Coussarea paniculata

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Internal ID UUID644036198bad5923508017
Scientific name Coussarea paniculata
Authority Standl.
First published in J. Washington Acad. Sci. 18: 282 (1928)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Traditional preparations of Cephaelis ipecacuanha have been documented across several regions. In the lowland Amazon, groups such as the Kayapó and Tukano of Brazil used small pieces of dried root infused in warm water as an emetic and expectorant (Sternberg, 2010; Giulietti et al., 2018). Bantu-speaking healers of tropical Africa employed root macerations or decoctions for gastrointestinal distress and as a purgative emetic (Gill, 1992), and historically in Europe and early North American practice, a tincture of ipecac was taken as a dose-based emetic to expel poisons (Thompson et al., 2012; R. J. Seltzer’s “Pharmacologic Therapeutics” chapter in Goldberg et al., 2015; British Pharmacopoeia, 1963). In all of these accounts, the plant part used is the dried root.

A historically prepared 1:5 ethanol tincture exemplifies the traditional product: place one part dried, cut root in five parts 60% alcohol (by weight), macerate in the dark for two weeks with daily shaking, then filter. Typical doses of the tincture were measured by the physician and aimed to induce vomiting within minutes, yet due to its potency and risk of cardiac disturbance, contemporary sources advise never to self-administer it and to seek modern medical care in cases of poisoning (British Pharmacopoeia, 1963; Giulietti et al., 2018; Thompson et al., 2012).

The activity of the root aligns with its well-known alkaloids: emetine, cephaeline, and other ipecac alkaloids, plus the saponin-like emetinine and quinquefolosides (Couch et al., 1932; Spoerke & Rumack, 1989). These compounds irritate gastric mucosa and trigger centrally mediated emesis, with emetine strongly implicated in the toxic effects that appear with over‑dose (Spoerke & Rumack, 1989; Giulietti et al., 2018).

Modern relevance: while ipecac tincture is no longer routinely stocked in most clinics or recommended for home poisonings, it remains a reference point in toxicology teaching and a target of renewed phytochemical inquiry (Giulietti et al., 2018; Thompson et al., 2012).

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Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Billardiera paniculata (Vahl) Vahl Eclog. Amer. 1: 13, t. 10. 1797
Coussarea darienensis Steyerm. Ceiba 3: 20 (1952)
Coussarea froelichia A.Rich. Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 5: 177. 1834
Coussarea macrocarpa A.Rich. Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris v. (1834) 177.
Coussarea martini Benth. & Hook.f. Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2(1): 121. 1873 [7-9 Apr 1873]
Coussarea morii Dwyer Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 67: 130 (1980)
Faramea martini DC. Prodr. 4: 498 (1830)
Froelichia paniculata Vahl Eclog. Amer. 1: praef. [3], 13, 56. 1797
Coussarea froelichia A.Rich. ex DC. Prodr. 4: 494 (1830)
Coussarea macrocarpa A.Rich. ex DC. Prodr. 4: 494 (1830)
Coussarea martini (DC.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. Index Kew. 1: 631 (1893)

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Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Southern America
    • Brazil
      • Brazil North
    • Caribbean
      • Trinidad-Tobago
    • Central America
      • Costa Rica
      • Panamá
    • Northern South America
      • French Guiana
      • Guyana
      • Suriname
      • Venezuela
    • Western South America
      • Bolivia
      • Colombia
      • Ecuador
      • Peru

Links to other databases Top

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Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000926159
Tropicos 27900781
INPN 734729
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:67455-2
The Plant List kew-48511
Open Tree Of Life 3870925
NCBI Taxonomy 2321275
IUCN Red List 149999755
IPNI 67455-2
GBIF 2898203
EOL 1113394
CMAUP NPO1145

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

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Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Antimicrobial Potential of Betulinic Acid and Investigation of the Mechanism of Action against Nuclear and Metabolic Enzymes with Molecular Modeling Rodrigues GC, dos Santos Maia M, de Souza TA, de Oliveira Lima E, dos Santos LE, Silva SL, da Silva MS, Filho JM, da Silva Rodrigues Junior V, Scotti L, Scotti MT Pathogens 13-Mar-2023
PMCID:PMC10058483
doi:10.3390/pathogens12030449
PMID:36986372
Natural Products with Inhibitory Activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Serna-Arbeláez MS, Florez-Sampedro L, Orozco LP, Ramírez K, Galeano E, Zapata W Adv Virol 29-May-2021
PMCID:PMC8181102
doi:10.1155/2021/5552088
PMID:34194504
Betulinic Acid Protects DOX-Triggered Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy Response through the GATA-4/Calcineurin/NFAT Pathway Yoon JJ, Son CO, Kim HY, Han BH, Lee YJ, Lee HS, Kang DG Molecules 24-Dec-2020
PMCID:PMC7795060
doi:10.3390/molecules26010053
PMID:33374365
The effect of betulinic acid on leptin, adiponectin, hepatic enzyme levels and lipid profiles in streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced diabetic mice Ahangarpour A, Shabani R, Farbood Y Res Pharm Sci 01-Apr-2018
PMCID:PMC5842485
doi:10.4103/1735-5362.223796
PMID:29606968
Effects of Betulinic Acid on the Male Reproductive System of a Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide-Induced Diabetic Mouse Model Ahangarpour A, Oroojan AA, Khorsandi L, Arzani G, Afshari G World J Mens Health 22-Dec-2016
PMCID:PMC5209562
doi:10.5534/wjmh.2016.34.3.209
PMID:28053951
Secondary Metabolites from Rubiaceae Species Martins D, Nunez CV Molecules 22-Jul-2015
PMCID:PMC6331836
doi:10.3390/molecules200713422
PMID:26205062
Comprehensive Review on Betulin as a Potent Anticancer Agent Król SK, Kiełbus M, Rivero-Müller A, Stepulak A Biomed Res Int 19-Mar-2015
PMCID:PMC4383233
doi:10.1155/2015/584189
PMID:25866796
Betulinic acid prevents alcohol-induced liver damage by improving the antioxidant system in mice Yi J, Xia W, Wu J, Yuan L, Wu J, Tu D, Fang J, Tan Z J Vet Sci 19-Mar-2014
PMCID:PMC3973757
doi:10.4142/jvs.2014.15.1.141
PMID:24378582
New cytotoxic lupane triterpenoids from the twigs of Coussarea paniculata. Prakash Chaturvedula VS, Schilling JK, Johnson RK, Kingston DG J Nat Prod 01-Mar-2003
doi:10.1021/NP0204848
PMID:12662105

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(+)-Ursolic Acid 64945 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R,7R,10R,13R,14R,17S,19S)-3-hydroxy-10,13,14,18,18-pentamethyl-7-prop-1-en-2-yl-20-oxahexacyclo[17.2.2.01,17.02,14.05,13.06,10]tricosan-21-one 25087441 Click to see 454.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
(1R,3aS,5aR,5bR,7aR,9R,11aR,11bR,13aR,13bS)-9-hydroxy-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid 51448972 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C(=O)O 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
(4aS,6aS,6aS,6bR,8aS,10S,12aR,14bR)-10-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 51892422 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
3-Deoxybetulonic Acid 11070248 Click to see 440.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
3-Hydroxy-10,13,14,18,18-pentamethyl-7-prop-1-en-2-yl-20-oxahexacyclo[17.2.2.01,17.02,14.05,13.06,10]tricosan-21-one 73880805 Click to see 454.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
3-Hydroxylup-20(29)-en-28-amide 10161414 Click to see 455.70 unknown via CMAUP database
3-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 619166 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
5a,5b,8,8,11a-Pentamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid 22620404 Click to see 440.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
9-Hydroxy-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carbaldehyde 317607 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C=O 440.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
Betulin 72326 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)CO 442.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
Betulin Diacetate 236415 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)OC(=O)C)C)COC(=O)C 526.80 unknown via CMAUP database
Betulinic Acid 64971 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
Epibetulinic Acid 485711 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
Lup-20(29)-en-28-al, 3-hydroxy-, (3alpha)- 180607 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C=O 440.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
Lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid, 3beta-hydroxy- 2371 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, (3beta)- 521518 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
Lup-20(29)-en-3beta-ol, acetate 323074 Click to see 468.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
Lup-20(29)-ene-3beta,28-diol 221023 Click to see 442.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
Lupeol 259846 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
Lupeol Acetate 92157 Click to see 468.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
Oleanolic Acid 10494 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
Urs-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-hydroxy-, (3beta)- 220774 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
Ursolic acid acetate 6475119 Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)OC(=O)C)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)O 498.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0204848
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives
Coumarin 323 Click to see 146.14 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Coumarin glycosides
7-hydroxy-8-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-2-one 22524175 Click to see 340.28 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Furanocoumarins / Psoralens / 5-methoxypsoralens
Bergapten 2355 Click to see COC1=C2C=CC(=O)OC2=CC3=C1C=CO3 216.19 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Furanocoumarins / Psoralens / 8-methoxypsoralens
8-Methoxypsoralen 4114 Click to see 216.19 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 7,8-dihydroxycoumarins
Daphnetin 5280569 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C2=C1C=CC(=O)O2)O)O 178.14 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 7-hydroxycoumarins
Umbelliferone 5281426 Click to see C1=CC(=CC2=C1C=CC(=O)O2)O 162.14 unknown via CMAUP database

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