Terminalia superba

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Description

Synonyms

Common Names

Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)

Germination/Propagation

Distribution

Links to other databases

Genome

Scientific Literature

Phytochemical Profile

Biological Material

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Details Top

Internal ID	UUID643ff92b6119c129058670
Scientific name	Terminalia superba
Authority	Engl. & Diels
First published in	Monogr. Afrik. Pflanzen-Fam. 4: 26 (1900)

Description Top

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Terminalia superba, also known as superb terminalia, limba, or afara, is a large tree native to tropical western Africa. It can reach heights of up to 60 meters and has a distinct domed or flat crown. Its leaves are deciduous and its flowers bloom just before the new leaves in the dry season. The tree produces a fruit with two wings. The wood of this tree is highly valued for its workability and is used in furniture, musical instruments, and even table tennis blades. It comes in two varieties, white limba and black limba, with the latter being more flexible and preferred for certain uses. Despite being overharvested in the past, efforts have been made to preserve the natural supply of this wood, making it relatively secure in its natural growth range.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Terminalia altissima	A.Chev.	Vég. Utiles Afrique Trop. Franç. v. 151 (1909).

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	superb terminalia
Akan	Ɔfram
Arabic	هليلج رائع
German	limba
French	limba
French	fraké
Japanese	アファラ
Japanese	リンバ
ln	lingoto
Norwegian Bokmål	limba (treslag)
Dutch	limba
Russian	Лимба
Yoruba	afàrà
Chinese	艳榄仁

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- South Tropical Africa
  - Angola
- West Tropical Africa
  - Benin
  - Gambia
  - Ghana
  - Guinea
  - Ivory Coast
  - Liberia
  - Nigeria
  - Sierra Leone
- West-central Tropical Africa
  - Cabinda
  - Cameroon
  - Central African Republic
  - Congo
  - Equatorial Guinea
  - Gabon
  - Zaïre
- Western Indian Ocean
  - Comoros

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000408519
USDA Plants	TESU2
Tropicos	8200461
INPN	807553
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:171417-1
The Plant List	kew-2434017
Open Tree Of Life	3933437
NCBI Taxonomy	798610
IPNI	171417-1
iNaturalist	863704
GBIF	3189393
Freebase	/m/08zt95
EPPO	TEMSU
EOL	483608
USDA GRIN	36356
Wikipedia	Terminalia_superba

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Ethnobotanical study and vulnerability of medicinal plants used against the symptoms of COVID-19 in the Lomié subdivision, East Region of Cameroon

Ngamsou Abdel K, Mala WA, Chimi PM, Funwi FP, Engoulou C, Messi Effa JA, Kouoguem Kamdem ME, Nzoyeuem Djonko F, Landry Fokoua U, Brice Adounga S, Marguerite Mbolo M

Heliyon

21-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10999872
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28247
PMID:	38590891

Modeling and optimization of compaction pressure, binder percentage and retention time in the production process of carbonized sawdust-based biofuel briquettes using response surface methodology (RSM)

Nganko JM, Koffi EP, Gbaha P, Toure AO, Kane M, Ndiaye B, Faye M, Nkounga WM, Tiogue Tekounegning C, Bile EE, Yao KB

Heliyon

01-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10864915
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25376
PMID:	38356563

Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal tree species used in the treatment of diseases by forest-fringe communities of Southwestern Ghana

Asigbaase M, Adusu D, Musah AA, Anaba L, Nsor CA, Abugre S, Derkyi M

Heliyon

14-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10788458
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23645
PMID:	38226220

Buruli ulcer in Africa: Geographical distribution, ecology, risk factors, diagnosis, and indigenous plant treatment options – A comprehensive review

Osei-Owusu J, Aidoo OF, Eshun F, Gaikpa DS, Dofuor AK, Vigbedor BY, Turkson BK, Ochar K, Opata J, Opoku MJ, Ninsin KD, Borgemeister C

Heliyon

15-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10686891
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22018
PMID:	38034712

New anti-α-Glucosidase and Antioxidant Ingredients from Winery Byproducts: Contribution of Alkyl Gallates

Domínguez-Perles R, García-Viguera C, Medina S

J Agric Food Chem

28-Sep-2023

PMCID:	PMC10571075
doi:	10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03759
PMID:	37766493

Cadmium up Taking and Allocation in Wood Species Associated to Cacao Agroforestry Systems and Its Potential Role for Phytoextraction

Galvis DA, Jaimes-Suárez YY, Rojas Molina J, Ruiz R, Carvalho FE

Plants (Basel)

13-Aug-2023

PMCID:	PMC10459764
doi:	10.3390/plants12162930
PMID:	37631142

Influence of the chemical content of sawdust on the levels of important macronutrients and ash composition in Pearl oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

Boadu KB, Nsiah-Asante R, Antwi RT, Obirikorang KA, Anokye R, Ansong M

PLoS One

29-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10309632
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0287532
PMID:	37384658

Assessing plant diversity change in logged and unlogged dense semi-deciduous production forest of eastern Cameroon

Hubert Kpoumie Mounmemi, Mensah Ekué MR, Funwi Preasious Forbi, Roger Kabelong Banoho LP, Tiokeng B, Maffo Maffo NL, Lagarde Jean Betti, Carole Mireil Votio Tchoupou, Amandine Flore Yonkeu Ntonmen, Taedoumg HE, Zapfack L

Heliyon

12-May-2023

PMCID:	PMC10199262
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16199
PMID:	37215910

Use and sustainability of wood in acoustic guitars: An overview based on the global market

Calvano S, Negro F, Ruffinatto F, Zanuttini-Frank D, Zanuttini R

Heliyon

14-Apr-2023

PMCID:	PMC10147972
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15218
PMID:	37128325

Effects of Heat Treatment on Color, Dimensional Stability, Hygroscopicity and Chemical Structure of Afrormosia and Newtonia Wood: A Comparative Study of Air and Palm Oil Medium

Bessala LF, Gao J, He Z, Wang Z, Yi S

Polymers (Basel)

02-Feb-2023

PMCID:	PMC9920875
doi:	10.3390/polym15030774
PMID:	36772074

Ethnopharmacology, Antimicrobial Potency, and Phytochemistry of African Combretum and Pteleopsis Species (Combretaceae): A Review

Silén H, Salih EY, Mgbeahuruike EE, Fyhrqvist P

Antibiotics (Basel)

28-Jan-2023

PMCID:	PMC9951921
doi:	10.3390/antibiotics12020264
PMID:	36830175

First evidence of a monodominant (Englerodendron, Amherstieae, Detarioideae, Leguminosae) tropical moist forest from the early Miocene (21.73 Ma) of Ethiopia

Pan AD, Jacobs BF, Bush RT, de la Estrella M, Grímsson F, Herendeen PS, van der Burgt XM, Currano ED

PLoS One

11-Jan-2023

PMCID:	PMC9833558
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0279491
PMID:	36630378

Traditional knowledge of plants used in hunting and fishing practices among Baka hunter-gatherers of eastern Cameroon

Fongnzossie EF, Ngansop MT, Oishi T, Biwole AB, Biye EH, Ichikawa M

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

03-Jan-2023

PMCID:	PMC9808952
doi:	10.1186/s13002-022-00571-3
PMID:	36597154

Properties of Table Tennis Blade from Sorghum Bagasse Particleboard Bonded with Maleic Acid Adhesive at Different Pressing Temperatures and Times

Sutiawan J, Hartono R, Hermawan D, Hadi YS, Nawawi DS, Abdillah IB, Syahfitri A, Kusumah SS, Adi DS, Kusumaningrum WB, Lubis MA

Polymers (Basel)

29-Dec-2022

PMCID:	PMC9824672
doi:	10.3390/polym15010166
PMID:	36616516

Selective and clear-cut logging have varied imprints on tree community structure in a moist semi-deciduous forest in Ghana

Addo-Fordjour P, Afram IS, Oppong J

Heliyon

04-Nov-2022

PMCID:	PMC9649955
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11393
PMID:	36387494

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives / Gallic acids
Gallic Acid	370	Click to see C1=C(C=C(C(=C1O)O)O)C(=O)O	170.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives / Galloyl esters
Methyl gallate	7428	Click to see COC(=O)C1=CC(=C(C(=C1)O)O)O	184.15	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans / Tetrahydrofuran lignans / 7,7-epoxylignans
4-[(2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyloxolan-2-yl]phenol	17756533	Click to see CC1C(C(OC1C2=CC=C(C=C2)O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)OC)C	298.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020
4-[5-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyloxolan-2-yl]phenol	45783090	Click to see CC1C(C(OC1C2=CC=C(C=C2)O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)OC)C	298.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(3S,4aS,6aR,6aR,6bR,8aR,12aS,14aR,14bS)-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14b-octamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-ol	154497735	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(C2C1)C=CC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020
(4aS,6aS,6aS,6bR,8aS,10S,12aR,14bR)-10-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid	51892422	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)O)C	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020
3-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid	619166	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)O)C	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020
9-Hydroxy-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid	2371	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C(=O)O	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020
Beta-Amyrin	73145	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020
Betulinic Acid	64971	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C(=O)O	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020
Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, (3beta)-	521518	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020
Lupeol	259846	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020
Olean-12-en-3beta-ol	225689	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020
Oleanolic Acid	10494	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)O)C	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
(3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(E,2S,5S)-5-Ethyl-6-methylhept-3-en-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	12314479	Click to see CCC(C=CC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	412.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylhept-3-en-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	122544	Click to see CCC(C=CC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	412.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	86821	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.56.847
Beta-Sitosterol	222284	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.56.847
Stigmasterol	5280794	Click to see CCC(C=CC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	412.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Tannins / Hydrolyzable tannins
[7,14-Dimethoxy-3,10-dioxo-13-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxy-2,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.2.04,16.011,15]hexadeca-1(15),4,6,8(16),11,13-hexaen-6-yl] 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate	74423282	Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C3=C1OC(=O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C43)OC2=O)OC)OC(=O)C5=CC(=C(C(=C5)O)O)O)OC6C(C(C(CO6)O)O)O	614.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.56.847
[7,14-dimethoxy-3,10-dioxo-13-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.2.04,16.011,15]hexadeca-1(15),4,6,8(16),11,13-hexaen-6-yl] 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate	25058607	Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C3=C1OC(=O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C43)OC2=O)OC)OC(=O)C5=CC(=C(C(=C5)O)O)O)OC6C(C(C(CO6)O)O)O	614.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.56.847
3-O-Methylducheside A	14463056	Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C3=C1OC(=O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C43)OC2=O)OC)OC5C(C(C(CO5)O)O)O)O	462.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.56.847
3-O-MethylduchesideA	10457042	Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C3=C1OC(=O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C43)OC2=O)OC)OC5C(C(C(CO5)O)O)O)O	462.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.56.847
3,3'-Di-O-methylellagic acid	5488919	Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C3=C1OC(=O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C43)OC2=O)OC)O)O	330.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.56.847 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020
6-Hydroxy-7,13-dimethoxy-14-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxy-2,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.2.04,16.011,15]hexadeca-1(15),4,6,8(16),11,13-hexaene-3,10-dione	162893573	Click to see COC1=C(C2=C3C(=C1)C(=O)OC4=C3C(=CC(=C4OC)O)C(=O)O2)OC5C(C(C(CO5)O)O)O	462.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.56.847
6-hydroxy-7,13-dimethoxy-14-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.2.04,16.011,15]hexadeca-1(15),4,6,8(16),11,13-hexaene-3,10-dione	25014727	Click to see COC1=C(C2=C3C(=C1)C(=O)OC4=C3C(=CC(=C4OC)O)C(=O)O2)OC5C(C(C(CO5)O)O)O	462.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.56.847
6-Hydroxy-7,14-dimethoxy-13-(3,4,5-trimethyloxan-2-yl)oxy-2,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.2.04,16.011,15]hexadeca-1(15),4,6,8(16),11,13-hexaene-3,10-dione	162897755	Click to see CC1COC(C(C1C)C)OC2=C(C3=C4C(=C2)C(=O)OC5=C4C(=CC(=C5OC)O)C(=O)O3)OC	456.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020
6-hydroxy-7,14-dimethoxy-13-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy-2,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.2.04,16.011,15]hexadeca-1(15),4,6,8(16),11,13-hexaene-3,10-dione	163193476	Click to see CC1COC(C(C1C)C)OC2=C(C3=C4C(=C2)C(=O)OC5=C4C(=CC(=C5OC)O)C(=O)O3)OC	456.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020
Ellagic Acid	5281855	Click to see C1=C2C3=C(C(=C1O)O)OC(=O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C43)OC2=O)O)O	302.19	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2007.02.020 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.56.847

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Terminalia superba

Table of Contents

Details Top

Description Top

Synonyms Top

Common names Top

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

Germination/Propagation Top

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Links to other databases Top

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Scientific Literature Top

Phytochemical Profile Top

Biological Material Top

Contributors Top

Collections Top