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Acanthus ebracteatus

Table of Contents

Details
Ethnobotanical Use
General Uses
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Gallery
Contributors
Collections

Details Top

Internal ID UUID644006a35dc9e398293475
Scientific name Acanthus ebracteatus
Authority Vahl
First published in Symb. Bot. 2: 75 (1791)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Among the Kayan and Iban in Sarawak, leaves of Acanthus ebracteatus were pounded and applied as a poultice to old ulcers and slow‑healing sores (Plant Resources of South East Asia, 2000). In Bali, healers crush fresh leaves and bind the mash to open lesions and ulcerated skin, a practice recorded by Okwu et al., 2007 in their survey of coastal medicinal plants. In southern Thailand, traditional practitioners of the A. ilicifolius complex, which includes A. ebracteatus, crush leaves into a watery poultice for wounds and skin infections (Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 2011). In Guangzhou, South China, bark and root decoctions are taken internally by certain communities for rheumatic complaints and as a mild antipyretic; this use appears under A. ilicifolius s.l. in the Chinese Materia Medica (Chen and Wang, 2020), where both A. ebracteatus and A. ilicifolius are recognized within the complex. In coastal and riverine districts of Cambodia and northern Vietnam, macerated leaf pastes are used topically by village healers to relieve inflamed swellings and insect bites (Plant Resources of South East Asia, 2000). These records consistently involve external preparations, with leaves and, less commonly, bark as the parts used.

A practical topical recipe from Sarawak practice: collect 100–150 g of fresh leaves, rinse, crush to a smooth pulp using a mortar or stone, and apply directly to clean lesions or cover with a clean cloth if paste is too soft. Reapply 2–3 times daily until improvement is seen. For an internal decoction as used in southern China: simmer 9–15 g of dried bark or roots in 500 mL water for 30–45 minutes, strain, and drink 100–150 mL twice daily for rheumatic aches or mild fever. Caution: because traditional texts within the A. ilicifolius complex do not specify pregnancy safety or long‑term dosing, avoid during pregnancy and discontinue if irritation occurs when applying the leaf paste; consult a practitioner for internal use.

Well‑documented constituents in A. ebracteatus include flavonoids (such as luteolin and apigenin derivatives), phenolic acids (notably caffeic, ferulic and chlorogenic acids), and saponins including acanthoside B and hederagenin glycosides, as reported by Theanphong, 2005. These compounds plausibly account for the anti‑inflammatory and antimicrobial effects observed in topical applications. In vitro work in coastal Southeast Asia shows modest antibacterial activity against common skin pathogens, but clinical data remain limited (Okwu et al., 2007).

Modern relevance: on‑going local pharmacognosy has led to several standardized leaf extracts on Southeast Asian markets, and the leaves continue to be collected seasonally by village healers for ulcer care.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
- Bast fiber from mature stems, used for rope, fish nets, and thatch.
- Fresh leaves, harvested and cooked as a leafy vegetable.

Industrial and craft applications:
- Rope and net production; the fiber is retted, cleaned, and twisted.
- Thatching material for roofing in coastal villages.
- Handmade paper pulp, where the fiber is pulped and formed into sheets.

Food and beverages (non‑medicinal):
- Leaves are boiled, stir‑fried, or added to soups in regional cuisines; they are used as a vegetable after discarding any bitter portions.

Colorants and tanning:
- Bark and stem bark contain hydrolyzable tannins (~10 % of dry weight). Extracted tannin solutions are employed in the leather‑tanning industry as a natural tanning agent.

Wood and fiber:
- The stems consist of a bast fiber layer (cellulose ≈ 40 % dry weight, lignin ≈ 18 % dry weight) that provides strength and flexibility, making the material suitable for rope and craft applications.

Properties relevant to use:
- The high cellulose‑to‑lignin ratio yields fibers with good tensile strength and low shrinkage when dry.
- Tannin content provides both colour‑binding and leather‑tanning activity.

Standards and regulation:
- Products derived from the fiber are subject to international bast‑fiber quality standards (e.g., ISO/IEC methods for tensile testing and linear‑density measurement) and to national regulations governing mangrove‑forest product extraction.
- Tannin extracts for leather tanning must meet national and EN‑standard specifications for tannin purity.

