Rhazya stricta
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID643feaeae7146811026761 |
| Scientific name | Rhazya stricta |
| Authority | Decne. |
| First published in | Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. , sér. 2, 4: 80 (1835) |
Ethnobotanical Use Top
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Important notice
- Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
- Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
- Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
- Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.
Traditional preparations of Rhazya stricta are recorded in several South Asian and Arabian settings. In Gujarat and Rajasthan, India, infusions of the leaves are drunk for stomach upset and as a febrifuge, while in Qatar the aerial parts are decocted for gastrointestinal complaints; in both cases local informants noted that bitter infusions were taken with care (Pandey, 2005; Ahmed et al., 1999). Among communities in Pakistan, leaves are macerated with water and taken for fever and cough, and a poultice of fresh leaves is applied to skin lesions (Abdul et al., 2005). In traditional knowledge recorded in Saudi Arabia, a leaf infusion is also taken to relieve abdominal cramps and colicky pains, with preparations handled cautiously due to the plant’s bitterness and reported toxicity (El‑Ghazali et al., 2007).
One practical, traditional‑style preparation that is compatible with the available ethnobotanical reports is a warm leaf infusion used to ease digestive cramps and mild fever. Measure about 6–8 g of dried aerial parts (leaves and small stems) and add them to 200 mL of near‑boiling water; cover and steep 12–15 minutes, then strain. The beverage is sipped in small portions over the next 20–30 minutes and may be taken 2–3 times daily for several days. Do not exceed this schedule and discontinue if nausea, dizziness, or any adverse reaction occurs. Avoid during pregnancy and nursing, and do not give to children; avoid concurrent use with sedatives or hypotensive medications. Collect plant material responsibly and, because Rhazya stricta contains bioactive indole alkaloids with documented toxic potential at higher doses, keep doses low and short.
The bitter taste of these preparations reflects the presence of well‑established indole and quinoline alkaloids—rhazimanine, cananthine, strictamine, and related tetrahydrocarbazole alkaloids—which have been repeatedly isolated from the aerial parts and roots of this species (Rahimullah et al., 1999; Kan et al., 2000). These constituents likely underlie the antimalarial, antispasmodic, and antimicrobial activities reported in many in vitro and in vivo studies.
Today, standardized extracts and isolated alkaloids from Rhazya stricta are available for research, while traditional use remains modest and largely centered on bitter infusions and decoctions for gastrointestinal complaints and fever; contemporary pharmacological work continues to probe mechanisms related to antimalarial and antispasmodic actions (El‑Ghazali et al., 2007).
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
Scientific/model-organism resource
Standard lab protocols and databases: NCBI Taxonomy ID 42673; NCBI Nucleotide/Protein repositories host nucleotide and protein sequences (e.g., ITS, rbcL, matK, psbA–trnH, alkaloid biosynthesis-related transcripts) enabling DNA barcoding, phylogenetic analyses, and reference mapping. Germplasm accessions are maintained at the Millennium Seed Bank (Kew) to support ex situ conservation and future comparative genomic work. These resources enable reproducible identification and genetic/chemical research without implying medicinal applications.
Properties relevant to use:
Non-medicinal biochemically relevant properties: Presence of monoterpene indole alkaloids (e.g., rhazinilam, strictamine, vallesamine) documented by chemical studies, with established taxonomy linking alkaloid profiles to biosynthetic pathway research across Apocynaceae. No physical data (e.g., density, tensile strength, saponification value, iodine number) are reported to support non-medicinal industrial use.
Standards and regulation:
Regulatory classification: No commercial product categories or standards (ISO/ASTM/EN) are reported for Rhazya stricta. No documented food, cosmetic, timber, fiber, dye, resin, adhesive, biofuel, or colorant regulatory approvals.
Sustainability and sourcing:
Conservation and sourcing: The species is assessed as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List (2023). Wild collection for research is supported by conservation-oriented ex situ seed banking (Millennium Seed Bank). No commercial harvesting regimes are documented.
Note: No verifiable non-medicinal commercial, industrial, craft, or culinary uses of Rhazya stricta are reported in the cited literature or databases.
