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Anamirta cocculus

Table of Contents

Details
Ethnobotanical Use
General Uses
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Gallery
Contributors
Collections

Details Top

Internal ID UUID6440091109a05106639394
Scientific name Anamirta cocculus
Authority (L.) Wight & Arn.
First published in Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 446 (1834)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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General Uses Top

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Industrial and craft applications:
The highly toxic fruit (fish berries) is documented as an ichthyotoxic agent used in traditional fishing practices across Southeast Asia. Fish stupefied or killed by ground fruit pulp were collected for consumption, though this practice is now recognized as dangerous due to picrotoxin's presence in non-lethal doses within the fruit. No evidence supports industrial pesticide applications beyond this specific traditional context.

Scientific use:
Picrotoxin, a sesquiterpene isolate derived exclusively from the fruit pulp and seeds, is a potent GABA_A receptor antagonist used extensively in neuropharmacology research. It serves as a standard laboratory reagent for studying GABAergic neurotransmission, receptor pharmacology, and convulsant mechanisms. Certified reference standards and purified extracts (meeting specifications like USP/NF monographs for picrotoxin) are commercially available.

Properties relevant to use:
Picrotoxin's specific antagonism of GABA_A receptors, combined with its ability to induce seizures at low doses in vertebrates, defines its utility as both a fishing poison and a research tool. The fruit pulp contains approximately 1-5% picrotoxin by weight, concentrated in the seed endosperm, necessitating controlled handling and quantification.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Menispermum populifolium Spreng. Syst. Veg. 2: 156 (1825)
Menispermum monadelphum Roxb. ex Wight & Arn. Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. : 446 (1834)
Menispermum heteroclitum Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. 1832 , 3: 817 (1832)
Menispermum lacunosum Lam. Encycl. 4: 98 (1797)
Menispermum cocculiferum Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 3: 49 (1812)
Anamirta baueriana Endl. Atakta Bot. : t. 39 (1835)
Anamirta jucunda Miers Contr. Bot. 3: 55 (1871)
Anamirta paniculata Colebr. Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13: 66 (1821)
Anamirta populifolia (DC.) Miers Contr. Bot. 3: 54 1871
Anamirta racemosa Colebr. ex Steud. Nomencl. Bot. , ed. 2, 1: 83 (1840)
Anamirta toxifera Miers Contr. Bot. 3: 53 (1871)
Cocculus indicus Royle Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. : 61 (1834)
Cocculus lacunosus DC. Syst. Nat. 1: 519 (1817)
Cocculus populifolius DC. Syst. Nat. 1: 519 (1817)
Cocculus suberosus DC. Syst. Nat. 1: 519 (1817)
Menispermum cocculus L. Sp. Pl. : 340 (1753)
Tinospora lacunosus Miers Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. , ser. 2, 7: 38 (1851)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
Arabic عنيبية حورية الأوراق
Catalan croca de llevant
Czech chebule
Czech kebule korková
German kokkelskörner
German scheinmyrte
German anamirta paniculata
Finnish intiananamirta
French coque du levant
Hindi काकमारी
Kannada ಕಾಗೆ ಮಾಂಬಳ್ಳಿ
Malayalam പൊള്ള
Russian Анамирта коккулюсовидная
Swedish kockel-lian
Chinese 印防己实

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • Assam
      • Bangladesh
      • India
      • Sri Lanka
    • Indo-China
      • Andaman Islands
      • Cambodia
      • Laos
      • Myanmar
      • Nicobar Nicobar
      • Thailand
      • Vietnam
    • Malesia
      • Jawa
      • Lesser Sunda Islands
      • Maluku
      • Philippines
      • Sumatera
    • Papuasia
      • New Guinea

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000533338
UNII 8O4P2U3QO2
Tropicos 20600004
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:580121-1
The Plant List kew-2636192
Open Tree Of Life 505648
Observations.org 340812
NCBI Taxonomy 432627
IPNI 580121-1
GBIF 3829613
Freebase /m/096swv
EPPO AMWCO
EOL 5517145
Elurikkus 420294
USDA GRIN 3069
Wikipedia Anamirta_cocculus