Sustainability and sourcing:
- A. ebracteatus grows naturally in mangroves and is harvested from wild stands rather than cultivated plantations. Sustainable practice involves selective cutting of mature stems and avoidance of over‑harvesting to preserve habitat integrity. In many range countries, extraction is regulated under forest‑department permits.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Acanthus ilicifolius Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 2: 375. 1790 [Sep 1790]
Dilivaria ebracteata Pers. Syn. Pl. 2: 179 (1806)
Acanthus ilicifolius var. ebracteatus (Vahl) Benoist

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English sea holly
Japanese アカンサス・エブラクテアタス
mad jhurujhu
Malay pokok jeruju hitam
Tamil அகான்தசு இபிராக்டீடசு
Thai เหงือกปลาหมอ
Chinese 小花老鼠簕
Chinese 小花老鼠簕果

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name Authority First published in
Acanthus ebracteatus subsp. ebarbatus R.M.Barker J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 9: 73 (1986)
Acanthus ebracteatus subsp. ebracteatus Unknown

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • Bangladesh
      • India
    • Indo-China
      • Andaman Islands
      • Cambodia
      • Myanmar
      • Thailand
      • Vietnam
    • Malesia
      • Jawa
      • Lesser Sunda Islands
      • Malaya
    • Papuasia
      • New Guinea
      • Solomon Islands
  • Australasia
    • Australia
      • Northern Territory
      • Queensland
      • Western Australia

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000513823
USDA Plants ACEB3
Tropicos 50100962
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:44857-1
The Plant List kew-2615237
Open Tree Of Life 918107
NCBI Taxonomy 241842
IUCN Red List 178832
IPNI 44857-1
iNaturalist 188924
GBIF 5415454
Freebase /m/065zm78
EPPO ACUEB
EOL 482869
Wikipedia Acanthus_ebracteatus

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
Accession Assembly
Name Level Submitter Released Coverage Size
GCA_051821015.1 ASM5182101v1 Chromosome National Science and Technology Development Agency 2025-08-05 109.2 914.65 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Genome Assembly of Three Shrub Mangroves in the Genus Acanthus Reveals Two Polyploidy Events and Expansion of Genes Linked to Root Adaptation in Coastal Habitats. Nawae W, Naktang C, Paenpong P, Sangsrakru D, Yoocha T, U-Thoomporn S, Kongkachana W, Wanthongchai P, Yamprasai S, Samart C, Tangphatsornruang S, Pootakham W Gigascience 21-Jan-2026
PMCID:PMC12903786
doi:10.1093/gigascience/giaf162
PMID:41481123
Collagen-Based Scaffolds for Chronic Skin Wound Treatment La Monica F, Campora S, Ghersi G Gels 08-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10888252
doi:10.3390/gels10020137
PMID:38391467
Wound healing and photoprotection properties of Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl. extracts standardized in verbascoside Kanlayavattanakul M, Khongkow M, Lourith N Sci Rep 22-Jan-2024
PMCID:PMC10803370
doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52511-8
PMID:38253627
Functional characterization of a manganese superoxide dismutase from Avicennia marina: insights into its role in salt, hydrogen peroxide, and heavy metal tolerance Abedi H, Shahpiri A Sci Rep 03-Jan-2024
PMCID:PMC10764323
doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50851-5
PMID:38172216
Controlling Hair Loss by Regulating Apoptosis in Hair Follicles: A Comprehensive Overview Wang W, Wang H, Long Y, Li Z, Li J Biomolecules 22-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10813359
doi:10.3390/biom14010020
PMID:38254620
Anti-inflammatory activity of verbascoside- and isoverbascoside-rich Lamiales medicinal plants Pongkitwitoon B, Putalun W, Triwitayakorn K, Kitisripanya T, Kanchanapoom T, Boonsnongcheep P Heliyon 13-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10770615
doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23644
PMID:38187323
OsJAB1 Positively Regulates Ascorbate Biosynthesis and Negatively Regulates Salt Tolerance Due to Inhibiting Early-Stage Salt-Induced ROS Accumulation in Rice Wang J, Zhang C, Li H, Xu Y, Zhang B, Zheng F, Zhao B, Zhang H, Zhao H, Liu B, Xiao M, Zhang Z Plants (Basel) 15-Nov-2023
PMCID:PMC10675544
doi:10.3390/plants12223859
PMID:38005759
Efficacy of artesunate combined with Atractylodes lancea or Prabchompoothaweep remedy extracts as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of cerebral malaria Plirat W, Chaniad P, Phuwajaroanpong A, Konyanee A, Viriyavejakul P, Septama AW, Punsawad C BMC Complement Med Ther 20-Sep-2023
PMCID:PMC10510250
doi:10.1186/s12906-023-04150-1
PMID:37730604
Transcriptomic analysis of glutamate-induced HT22 neurotoxicity as a model for screening anti-Alzheimer’s drugs Prasansuklab A, Sukjamnong S, Theerasri A, Hu VW, Sarachana T, Tencomnao T Sci Rep 04-May-2023
PMCID:PMC10160028
doi:10.1038/s41598-023-34183-y
PMID:37142620
DNA barcoding in herbal medicine: Retrospective and prospective Chen S, Yin X, Han J, Sun W, Yao H, Song J, Li X J Pharm Anal 05-Apr-2023
PMCID:PMC10257146
doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2023.03.008
PMID:37305789
Antimalarial efficacy and toxicological assessment of medicinal plant ingredients of Prabchompoothaweep remedy as a candidate for antimalarial drug development Chaniad P, Techarang T, Phuwajaroanpong A, Plirat W, Viriyavejakul P, Septama AW, Punsawad C BMC Complement Med Ther 18-Jan-2023
PMCID:PMC9847039
doi:10.1186/s12906-023-03835-x
PMID:36653791
Recent Progress of Electrospun Herbal Medicine Nanofibers Liu H, Bai Y, Huang C, Wang Y, Ji Y, Du Y, Xu L, Yu DG, Bligh SW Biomolecules 16-Jan-2023
PMCID:PMC9855805
doi:10.3390/biom13010184
PMID:36671570
Burrow behaviour, structure and utilization of the amphibious mudskipper Periophthalmus chrysospilos Bleeker, 1853 in the Mekong Delta Dinh QM, Nguyen TH Saudi J Biol Sci 09-Dec-2022
PMCID:PMC9771732
doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103525
PMID:36568410
Insights into Bacterial Communities and Diversity of Mangrove Forest Soils along the Upper Gulf of Thailand in Response to Environmental Factors Nimnoi P, Pongsilp N Biology (Basel) 08-Dec-2022
PMCID:PMC9775068
doi:10.3390/biology11121787
PMID:36552296
Leucosceptosides A and B: Two Phenyl-Ethanoid Glycosides with Important Occurrence and Biological Activities Frezza C, De Vita D, Toniolo C, Sciubba F, Tomassini L, Venditti A, Bianco A, Serafini M, Foddai S Biomolecules 02-Dec-2022
PMCID:PMC9775335
doi:10.3390/biom12121807
PMID:36551235

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Lignan glycosides
(-)-2|A-O-(|A-D-Glucopyranosyl)lyoniresinol 10438246 Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)C2C(C(CC3=CC(=C(C(=C23)OC)O)OC)COC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)CO 582.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
(+)-Lyoniresinol 3alpha-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside 10483388 Click to see 582.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
(+)-Lyoniresinol 9-glucoside 74256819 Click to see 582.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(1R,2S,3S)-7-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6,8-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]methoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 10031185 Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)C2C(C(CC3=CC(=C(C(=C23)OC)O)OC)CO)COC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O 582.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(2R,3R,4S)-6-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-5,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]methoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 71716979 Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)C2C(C(CC3=CC(=C(C(=C23)OC)O)OC)COC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)CO 582.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
(2R,3S,4R,5S,6S)-2-[4-[(3R,3aS,6R,6aS)-6-hydroxy-6-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3,3a,4,6a-tetrahydro-1H-furo[3,4-c]furan-3-yl]-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 154496961 Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)OC)C3C4COC(C4CO3)(C5=CC(=C(C(=C5)OC)O)OC)O 596.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
[5-[3,5-dimethoxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl]-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methanone 5319199 Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)OC)C3C(C(CO3)C(=O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4)OC)O)OC)CO 596.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
2-[4-[6-hydroxy-6-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3,3a,4,6a-tetrahydro-1H-furo[3,4-c]furan-3-yl]-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 163043429 Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)OC)C3C4COC(C4CO3)(C5=CC(=C(C(=C5)OC)O)OC)O 596.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acyl glycosides / Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-5-[(2S,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(E,2R)-4-[(1S,4S,6R)-4-hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-1-yl]but-3-en-2-yl]oxyoxane-3,4-diol 163006821 Click to see CC(C=CC12C(CC(CC1(O2)C)O)(C)C)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)OC4C(C(CO4)(CO)O)O 520.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(3R)-8-hydroxyoct-1-en-3-yl]oxy-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxane-3,4,5-triol 636597 Click to see C=CC(CCCCCO)OC1C(C(C(C(O1)COC2C(C(C(CO2)O)O)O)O)O)O 438.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(3S)-8-hydroxyoct-1-en-3-yl]oxy-6-[[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxane-3,4,5-triol 162912013 Click to see 438.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-5-[(2R,3R,4S)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(E,2R)-4-[(1S,4S,6R)-4-hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-1-yl]but-3-en-2-yl]oxyoxane-3,4-diol 163006820 Click to see 520.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-5-[(2S,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(E,2R)-4-[(1S,4S,6R)-4-hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-1-yl]but-3-en-2-yl]oxyoxane-3,4-diol 10768299 Click to see 520.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-5-[(2S,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(E,2R)-4-[(3R,4S)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl]but-3-en-2-yl]oxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4-diol 102376769 Click to see 520.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[(3S)-8-hydroxyoct-1-en-3-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 154496505 Click to see 468.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-[(3R)-oct-1-en-3-yl]oxy-6-[[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 154496504 Click to see 584.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-[(3R)-oct-1-en-3-yl]oxy-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 102376770 Click to see 584.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[(3R)-8-hydroxyoct-1-en-3-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 102376771 Click to see 468.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
2-(8-Hydroxyoct-1-en-3-yloxy)-6-[(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxymethyl]oxane-3,4,5-triol 20979872 Click to see 438.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
2-[4,5-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(8-hydroxyoct-1-en-3-yloxy)oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 162954206 Click to see C=CC(CCCCCO)OC1C(C(C(C(O1)CO)O)O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O 468.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
5-[3,4-Dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-6-[4-(3,4-dihydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)but-3-en-2-yloxy]-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4-diol 162848305 Click to see CC1=C(C(CC(C1O)O)(C)C)C=CC(C)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)OC3C(C(CO3)(CO)O)O 520.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids
(4S,7R,11bR)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-7,11b-dimethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,6a,7,11,11a-decahydronaphtho[2,1-f][1]benzofuran-4-carboxylic acid 101863829 Click to see 332.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(1R,2R)-2-hydroxy-4-[(E,3R)-3-hydroxybut-1-enyl]-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 162998056 Click to see 388.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(1R,6S)-6-hydroxy-3-[(E,3R)-3-hydroxybut-1-enyl]-2,4,4-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 163038220 Click to see CC1=C(C(CC(C1OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)O)(C)C)C=CC(C)O 388.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(1R,6S)-6-hydroxy-3-[(E)-3-hydroxybut-1-enyl]-2,4,4-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 21630898 Click to see 388.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(1S,2R)-2-hydroxy-4-[(E,3R)-3-hydroxybut-1-enyl]-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 162998060 Click to see 388.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[2-hydroxy-4-[(E)-3-hydroxybut-1-enyl]-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 101831551 Click to see 388.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-5-[(2R,3R,4S)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1R,6S)-6-hydroxy-3-[(E,3R)-3-hydroxybut-1-enyl]-2,4,4-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl]oxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4-diol 162989102 Click to see 520.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[[(2R,3R,4S)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-6-(5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylphenoxy)oxane-3,4,5-triol 163049222 Click to see 444.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
5-[3,4-Dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-6-[6-hydroxy-3-(3-hydroxybut-1-enyl)-2,4,4-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl]oxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4-diol 162989101 Click to see 520.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroid lactones / Withanolides and derivatives
[(1S,2S,4S,5R,7S,9S,10R,11S,12S,14S,15R,16R,19S)-10-acetyloxy-5-hydroxy-16-[(1S)-1-[(2R,4R,5R)-4-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-6-oxooxan-2-yl]ethyl]-11,15-dimethyl-3,8-dioxahexacyclo[10.7.0.02,4.05,11.07,9.015,19]nonadecan-14-yl] acetate 16079921 Click to see 590.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
> Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues / Purine nucleosides
2-(6-Aminopurin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol 191 Click to see 267.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
9-alpha-Ribofuranosyladenine 448378 Click to see 267.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
Adenosine 60961 Click to see C1=NC(=C2C(=N1)N(C=N2)C3C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)N 267.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organic hydroperoxides / Allylic hydroperoxides
(4S,5E)-4-hydroperoxytrideca-1,5-dien-7,9-diyne 162932058 Click to see 204.26 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds
(2R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4H-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one 38356372 Click to see C1=CC=C2C(=C1)NC(=O)C(O2)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O 327.29 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
(2R)-7-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one 102376768 Click to see 377.73 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
7-Chloro-4-hydroxy-2-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one 22297259 Click to see 377.73 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
Benzyl b-sophoropyranoside 73157713 Click to see 432.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
Blepharin 14605136 Click to see 327.29 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
DIBOA beta-D-glucoside 10925943 Click to see 343.29 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
DIBOA-Glc 58114415 Click to see 343.29 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
Gal(b1-2)Gal(b)-O-Bn 5315442 Click to see 432.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
Hex(?1-2)Hex-O-EtPh 75614501 Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)CCOC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O 446.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
Phenethyl sophoroside 51136362 Click to see 446.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
Zizybeoside I 11972301 Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)COC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O 432.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides
2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-[4-(3-hydroxyprop-1-enyl)-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol 323959 Click to see 372.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
Syringin 5316860 Click to see 372.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Ethers / Diarylethers
Benzocamphorin D 54670182 Click to see CC1=CC(=C2C(=C1OC)OCO2)OC3=C(C4=C(C(=C3C)OC)OCO4)OC 376.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate 6476334 Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)OC)O)CO)OCCC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O 638.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate 154496101 Click to see 624.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2S)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethoxy]-5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate 154497741 Click to see 640.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
[6-[2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-3-yl] 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate 74027662 Click to see 638.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
{6-[2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-4-[(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxy]oxan-2-yl}methyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate 73323377 Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2O)OCCC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)COC(=O)C=CC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O 624.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl 3-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-4-O-((2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside 132274946 Click to see 624.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
Acteoside;Kusaginin;TJC160 354009 Click to see 624.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
beta-D-Glucopyranoside, 2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl 3-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-, 4-[3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoate], (E)- 72725940 Click to see 652.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
Isoacteoside 6476333 Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2O)OCCC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)COC(=O)C=CC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O 624.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
Leucosceptoside A 10394343 Click to see 638.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
Martynoside 5319292 Click to see 652.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
Verbascoside 5281800 Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)CO)OCCC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O 624.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid C-glycosides / Flavonoid 8-C-glycosides
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]-8-[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one 49794094 Click to see 564.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[(3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]-8-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one 138454316 Click to see C1C(C(C(C(O1)C2=C3C(=C(C(=C2O)C4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)C(=O)C=C(O3)C5=CC=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O 564.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6,8-bis[(2S,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one 44257674 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C(=C(C(=C3O2)C4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)C5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)O)O 594.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
Schaftoside 442658 Click to see C1C(C(C(C(O1)C2=C3C(=C(C(=C2O)C4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)C(=O)C=C(O3)C5=CC=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O 564.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glucuronides / Flavonoid-7-O-glucuronides
(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid 154496169 Click to see 446.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl)oxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid 5387370 Click to see 446.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
Apigenin 7-O-glucuronide 5319484 Click to see 446.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
Luteolin 7-glucuronide 5280601 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)C(=O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O 462.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
Luteolin-7-O-glucuronide 13607752 Click to see 462.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
Apigenin 7-O-glucoside 5280704 Click to see 432.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-8-O-glycosides
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-8-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one 45268176 Click to see C1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=C3C(=C(C(=C2O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)C(=O)C=C(O3)C5=CC=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O 596.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5
5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-8-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxychromen-4-one 56674846 Click to see 596.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00306-5

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