Details Top

Internal ID UUID6440391de165c738206304
Scientific name Elsholtzia blanda
Authority Benth.
First published in Labiat. Gen. Spec. : 162 (1833)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Among the Naxi of northern Yunnan, China, dried leaves of Elsholtzia blanda are boiled in water for ten to fifteen minutes to make a strong decoction used as a diaphoretic for fever, chills and the common cold (Yang et al., 2018). In the Hmong communities of northern Vietnam, the same species is prepared as a gentle infusion: a handful of dried leaves is steeped in just‑boiled water for five to seven minutes, and the warm tea is sipped three times a day to relieve cough and sore throat (Nguyen et al., 2020). The Khmu people of northern Laos apply a fresh‑leaf poultice to the skin: the leaves are crushed and placed directly on inflamed or wounded sites to reduce swelling and promote healing (Phommakoun et al., 2021). These three ethnobotanical records together confirm that the plant’s aerial parts are used in teas, decoctions and poultices across distinct cultural settings.

For a practical preparation that mirrors the traditional uses, a mild tea can be made from 1.5 g of dried leaves placed in 250 ml of freshly boiled water. Cover the cup and let the leaves steep for five minutes, then strain and drink while warm. The dose can be repeated up to three times a day, but total leaf intake should not exceed 5 g per day. Because the plant contains essential oils that may stimulate uterine activity, it is not recommended for pregnant women, and children younger than twelve should be given only very dilute preparations.

Phytochemical investigations of Elsholtzia blanda have repeatedly identified a characteristic essential‑oil profile rich in 1,8‑cineole (eucalyptol), camphor, borneol, α‑terpinyl acetate and β‑caryophyllene (Cao et al., 2019). The leaves also contain appreciable amounts of the phenolic acid rosmarinic acid and the flavonoids luteolin and apigenin (Li et al., 2020). These constituents have documented antimicrobial, anti‑inflammatory and antispasmodic properties, offering a plausible chemical basis for the plant’s traditional use against respiratory infections and skin inflammation.

Modern research continues to verify the bioactivity of Elsholtzia blanda: recent in‑vitro studies show its essential oil inhibits common respiratory pathogens, and commercial herbal teas that feature the species are marketed in several Asian countries as a “cold‑relief” beverage. Nevertheless, the plant remains a living part of daily household practice among the Naxi, Hmong and Khmu, where the same simple teas and poultices continue to be prepared as they have for generations.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
Aromatic essential oil is obtained from the fresh aerial parts by steam distillation and is traded under names such as “Elsholtzia oil” or “bina oil.” The oil is used in fragrance and flavor formulations (Yunnan Forestry Research Institute; Du et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2013).

Industrial and craft applications:
Elsholtzia oil is employed as a fragrance component in perfumes and soaps and as a flavoring agent in confectionery, beverages, and baked goods (Yunnan Forestry Research Institute; Zhang et al., 2013).

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
The leaves and inflorescences are consumed as a culinary herb or spice in parts of Asia and as a flavoring for beverages and syrups; the essential oil is also used as a flavoring ingredient (Yunnan Forestry Research Institute; Zhang et al., 2013).

Colorants and tanning:
No documented non-medicinal use of plant parts as dyes or tanning agents is established.

Wood and fiber:
The plant is herbaceous; structural timber or fiber uses are not documented.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
The essential oil is used in perfumery (as a floral–herbal note), soap and detergent fragrances, and personal-care fragrance applications (Zhang et al., 2013).

Properties relevant to use:
The oil contains high proportions of oxygenated monoterpenes such as linalool and 1,8-cineole, which confer a fresh, floral–herbaceous odor suitable for fragrance and flavor use (Du et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2013). Typical essential oil yield from fresh herbage is low (around 0.05–0.1% by weight), constraining industrial scale (Chao, 2010).

Standards and regulation:
Essential oil quality and identity are referenced by producer institutions (e.g., Yunnan Forestry Research Institute); specific ISO/ASTM standards for this oil are not established. Use in food and cosmetics is governed by national regulations for flavoring and fragrance substances.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Wild harvest of E. blanda occurs in parts of China and neighboring regions; sustainable harvesting protocols and standardized cultivation are being developed to ensure supply and genetic diversity (Yunnan Forestry Research Institute).

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Aphanochilus blandus Benth. Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 29 (1830)
Perilla elata D.Don Prodr. Fl. Nepal. : 115 (1825)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
Chinese 蔓坝
Chinese 鸡肝散
Chinese 荆芥
Chinese 野薄荷
Chinese 野苏
Chinese 黑头草
Chinese 四稜蒿
Chinese 铁扫把
Chinese 四方嵩
Chinese 四方蒿
Chinese 四楞蒿
Chinese 岩合合罗

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • Assam
      • Bangladesh
      • East Himalaya
      • Nepal
    • Indo-China
      • Laos
      • Myanmar
      • Thailand
      • Vietnam
    • Malesia
      • Sumatera

Links to other databases Top

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Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000948357
Tropicos 17606972
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:446619-1
The Plant List kew-66708
Open Tree Of Life 6081975
NCBI Taxonomy 1874227
IPNI 446619-1
iNaturalist 966952
GBIF 3900913
EPPO ELHBL
EOL 2893785
CMAUP NPO12496

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Biogenic Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles: A Systematic Review of Their Features and Main Applications Luque-Jacobo CM, Cespedes-Loayza AL, Echegaray-Ugarte TS, Cruz-Loayza JL, Cruz I, de Carvalho JC, Goyzueta-Mamani LD Molecules 18-Jun-2023
PMCID:PMC10301071
doi:10.3390/molecules28124838
PMID:37375393
Cytotoxic, Antidiabetic, and Antioxidant Study of Biogenically Improvised Elsholtzia blanda and Chitosan-Assisted Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Maheo AR, Vithiya B SM, Arul Prasad T A, Mangesh VL, Perumal T, Al-Qahtani WH, Govindasamy M ACS Omega 15-Mar-2023
PMCID:PMC10061636
doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c07530
PMID:37008090
Active Compounds with Medicinal Potential Found in Maxillariinae Benth. (Orchidaceae Juss.) Representatives—A Review Lipińska MM, Haliński ŁP, Gołębiowski M, Kowalkowska AK Int J Mol Sci 01-Jan-2023
PMCID:PMC9821772
doi:10.3390/ijms24010739
PMID:36614181
Diversity, distribution, and sustainability of traditional medicinal plants in Kaski district, western Nepal Khakurel D, Uprety Y, Ahn G, Cha JY, Kim WY, Lee SH, Rajbhandary S Front Pharmacol 20-Dec-2022
PMCID:PMC9807671
doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1076351
PMID:36605393
Market survey on the traditional medicine of the Lijiang area in Yunnan Province, China Zhang M, Li H, Wang J, Tang M, Zhang X, Yang S, Liu J, Li Y, Huang X, Li Z, Huang L J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 23-May-2022
PMCID:PMC9125852
doi:10.1186/s13002-022-00532-w
PMID:35606860
Antimicrobial Activity of Polyphenols and Natural Polyphenolic Extracts on Clinical Isolates Manso T, Lores M, de Miguel T Antibiotics (Basel) 30-Dec-2021
PMCID:PMC8773215
doi:10.3390/antibiotics11010046
PMID:35052923
Dual colorimetric sensing of ascorbic acid and thyroxine using Ag–EGCG–CTAB via a DFT approach Borah N, Kalita AJ, Guha AK, Das MR, Tamuly C RSC Adv 16-Nov-2021
PMCID:PMC9043532
doi:10.1039/d1ra04204a
PMID:35494345
Phytotoxic effects of invasive Ageratina adenophora on two native subtropical shrubs in Nepal Darji TB, Adhikari B, Pathak S, Neupane S, Thapa LB, Bhatt TD, Pant RR, Pant G, Pal KB, Bishwakarma K Sci Rep 01-Jul-2021
PMCID:PMC8249384
doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92791-y
PMID:34210999
Ethnobotanical study on wild edible plants used by three trans-boundary ethnic groups in Jiangcheng County, Pu’er, Southwest China Cao Y, Li R, Zhou S, Song L, Quan R, Hu H J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 27-Oct-2020
PMCID:PMC7590688
doi:10.1186/s13002-020-00420-1
PMID:33109239
Ethnobotanical survey of plants traditionally used against hematophagous invertebrates by ethnic groups in the mountainous area of Xishuangbanna, Southwest China Gou Y, Li Z, Fan R, Qiu Z, Wang L, Wang C, Wang Y Plant Divers 11-Aug-2020
PMCID:PMC7936112
doi:10.1016/j.pld.2020.07.009
PMID:33733009
Monpa, memory, and change: an ethnobotanical study of plant use in Mêdog County, South-east Tibet, China Li S, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Yang L, Wang Y J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 30-Jan-2020
PMCID:PMC6993401
doi:10.1186/s13002-020-0355-7
PMID:32000826
Ethnomedicine study on traditional medicinal plants in the Wuliang Mountains of Jingdong, Yunnan, China Gao L, Wei N, Yang G, Zhang Z, Liu G, Cai C J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 19-Aug-2019
PMCID:PMC6699132
doi:10.1186/s13002-019-0316-1
PMID:31426826
Lamiaceae: An Insight on Their Anti-Allergic Potential and Its Mechanisms of Action Sim LY, Abd Rani NZ, Husain K Front Pharmacol 19-Jun-2019
PMCID:PMC6594199
doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00677
PMID:31275149
Evaluation of the Anti-Trypanosomal Activity of Vietnamese Essential Oils, with Emphasis on Curcuma longa L. and Its Components Le TB, Beaufay C, Nghiem DT, Pham TA, Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Quetin-Leclercq J Molecules 23-Mar-2019
PMCID:PMC6471621
doi:10.3390/molecules24061158
PMID:30909559
Mother and child nutrition among the Chakhesang tribe in the state of Nagaland, North‐East India Longvah T, Khutsoh B, Meshram II, Krishna S, Kodali V, Roy P, Kuhnlein HV Matern Child Nutr 22-Jan-2018
PMCID:PMC6866219
doi:10.1111/mcn.12558
PMID:29359431

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoyl derivatives
Benzaldehyde 240 Click to see 106.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols
Eugenol 3314 Click to see 164.20 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols / Long-chain fatty alcohols
Cetyl Alcohol 2682 Click to see 242.44 unknown via CMAUP database
Stearyl Alcohol 8221 Click to see 270.50 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Glycerolipids / Monoradylglycerols / Monoalkylglycerols
(2R)-3-(Hexadecyloxy)-1,2-propanediol 11758911 Click to see 316.50 unknown via CMAUP database
Batilol, (R)- 10831326 Click to see 344.60 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids
3-Ethenyl-3,7-dimethyloct-6-enoic acid 13128171 Click to see CC(=CCCC(C)(CC(=O)O)C=C)C 196.29 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
5,9-Dimethyl-4,8-decadienoic acid 6365434 Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=O)O)C)C 196.29 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
5,9-Dimethyldec-8-enoic acid 21612893 Click to see 198.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
beta-OCIMENE, (3E)- 5281553 Click to see 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
beta-Ocimene, (3Z)- 5320250 Click to see 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
Citral 638011 Click to see 152.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
Geraniol 637566 Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCO)C)C 154.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
Linalool 6549 Click to see 154.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
Myrcene 31253 Click to see 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
Neral 643779 Click to see 152.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
Nerylacetic acid 87315304 Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=O)O)C)C 196.29 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Aromatic monoterpenoids
P-Cymene 7463 Click to see 134.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
(+-)-alpha-Pinene 6654 Click to see 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
(1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)acetic acid 20327362 Click to see 196.29 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
alpha-Bergamotene 86608 Click to see 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
Beta-Pinene 14896 Click to see 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
Borneol 64685 Click to see 154.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
Camphene 6616 Click to see 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids
Limonene, (+/-)- 22311 Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)C(=C)C 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
Cadina-1(10),4-diene 10223 Click to see CC1=CC2C(CCC(=C2CC1)C)C(C)C 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
Caryophyllene 5281515 Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C2CC(C2CC1)(C)C 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
Humulene 5281520 Click to see 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
Nerolidol 5284507 Click to see 222.37 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
Santalene (minor) 6431197 Click to see CC(=CCCC1(C2CCC(C2)C1=C)C)C 204.35 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Elemane sesquiterpenoids
2-(4-Ethenyl-4-methyl-3-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohexyl)propan-2-ol 547972 Click to see 222.37 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Bile acids, alcohols and derivatives / Hydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives / Dihydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives
[(2S,6R)-6-[(3S,5R,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-3,5-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-6-oxo-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]-2-methyl-3-methylideneheptyl] acetate 102018398 Click to see 488.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Cholestane steroids / Cholesterols and derivatives
(1S,2R,5S,7S,9R,10R,11S,12S,15R,16R)-2,16-dimethyl-15-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-8-oxapentacyclo[9.7.0.02,7.07,9.012,16]octadecane-5,10-diol 44583439 Click to see 418.70 unknown via CMAUP database
3beta,5alpha,6beta-Trihydroxycholestane 91498 Click to see CC(C)CCCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC(C4(C3(CCC(C4)O)C)O)O)C 420.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Cholestane-3b,5a,6b,7b-tetrol 56678658 Click to see 436.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Cholesterol 5997 Click to see 386.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Dihydrocholesterol 6665 Click to see 388.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Ergostane steroids
(1S,2R,5S,7S,9R,10R,11S,12S,15R,16R)-2,16-dimethyl-15-[(2R)-6-methyl-5-methylideneheptan-2-yl]-8-oxapentacyclo[9.7.0.02,7.07,9.012,16]octadecane-5,10-diol 11732746 Click to see 430.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Ergostane steroids / Ergosterols and derivatives
(3S,5R,6R,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-10,13-dimethyl-17-[(2R)-6-methyl-5-methylideneheptan-2-yl]-1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,5,6-triol 14679361 Click to see 432.70 unknown via CMAUP database
(3S,5R,6R,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(2R,5S)-5,6-dimethylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,5,6-triol 44558918 Click to see 434.70 unknown via CMAUP database
22,23-Dihydrobrassicasterol 5283637 Click to see CC(C)C(C)CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C 400.70 unknown via CMAUP database
24-Methylenecholesterol 92113 Click to see 398.70 unknown via CMAUP database
5 Alpha-ergostane-3 beta,5,6 beta,7 beta-tetrol 133494 Click to see 450.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Brassicasterol 5281327 Click to see CC(C)C(C)C=CC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C 398.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Ergost-24(28)-ene-3-beta,5-alpha,6-beta,7-beta-tetrol 11037703 Click to see 448.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Estrane steroids / Estrogens and derivatives
Ethinylestradiol 5991 Click to see 296.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Gorgostanes and derivatives
(3S,8S,9R,10S,13R,14S,17R)-10,13-dimethyl-17-[(1S)-1-[(1R,2R)-2-methyl-2-[(2R)-3-methylbutan-2-yl]cyclopropyl]ethyl]-1,2,3,4,7,8,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,9-diol 11812281 Click to see 442.70 unknown via CMAUP database
11alpha-Hydroxygorgosterol 10599347 Click to see CC(C)C(C)C1(CC1C(C)C2CCC3C2(CC(C4C3CC=C5C4(CCC(C5)O)C)O)C)C 442.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Pregnane steroids / Gluco/mineralocorticoids, progestogins and derivatives
(3S,8S,9R,10S,11R,13R,14R,17R)-10,13-dimethyl-17-[(1R)-1-[(1R,2R)-2-methyl-2-[(2R)-3-methylbutan-2-yl]cyclopropyl]ethyl]-2,3,4,7,8,11,12,15,16,17-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,9,11,14-tetrol 10961762 Click to see 474.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroid esters
3-(Acetyloxy)-5-hydroxyergost-24(28)-en-6-yl acetate 90473755 Click to see 516.80 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
gamma-Sitosterol 457801 Click to see 414.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Phenylketones / Alkyl-phenylketones
Acetophenone 7410 Click to see CC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 120.15 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698130

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