Rhamnus prinoides
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID643fff52bdda9924651931 |
| Scientific name | Rhamnus prinoides |
| Authority | L'Hér. |
| First published in | Sert. Angl. : 6, t. 9 (1789) |
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
Leaves and young twigs of Rhamnus prinoides (commonly gesho) are used in Ethiopia and Eritrea to clarify and flavor traditional honey wines (tej) and millet/beer (talla/tella). Plant material is typically added during fermentation; wort/honey wort is boiled with gesho to extract solubles, then cooled and inoculated. The solids are removed before fermentation, and the clarified wort is fermented to produce the beverage.
Colorants and tanning:
The berries yield yellow to brown dyes for textiles and wood; the bark and wood contain condensed tannins that can be used for leather tanning and dyeing. Colorants and tannin use is plant-part dependent (fruit pulp/juice, bark, wood) and is documented in African dye and tannin literature.
Wood and fiber:
The wood is hard and durable, used for tools, handles, posts, fencing, and fuel. Its mechanical properties make it suitable for small craft items and general carpentry in eastern and southern Africa.
Properties relevant to use:
Leaves/twigs yield water-soluble extractives that flocculate suspended matter during wort/honey-wort clarification. Berries and bark/wood provide tannin fractions that can complex with proteinaceous fibers, enabling brown/yellow dyeing and leather tanning. The heartwood’s density and durability support its use in tool handles and construction.
Sustainability and sourcing:
Gesho is cultivated and harvested locally in the Horn of Africa for beverage production, with leaf/twig harvesting for tej/tella being widespread. Hand-harvesting of berries for dye/tanning is common; records of large-scale industrial extraction are not indicated in standard references.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Ziziphus lucida | Moon ex Thwaites | Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 74 1858 |
| Ziziphus lucida | Moench | Suppl. Meth. : 101 (1802) |
| Rhamnus celtifolia | Thunb. | Prodr. Pl. Cap. : 44 (1794) |
| Rhamnus pauciflora | Hochst. ex A.Rich. | Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 137 (1847) |
| Alaternus prinoides | Raf. | Sylva Tellur. : 27 (1838) |
| Celtis rhamnifolia | C.Presl | Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. ser. 5, 3: 467. 1845 [Jul-Dec 1845] ; Bot. Bemerk. (C. Presl): 37. [Jan-Apr 1846] |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| English | blinkblaar |
| English | shiny-leaf buckthorn |
| Afrikaans | blinkblaar |
| Amharic | ጌሾ |
| German | gesho |
| German | afrikanischer faulbaum |
| French | gesho |
| Hebrew | גשו |
| Japanese | ラムヌス・プリノイデス |
| Korean | 게쇼갈매나무 |
| Kinyarwanda | umunanira |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Africa click to expand
-
East Tropical Africa
- Kenya
- Tanzania
- Uganda
-
Northeast Tropical Africa
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- Sudan
-
South Tropical Africa
- Angola
- Malawi
- Mozambique
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
-
Southern Africa
- Cape Provinces
- Free State
- Kwazulu-Natal
- Lesotho
- Northern Provinces
- Swaziland
-
West-central Tropical Africa
- Cameroon
- Rwanda
- Zaïre
-
East Tropical Africa
-
Asia-temperate click to expand
-
Arabian Peninsula
- Yemen
-
Arabian Peninsula
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000460040 |
| Tropicos | 27500485 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:718580-1 |
| The Plant List | kew-2522744 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 549751 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 280022 |
| IUCN Red List | 146405653 |
| IPNI | 718580-1 |
| iNaturalist | 593043 |
| GBIF | 3875856 |
| Freebase | /m/02q4cvd |
| EOL | 5533896 |
| USDA GRIN | 31051 |
| Wikipedia | Gesho |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Benzenoids / Anthracenes | |||||
| (inverted exclamation markA)-Emodin bianthrone | 12096290 | Click to see CC1=CC2=C(C(=C1)O)C(=O)C3=C(C2C4C5=C(C(=CC(=C5)C)O)C(=O)C6=C4C=C(C=C6O)O)C=C(C=C3O)O | 510.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00093-M |
| 1,3,8-Trihydroxy-6-methyl-9(10H)-anthracenone | 122635 | Click to see | 256.25 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00093-M |
| Emodin Bianthrone | 10097848 | Click to see | 510.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00093-M |
| > Benzenoids / Anthracenes / Anthraquinones | |||||
| [(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-5-acetyloxy-6-(4,5-dihydroxy-7-methyl-9,10-dioxoanthracen-2-yl)oxy-4-hydroxy-2-methyloxan-3-yl] acetate | 49798870 | Click to see | 500.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00093-M |
| [(2S,3R,4R,5S,6S)-3-acetyloxy-2-(4,5-dihydroxy-7-methyl-9,10-dioxoanthracen-2-yl)oxy-5-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-4-yl] acetate | 25107460 | Click to see | 500.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00093-M |
| [(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-4-acetyloxy-6-(4,5-dihydroxy-7-methyl-9,10-dioxoanthracen-2-yl)oxy-5-hydroxy-2-methyloxan-3-yl] acetate | 49798829 | Click to see | 500.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00093-M |
| [2-(4,5-Dihydroxy-7-methyl-9,10-dioxoanthracen-2-yl)oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-3-yl] acetate | 75072319 | Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=CC3=C(C(=C2)O)C(=O)C4=C(C3=O)C=C(C=C4O)C)OC(=O)C)O)O | 458.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00093-M |
| [3-Acetyloxy-2-(4,5-dihydroxy-7-methyl-9,10-dioxoanthracen-2-yl)oxy-5-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-4-yl] acetate | 163036775 | Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=CC3=C(C(=C2)O)C(=O)C4=C(C3=O)C=C(C=C4O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)O | 500.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00093-M |
| [4-Acetyloxy-6-(4,5-dihydroxy-7-methyl-9,10-dioxoanthracen-2-yl)oxy-5-hydroxy-2-methyloxan-3-yl] acetate | 56671064 | Click to see | 500.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00093-M |
| [4,5-Diacetyloxy-6-(4,5-diacetyloxy-7-methyl-9,10-dioxoanthracen-2-yl)oxy-2-methyloxan-3-yl] acetate | 75072320 | Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=CC3=C(C(=C2)OC(=O)C)C(=O)C4=C(C3=O)C=C(C=C4OC(=O)C)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C | 626.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00093-M |
| [5-Acetyloxy-6-(4,5-dihydroxy-7-methyl-9,10-dioxoanthracen-2-yl)oxy-4-hydroxy-2-methyloxan-3-yl] acetate | 56677946 | Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=CC3=C(C(=C2)O)C(=O)C4=C(C3=O)C=C(C=C4O)C)OC(=O)C)O)OC(=O)C | 500.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00093-M |
| 2'-O-Acetylfrangulin A | 44567175 | Click to see | 458.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00093-M |
| Frangulin A peracetate | 44567176 | Click to see | 626.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00093-M |
| Glucofrangulin A | 20054929 | Click to see | 578.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.4314/BCSE.V12I1.21033 |
| Physcion | 10639 | Click to see | 284.26 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00093-M https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199903/04)10:2<69::AID-PCA447>3.0.CO;2-4 |
| > Benzenoids / Anthracenes / Anthraquinones / Hydroxyanthraquinones | |||||
| Emodin | 3220 | Click to see | 270.24 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199903/04)10:2<69::AID-PCA447>3.0.CO;2-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00093-M |
| Emodin 1-O-beta-D-glucoside | 5319333 | Click to see CC1=CC2=C(C(=C1)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)C4=C(C2=O)C=C(C=C4O)O | 432.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.4314/BCSE.V12I1.21033 |
| > Benzenoids / Naphthalenes / Naphthols and derivatives | |||||
| Nepodin | 100780 | Click to see | 216.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199903/04)10:2<69::AID-PCA447>3.0.CO;2-4 |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides | |||||
| [(2S,3S,4R,5R,6S)-4,5-diacetyloxy-6-[(4,5-dihydroxy-7-methyl-10-oxo-9H-anthracen-2-yl)oxy]-2-methyloxan-3-yl] acetate | 101929525 | Click to see | 528.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00093-M |
| [3-acetyloxy-2-[(4,5-dihydroxy-7-methyl-10-oxo-9H-anthracen-2-yl)oxy]-5-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-4-yl] acetate | 14133336 | Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=CC3=C(C(=C2)O)C(=O)C4=C(C3)C=C(C=C4O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)O | 486.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00093-M |
| [4,5-diacetyloxy-6-[(4,5-dihydroxy-7-methyl-10-oxo-9H-anthracen-2-yl)oxy]-2-methyloxan-3-yl] acetate | 162867406 | Click to see | 528.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00093-M |
| 4-hydroxy-5-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1H-benzo[f][2]benzofuran-3-one | 74193110 | Click to see | 378.30 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199903/04)10:2<69::AID-PCA447>3.0.CO;2-4 |
| Prinoidin | 25107461 | Click to see | 486.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00093-M |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols | |||||
| Quercetin | 5280343 | Click to see | 302.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199903/04)10:2<69::AID-PCA447>3.0.CO;2-4 |
| Rhamnazin | 5320945 | Click to see | 330.29 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00093-M https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199903/04)10:2<69::AID-PCA447>3.0.CO;2-4 |
| Rhamnocitrin | 5320946 | Click to see | 300.26 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199903/04)10:2<69::AID-PCA447>3.0.CO;2-4 |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 3-O-methylated flavonoids | |||||
| Chrysoeriol | 5280666 | Click to see | 300.26 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199903/04)10:2<69::AID-PCA447>3.0.CO;2-4 |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Isoflavonoids / Coumestans | |||||
| 1,3-Dihydroxy-8,9-dimethoxy-[1]benzofuro[3,2-c]chromen-6-one | 11602329 | Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C(=C1)C3=C(O2)C4=C(C=C(C=C4OC3=O)O)O)OC | 328.27 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199903/04)10:2<69::AID-PCA447>3.0.CO;2-4 |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |