language of plants: exploring the diversity of specialized metabolites Docimo T, D’Amelia V, Piccinelli AL Front Plant Sci 20-Jun-2023
PMCID:PMC10319101
doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1226864
PMID:37409288
Commodity risk assessment of Malus sylvestris plants from United Kingdom Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Zappalà L, Lucchi A, Gómez P, Urek G, Bernardo U, Bubici G, Carluccio AV, Chiumenti M, Di Serio F, Fanelli E, Marzachì C, Kaczmarek A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Yuen J EFSA J 19-Jun-2023
PMCID:PMC10277910
doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8076
PMID:37342543
Commodity risk assessment of Malus domestica plants from United Kingdom Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Zappalà L, Lucchi A, Gómez P, Urek G, Bernardo U, Bubici G, Carluccio AV, Chiumenti M, Di Serio F, Fanelli E, Marzachì C, Kaczmarek A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Yuen J EFSA J 12-May-2023
PMCID:PMC10176602
doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8002
PMID:37187571
Apomictic Malus plants exhibit abnormal pollen development Liu DD, Wang DR, Yang XY, Zhao CH, Li SH, Sha GL, Zhang RF, Ge HJ, Tong XS, You CX Front Plant Sci 20-Feb-2023
PMCID:PMC9986266
doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1065032
PMID:36890893
Apomictic Malus plants exhibit abnormal pollen development Liu DD, Wang DR, Yang XY, Zhao CH, Li SH, Sha GL, Zhang RF, Ge HJ, Tong XS, You CX Front Plant Sci 20-Feb-2023
PMCID:PMC9986266
doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1065032
PMID:36890893
Bioactive Substances and Biological Functions in Malus hupehensis: A Review Li P, Tan J, Xiao M, Cai X, Xue H, Yu H Molecules 09-Jan-2023
PMCID:PMC9866576
doi:10.3390/molecules28020658
PMID:36677713
De novo transcriptome assembly and functional analysis reveal a dihydrochalcone 3-hydroxylase(DHC3H) of wild Malus species that produces sieboldin in vivo Miranda S, Lagrèze J, Knoll AS, Angeli A, Espley RV, Dare AP, Malnoy M, Martens S Front Plant Sci 16-Dec-2022
PMCID:PMC9800874
doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.1072765
PMID:36589107
Genetic Diversity of Venturia inaequalis in Latvia Revealed by Microsatellite Markers Sokolova O, Moročko-Bičevska I, Lācis G Pathogens 09-Oct-2022
PMCID:PMC9611756
doi:10.3390/pathogens11101165
PMID:36297222
GWAS provides new insights into the genetic mechanisms of phytochemicals production and red skin colour in apple Kumar S, Molloy C, Hunt M, Deng CH, Wiedow C, Andre C, Dare A, McGhie T Hortic Res 26-Sep-2022
PMCID:PMC9720448
doi:10.1093/hr/uhac218
PMID:36479587
The complete chloroplast genome of Prunus campanulata ‘Fugui’ (Rosaceae) Wang ZF, Yang XC, Zheng MX, Zhou Q Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 26-Aug-2022
PMCID:PMC9423843
doi:10.1080/23802359.2022.2106796
PMID:36046108

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Hydrocarbons / Unsaturated hydrocarbons / Branched unsaturated hydrocarbons
(1S,4Z,8R)-5,9,9-trimethyl-2-methylidenebicyclo[6.2.0]dec-4-ene 18502770 Click to see CC1=CCC(=C)C2CC(C2CC1)(C)C 190.32 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Taxanes and derivatives
(2,4,9,15-Tetraacetyloxy-11-hydroxy-10,14,17,17-tetramethyl-6-oxatetracyclo[11.3.1.03,10.04,7]heptadec-13-en-12-yl) benzoate 163106199 Click to see 656.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9610004133
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
(+)-alpha-Pinene 82227 Click to see CC1=CCC2CC1C2(C)C 136.23 unknown via CMAUP database
(+)-Isoborneol 6973640 Click to see CC1(C2CCC1(C(C2)O)C)C 154.25 unknown via CMAUP database
D-Borneol 6552009 Click to see 154.25 unknown via CMAUP database
Isoborneol 6321405 Click to see CC1(C2CCC1(C(C2)O)C)C 154.25 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
Caryophyllene 5281515 Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C2CC(C2CC1)(C)C 204.35 unknown via CMAUP database
Humulene 5281520 Click to see 204.35 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Elemane sesquiterpenoids
Beta-Elemene 6918391 Click to see 204.35 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Triterpene glycosides / Triterpene saponins
(5R,8R,9S,10R,13R,14R,17S)-17-[(2R,5S)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methyloxolan-2-yl]-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one 40884713 Click to see 458.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Ocotillol I 101967086 Click to see CC1(C2CCC3(C(C2(CCC1O)C)CCC4C3(CCC4C5(CCC(O5)C(C)(C)O)C)C)C)C 460.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(+)-Erythrodiol 101761 Click to see 442.70 unknown via CMAUP database
(1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9R,10R,11R,12aS,14bS)-10,11-dihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-13-oxo-1,2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 69624247 Click to see 502.70 unknown via CMAUP database
(1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aS,9R,10R,11R,12aR,14bS)-10,11-dihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylic acid 51531959 Click to see 488.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Alphitolic acid 12305768 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C(C3(CC2)C)(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)C)O)O)C)C)C(=O)O 472.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Arjunolic acid 73641 Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)CO)O)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)O)C 488.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Asiatic Acid 119034 Click to see 488.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Dipterocarpol 441676 Click to see 442.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Dryobalanone 12309393 Click to see 458.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Hederagenin 73299 Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)CO)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)O)C 472.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Maslinic Acid 73659 Click to see 472.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Methyl oleanonate 10695622 Click to see 468.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Oleanolic Acid 10494 Click to see 456.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Oleanonic Acid 12313704 Click to see 454.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclic alcohols and derivatives
[(1R,2aR,3S,4aR,5R,6S,7R,8R,8aR)-3,6-dibromo-7-hydroxy-2a,4a,5,8-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydrocyclobuta[i]inden-1-yl] acetate 23427812 Click to see CC1C(C(C(C2(C13C(CC3(C(C2)Br)C)OC(=O)C)C)C)Br)O 438.20 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides
3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-[2,6-dihydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]propan-1-one 44596244 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1CCC(=O)C2=C(C=C(C=C2O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O 452.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9610004133

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