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Phytochemical Modulation of Ion Channels in Oncologic Symptomatology and Treatment Rao R, Mohammed C, Alschuler L, Pomeranz Krummel DA, Sengupta S Cancers (Basel) 06-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11083444
doi:10.3390/cancers16091786
PMID:38730738
Vertigoheel promotes rodent cognitive performance in multiple memory tests Ott K, Heikkinen T, Lehtimäki KK, Paldanius K, Puoliväli J, Pussinen R, Andriambeloson E, Huyard B, Wagner S, Schnack C, Wahler A, von Einem B, von Arnim CA, Burmeister Y, Weyer K, Seilheimer B Front Neurosci 31-May-2023
PMCID:PMC10264630
doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1183023
PMID:37325043
A multivariate and quantitative assessment of medicinal plants used by the indigenous Malayali tribes in the Javadhu hills of Tiruvannamalai district, Tamil Nadu, India Silambarasan R, Sasidharan S, Nair J H, Kumar S N, R A, Nair AS, Selavinayagam KT Heliyon 18-Apr-2023
PMCID:PMC10256831
doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15607
PMID:37305490
Do carbon stocks and floristic diversity of tropical homegardens vary along an elevational gradient and based on holding size in central Kerala, India? Kumar BM Agrofor Syst 07-Apr-2023
PMCID:PMC10081327
doi:10.1007/s10457-023-00821-7
PMID:37193256
Bioactive Molecules Derived from Plants in Managing Dengue Vector Aedes aegypti (Linn.) Priya SS, Vasantha-Srinivasan P, Altemimi AB, Keerthana R, Radhakrishnan N, Senthil-Nathan S, Kalaivani K, Chandrasekar N, Karthi S, Ganesan R, Alkanan ZT, Pal T, Verma OP, Proćków J Molecules 05-Mar-2023
PMCID:PMC10005433
doi:10.3390/molecules28052386
PMID:36903635
Vertigoheel improves central vestibular compensation after unilateral peripheral vestibulopathy in rats Hatat B, Boularand R, Bringuier C, Chanut N, Besnard S, Mueller AM, Weyer K, Seilheimer B, Tighilet B, Chabbert C Front Neurol 23-Sep-2022
PMCID:PMC9541623
doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.969047
PMID:36212670
Nodulisporic acid produces direct activation and positive allosteric modulation of AVR-14B, a glutamate-gated chloride channel from adult Brugia malayi Choudhary S, Abongwa M, Kashyap SS, Verma S, Mair GR, Kulke D, Martin RJ, Robertson AP Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 15-Aug-2022
PMCID:PMC9407656
doi:10.1073/pnas.2111932119
PMID:35969762
Picrotoxin Delineates Different Transport Configurations for Malate and γ Aminobutyric Acid through TaALMT1 Ramesh SA, Long Y, Dashtbani-Roozbehani A, Gilliham M, Brown MH, Tyerman SD Biology (Basel) 02-Aug-2022
PMCID:PMC9405015
doi:10.3390/biology11081162
PMID:36009788
Combining DNA and HPTLC profiles to differentiate a pain relief herb, Mallotus repandus, from plants sharing the same common name, “Kho-Khlan” Thongkhao K, Tungphatthong C, Pichetkun V, Gaewtongliam S, Wiwatcharakornkul W, Sukrong S PLoS One 09-Jun-2022
PMCID:PMC9200221
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268680
PMID:35679267
Plant-Derived Pesticides as an Alternative to Pest Management and Sustainable Agricultural Production: Prospects, Applications and Challenges Souto AL, Sylvestre M, Tölke ED, Tavares JF, Barbosa-Filho JM, Cebrián-Torrejón G Molecules 10-Aug-2021
PMCID:PMC8400533
doi:10.3390/molecules26164835
PMID:34443421
Revision of the unstable picrotoxinin hydrolysis product Tong G, Shenvi R Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 20-Jul-2021
PMCID:PMC8373721
doi:10.1002/anie.202107785
PMID:34236745
The efficacy of machine learning algorithm for raw drug authentication in Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. employing a DNA barcode database Unnikrishnan R, Sumod M, Jayaraj R, Sujanapal P, Dev SA Physiol Mol Biol Plants 15-Mar-2021
PMCID:PMC7981360
doi:10.1007/s12298-021-00965-9
PMID:33854287
Direct structural insights into GABAA receptor pharmacology Kim JJ, Hibbs RE Trends Biochem Sci 03-Mar-2021
PMCID:PMC8122054
doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2021.01.011
PMID:33674151
The use of antimalarial plants as traditional treatment in Papua Island, Indonesia Budiarti M, Maruzy A, Mujahid R, Sari AN, Jokopriyambodo W, Widayat T, Wahyono S Heliyon 14-Dec-2020
PMCID:PMC7736719
doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05562
PMID:33344788
Change the channel: CysLoop receptor antagonists from Nature Tong G, Baker MA, Shenvi RA Pest Manag Sci 22-Nov-2020
PMCID:PMC8087819
doi:10.1002/ps.6166
PMID:33135373

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Aporphines
(+)-Magnoflorine 73337 Click to see 342.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50014A013
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Protoberberine alkaloids and derivatives
Berberine 2353 Click to see 336.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50014A013
Columbamine 72310 Click to see 338.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50014A013
L-8-Oxotetrahydropalmatine 157076 Click to see 369.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50014A013
Palmatine 19009 Click to see 352.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50014A013
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Eicosanoids / Prostaglandins and related compounds
[(2S)-2-[8-[(1S,5S)-4-oxo-5-[(Z)-pent-2-enyl]cyclopent-2-en-1-yl]octanoyloxy]-3-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxypropyl] 8-[(1S,5S)-4-oxo-5-[(Z)-pent-2-enyl]cyclopent-2-en-1-yl]octanoate 162955405 Click to see CCC=CCC1C(C=CC1=O)CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(COC2C(C(C(C(O2)COC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC4C=CC(=O)C4CC=CCC 965.20 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00692-X
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Triterpene glycosides / Triterpene saponins
(4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9R,10R,11R,12aR,14bS)-10,11-dihydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-9-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 102470494 Click to see 650.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90726-X
[3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] 10,11-dihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate 73981773 Click to see 650.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90726-X
10,11-Dihydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-9-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 162968045 Click to see 650.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90726-X
Arjunglucoside II 52951052 Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)CO)O)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)C 650.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90726-X
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(1S,2S,4S,5R,6S,8R,9R,10R,11R,14R,15S,18S,23R)-8,9-dihydroxy-10-(hydroxymethyl)-6,10,14,15,21,21-hexamethyl-3,24-dioxaheptacyclo[16.5.2.01,15.02,4.05,14.06,11.018,23]pentacosan-25-one 137633105 Click to see 502.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90726-X
10,11-Dihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 5320146 Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)CO)O)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)O)C 488.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90726-X
8,9-Dihydroxy-10-(hydroxymethyl)-6,10,14,15,21,21-hexamethyl-3,24-dioxaheptacyclo[16.5.2.01,15.02,4.05,14.06,11.018,23]pentacosan-25-one 163006213 Click to see 502.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90726-X
Arjunolic acid 73641 Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)CO)O)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)O)C 488.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90726-X
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Dioxepanes / 1,4-dioxepanes
methyl (1R,2R,3S,6S,7S,9R,10R,11S)-1,6-dihydroxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-10-prop-1-en-2-yl-4,8-dioxatetracyclo[5.4.1.02,6.03,9]dodecane-11-carboxylate 11141871 Click to see CC(=C)C1C2C3C4(C(C1C(=O)OC)(CC(C4(C(=O)O3)O)O2)O)C 324.32 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00692-X
Methyl 1,6-dihydroxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-10-prop-1-en-2-yl-4,8-dioxatetracyclo[5.4.1.02,6.03,9]dodecane-11-carboxylate 13888331 Click to see 324.32 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00692-X
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Furopyrans
(1R,3R,5S,8S,9R,12S,13R,14R)-14-[(2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropan-2-yl]-1-hydroxy-13-methyl-4,7,10-trioxapentacyclo[6.4.1.19,12.03,5.05,13]tetradecane-6,11-dione 163067785 Click to see 326.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00692-X
(1R,3R,5S,8S,9R,12S,13R)-1-hydroxy-13-methyl-14-prop-1-en-2-yl-4,7,10-trioxapentacyclo[6.4.1.19,12.03,5.05,13]tetradecane-6,11-dione 131673970 Click to see 292.28 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00692-X
(1S,4S,5R,6R,7S,8R,10R,12R)-5,8-dihydroxy-12-methyl-2-oxo-6-prop-1-en-2-yl-3,11-dioxatetracyclo[6.3.1.01,10.04,12]dodecane-7-carboxylic acid 163086385 Click to see CC(=C)C1C(C2C3(C(C1C(=O)O)(CC4C3(O4)C(=O)O2)O)C)O 310.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00692-X
5,8-Dihydroxy-12-methyl-2-oxo-6-prop-1-en-2-yl-3,11-dioxatetracyclo[6.3.1.01,10.04,12]dodecane-7-carboxylic acid 5320587 Click to see 310.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00692-X
Dihydroxypicrotoxinin 100966722 Click to see CC12C3C4C(C(C1(CC5C2(O5)C(=O)O3)O)C(=O)O4)C(C)(CO)O 326.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00692-X
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Isoquinolines and derivatives / Isoquinolones and derivatives
8-Oxypalmatine 10926678 Click to see COC1=C(C2=C(C=C1)C=C3C4=CC(=C(C=C4CCN3C2=O)OC)OC)OC 367.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.4038/JNSFSR.V20I2.8073

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