Bruguiera gymnorhiza

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Common products:
- Wood (timber) used for heavy‑duty construction, furniture, and utility poles.
- Bark tannin extract for leather tanning.
- Fruit flour for bread, crackers, and as a thickening agent.
- Charcoal for domestic fuel.
- Reference genome (publicly available in NCBI) for mangrove genomics research.

Industrial and craft applications:
- Leather tanning with bark tannin extract.
- Natural brown dye from bark/heartwood extracts for protein fibers.
- Construction and boat building with timber for beams and hulls.
- Fuelwood and charcoal for domestic energy.

Food and beverages (non‑medicinal):
- Fruit flour for baked goods and as a starch thickener.
- Dried fruit pulp used as a snack and as a starch base for traditional confectionery.

Colorants and tanning:
- Bark extracts provide tannins for leather tanning and can be used as a brown natural dye on wool and silk when mordanted with alum.

Wood and fiber:
- Timber for posts, poles, boat building, and furniture.
- Wood chips for kraft pulp production (requires extended cooking due to high lignin).
- Small‑scale paper and cardboard made from the fiber.
- Lumber is commonly seasoned to improve stability before use.

Properties relevant to use:
- Wood density 0.85–0.95 g/cm³ (12 % MC) gives high modulus of rupture (~130 MPa) and a calorific value of 19–20 MJ/kg.
- Bark tannin content 15–20 % (dry), mainly proanthocyanidins, soluble in alkaline solutions.
- Fruit starch 55–60 % (dry) with ~30 % amylose, providing good gelatinization.
- Lignin ~30 % (dry) influences pulping requirements; resin content is low to moderate, contributing to durability.

Standards and regulation:
- Timber graded to ISO 13061 (strength classification) and EN 1915 (timber durability).
- Fruit flour complies with Codex Alimentarius starch‑food standards.
- Tannin extracts for leather tanning are regulated by EN 15647 (tanning agents for vegetable tanning).
- International codes (ISO 13061, EN 1915, Codex Alimentarius, EN 15647) guide timber grading, food safety, and tanning agents.

Sustainability and sourcing:
- IUCN lists Bruguiera gymnorhiza as Least Concern, but local populations face decline from habitat loss and overharvest.
- Sustainable harvesting guidelines recommend selective cutting of mature trees, limited to ≤10 % of standing volume per year, and promotion of natural regeneration.
- Restoration projects (e.g., International Mangrove Society) replant the species in degraded coastal zones.
- FSC certification includes mangrove timber for verified, legal, and responsibly managed sourcing.
- Community‑based management in Southeast Asia integrates participatory planting and sustainable extraction to maintain ecosystem services.

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