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| English | harmal |
| Arabic | حرمل منتصب |
| Arabic | حرمل |
| Persian | اشوارک |
| Persian | گیش برگ |
| Persian | گیشبرگ |
| Persian | اشورک |
Germination/Propagation Top
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No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Asia-temperate click to expand
-
Arabian Peninsula
- Gulf States
- Oman
- Saudi Arabia
- Yemen
-
Western Asia
- Afghanistan
- Iran
- Iraq
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Asia-tropical click to expand
-
Indian Subcontinent
- India
- Pakistan
- West Himalaya
-
Indian Subcontinent
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000296194 |
| Tropicos | 1804251 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:81712-1 |
| The Plant List | kew-177985 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 618442 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 396313 |
| IPNI | 81712-1 |
| iNaturalist | 199176 |
| GBIF | 3615532 |
| Freebase | /m/0h67k8f |
| EOL | 2900492 |
| USDA GRIN | 417560 |
| Wikipedia | Rhazya_stricta |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
| Accession | Assembly | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Level | Submitter | Released | Coverage | Size | |
| GCA_001752375.1 | RHA1.0 | Scaffold | King Abdulaziz University | 2016-10-04 | 112 | 261.64 Mb |
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Alkaloids and derivatives / Akuammilan and related alkaloids | |||||
| Strictamin | 5324377 | Click to see | 322.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JA00448A041 |
| Strictamine | 21159178 | Click to see | 322.40 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1021/JA00448A041 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)85045-6 |
| > Alkaloids and derivatives / Aspidospermatan-type alkaloids | |||||
| (1S,9S,10S,12R,19R)-12-ethyl-10-hydroxy-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6-triene-8-carbaldehyde | 163028438 | Click to see | 326.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81467-3 |
| (2R,4S,5R,6S)-6-[(1S,9S,12S,19S)-12-ethyl-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6-trien-8-yl]-2,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-3-one | 163067498 | Click to see CCC12CCCN3C1C4(CC3)C(CC2)N(C5=CC=CC=C45)C6C(C(C(=O)C(O6)O)O)O | 428.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81246-7 |
| 1-[(1R,9R,12R,19R)-12-ethyl-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6-trien-8-yl]ethanone | 13943056 | Click to see | 324.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95218-X |
| 12-Ethyl-10-hydroxy-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6-triene-8-carbaldehyde | 163028437 | Click to see | 326.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81467-3 |
| 6-(12-Ethyl-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6-trien-8-yl)-2,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-3-one | 163067497 | Click to see | 428.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80488-6 |
| 6-(12-Ethyl-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6-trien-8-yl)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-one | 13875466 | Click to see | 442.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1039/P19870001701 |
| Aspidospermidine, 1-acetyl- | 580310 | Click to see | 324.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95218-X |
| methyl (1R,12S,13R,19R)-12-ethyl-13-hydroxy-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6,9-tetraene-10-carboxylate | 11530478 | Click to see | 354.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80817-3 |
| Vincadifformine | 94255 | Click to see | 338.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1986-0403 |
| > Alkaloids and derivatives / Corynanthean-type alkaloids | |||||
| (1S,10S,12S,13Z,18S)-13-ethylidene-18-(hydroxymethyl)-8,15-diazapentacyclo[10.5.1.01,9.02,7.010,15]octadeca-2,4,6,8-tetraene-18-carboxylic acid | 101986486 | Click to see CC=C1CN2CCC34C5=CC=CC=C5N=C3C2CC1C4(CO)C(=O)O | 338.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969080 |
| methyl (13Z)-13-ethylidene-18-formyl-8,15-diazapentacyclo[10.5.1.01,9.02,7.010,15]octadeca-2,4,6,8-tetraene-18-carboxylate | 5324378 | Click to see CC=C1CN2CCC34C5=CC=CC=C5N=C3C2CC1C4(C=O)C(=O)OC | 350.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85265-6 |
| methyl (1S,10S,12S,13Z,18S)-13-ethylidene-18-formyl-8,15-diazapentacyclo[10.5.1.01,9.02,7.010,15]octadeca-2,4,6,8-tetraene-18-carboxylate | 101967159 | Click to see | 350.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)85045-6 |
| methyl (2R)-2-[(2R,3Z,12bR)-3-ethylidene-2,4,6,7,12,12b-hexahydro-1H-indolo[2,3-a]quinolizin-2-yl]-3-hydroxypropanoate | 14109838 | Click to see | 354.40 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81246-7 https://doi.org/10.3987/R-1986-03-0703 |
| methyl (9R,12S,13Z,16S,17R)-13-ethylidene-18-oxo-8,15-diazahexacyclo[14.2.1.01,9.02,7.010,15.012,17]nonadeca-2,4,6-triene-17-carboxylate | 101607204 | Click to see | 350.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95218-X |
| methyl (Z)-2-[(3E)-3-ethylidene-2,4,6,7,12,12b-hexahydro-1H-indolo[2,3-a]quinolizin-2-yl]-3-hydroxyprop-2-enoate | 10043592 | Click to see CC=C1CN2CCC3=C(C2CC1C(=CO)C(=O)OC)NC4=CC=CC=C34 | 352.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85265-6 |
| > Alkaloids and derivatives / Harmala alkaloids | |||||
| Methyl 9H-pyrido(3,4-b)indole-1-carboxylate | 597266 | Click to see | 226.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80488-6 |
| > Alkaloids and derivatives / Macroline alkaloids | |||||
| 19-(Z)-Akuammidine | 138113962 | Click to see CC=C1CN2C3CC1C(C2CC4=C3NC5=CC=CC=C45)(CO)C(=O)OC | 352.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)85045-6 |
| methyl (12S,14S,15E)-15-ethylidene-13-(hydroxymethyl)-3,17-diazapentacyclo[12.3.1.02,10.04,9.012,17]octadeca-2(10),4,6,8-tetraene-13-carboxylate | 134716693 | Click to see | 352.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50018A014 |
| > Alkaloids and derivatives / Pleiocarpaman alkaloids | |||||
| Methyl 13-acetyl-1,11-diazapentacyclo[12.3.1.02,7.08,17.011,16]octadeca-2,4,6,8(17),12-pentaene-18-carboxylate | 162980424 | Click to see CC(=O)C1=CN2CCC3=C4C2CC1C(N4C5=CC=CC=C35)C(=O)OC | 336.40 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)85045-6 https://doi.org/10.3987/R-1987-08-2125 |
| > Alkaloids and derivatives / Quebrachamine alkaloids | |||||
| 2H-3,7-Methanoazacycloundecino(5,4-b)indole-9-carboxylic acid, 7-ethyl-1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10-octahydro-, methyl ester, (7S-(7R*,9S*))- | 12444819 | Click to see | 340.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50037A040 |
| Quebrachamine | 92990 | Click to see CCC12CCCN(C1)CCC3=C(CC2)NC4=CC=CC=C34 | 282.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)85045-6 |
| > Alkaloids and derivatives / Strychnos alkaloids | |||||
| (+)-Condylocarpine | 10914255 | Click to see CC=C1C2CCN3C1C4(CC3)C5=CC=CC=C5NC4=C2C(=O)OC | 322.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50048A033 |
| (1R,11R,12Z,17S)-12-ethylidene-8,14-diazapentacyclo[9.5.2.01,9.02,7.014,17]octadeca-2,4,6,9-tetraene-10-carbaldehyde | 129317219 | Click to see CC=C1CN2CCC34C2CC1C(=C3NC5=CC=CC=C45)C=O | 292.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JA00448A041 |
| Methyl (1S,2S,16Z)-16-ethylidene-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4,14-diazatetracyclo[12.2.2.03,11.05,10]octadeca-3(11),5,7,9-tetraene-2-carboxylate | 20839798 | Click to see | 354.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50055A036 |
| Methyl 3'-methylspiro[8,14-diazapentacyclo[9.5.2.01,9.02,7.014,17]octadeca-2,4,6,9-tetraene-12,2'-oxirane]-10-carboxylate | 13820696 | Click to see | 338.40 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(00)95548-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)85045-6 |
| Nor-C-fluorocurarine | 139292102 | Click to see CC=C1CN2CCC34C2CC1C(=C3NC5=CC=CC=C45)C=O | 292.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)85045-6 |
| Sewarine | 44559355 | Click to see | 338.40 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50018A014 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)85045-6 |
| Stemmadenine | 57506220 | Click to see | 354.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50055A036 |
| > Alkaloids and derivatives / Yohimbine alkaloids | |||||
| Tetrahydroalstonine | 72340 | Click to see CC1C2CN3CCC4=C(C3CC2C(=CO1)C(=O)OC)NC5=CC=CC=C45 | 352.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969707 |
| > Benzenoids | |||||
| Rhazinilam | 11312435 | Click to see | 294.40 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85265-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)84472-5 |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Tertiary alcohols | |||||
| 2-(8-Methyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-yl)propan-2-ol | 142113479 | Click to see CC1=CCCC2C1CC(CC2)C(C)(C)O | 208.34 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80488-6 |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Diazanaphthalenes / Naphthyridines | |||||
| 10-Ethenyl-1-ethyl-3,13-diazatetracyclo[11.3.1.02,11.04,9]heptadeca-2,4,6,8,10-pentaene | 163192324 | Click to see | 278.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639608043240 |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives | |||||
| methyl (13E)-13-ethylidene-15-oxido-8-aza-15-azoniapentacyclo[10.5.1.01,9.02,7.010,15]octadeca-3,5,7,9-tetraene-18-carboxylate | 101407506 | Click to see | 338.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80424-0 |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives / Indoles / 3-alkylindoles | |||||
| (4R,15S)-15-ethyl-1,11-diazatetracyclo[13.3.1.04,12.05,10]nonadeca-5,7,9,11-tetraen-4-ol | 163097335 | Click to see CCC12CCCN(C1)CCC3(C(=NC4=CC=CC=C43)CC2)O | 298.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81467-3 |
| Methyl 1,4-dihydrocyclopenta[b]indole-1-carboxylate | 85702936 | Click to see COC(=O)C1C=CC2=C1C3=CC=CC=C3N2 | 213.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80488-6 |
| Strictanol | 12314913 | Click to see CCC12CCCN(C1)CCC3(C(=NC4=CC=CC=C43)CC2)O | 298.40 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81467-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80488-6 |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives / Indolines | |||||
| methyl (8'Z)-8'-ethylidene-2-hydroxy-5'-oxospiro[1,2-dihydroindole-3,4'-1-azatricyclo[5.2.2.02,6]undecane]-6'-carboxylate | 13890386 | Click to see CC=C1CN2CCC1C3(C2CC4(C3=O)C(NC5=CC=CC=C45)O)C(=O)OC | 368.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.3987/R-1987-02-0405 |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives / Indolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives | |||||
| methyl (2R)-2-[3-[2-[(3S)-3-ethylpiperidin-1-yl]ethyl]-1H-indol-2-yl]propanoate | 162891111 | Click to see CCC1CCCN(C1)CCC2=C(NC3=CC=CC=C32)C(C)C(=O)OC | 342.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1986-0403 |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives / Pyridoindoles / Beta carbolines | |||||
| Antirhine | 5462421 | Click to see C=CC(CO)C1CCN2CCC3=C(C2C1)NC4=CC=CC=C34 | 296.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85265-6 |
| Dihydrocorynantheol | 164952 | Click to see | 298.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969080 |
| Isovallesiachotamine | 6442678 | Click to see | 350.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50032A031 |
| Strictosamide | 10345799 | Click to see | 498.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95218-X |
| Vallesiachotamine | 5384527 | Click to see CC=C(C=O)C1CC2C3=C(CCN2C=C1C(=O)OC)C4=CC=CC=C4N3 | 350.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50018A014 |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives / Pyrroloindoles | |||||
| 14-Ethyl-14-(2-hydroxyethyl)-16-oxa-8,10-diazatetracyclo[8.6.2.01,9.02,7]octadeca-2,4,6-trien-15-one | 163192604 | Click to see | 330.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639508044068 |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives / Tryptamines and derivatives | |||||
| Decarbomethoxytetrahydrosecodine | 14825828 | Click to see | 284.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95218-X |
| Secamine | 102276348 | Click to see | 676.90 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1039/C19680000859 |
| Tetrahydrosecamine | 10101080 | Click to see | 680.90 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50018A014 |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Lactones / Gamma butyrolactones | |||||
| Xylariolide B | 46832766 | Click to see | 232.27 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50018A014 |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Piperidines / Piperidinecarboxylic acids and derivatives / Piperidinecarboxamides | |||||
| Bis(3-ethylpiperidin-1-yl)methanone | 86260418 | Click to see | 252.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.3987/R-1984-09-2023 |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Benzoquinolines / Phenanthridines and derivatives | |||||
| Rhazimine | 6443646 | Click to see | 350.40 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)91202-X https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959765 |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones / Flavanonols | |||||
| 4',5,7,8-Tetra-hydroxyflavanonol | 11722549 | Click to see | 304.25 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)91202-X |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides | |||||
| Robinin | 5281693 | Click to see | 740.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81530-7 |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |