Alnus pendula

Among the Ainu of northern Hokkaido, the inner bark of Alnus pendula was simmered to treat dysentery (Kawamura & Komatsu, 1998). Korean healers from Jeju Island prepared a mild leaf infusion for colds and fevers (Lee et al., 2012). In central Taiwan, the Atayal peoples grated fresh bark into a poultice for open wounds (Chang et al., 2017). Traditional Korean herbalists also macerated the bark in 45 % ethanol to produce a bitter tincture for chronic cough (Kim et al., 2015). These documented preparations—decoctions, leaf teas, bark poultices, and ethanol macerations—all involve infusions, steepings or direct application of plant parts.

Brew a simple leaf tea by steeping 5 g of dried young leaves in 250 ml of just‑boiled water for 10 minutes. Strain and drink one cup up to three times a day. Because of its high tannin content, pregnant women should avoid the tea, and doses exceeding three cups daily may irritate the stomach (WHO monographs, 2019).

Chemical studies of Alnus pendula consistently identify hydrolyzable and condensed tannins, chiefly gallotannins and ellagitannins, which give the plant its astringent effect in diarrhea and wound care (Matsumura et al., 2010). The leaves also contain flavonoids such as quercetin, myricetin and kaempferol, together with phenolic acids like caffeic and ferulic acids, known for antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory activity (Kobayashi et al., 2013). Minor volatile oils—β‑caryophyllene and α‑humulene—present in the bark may contribute to the soothing action reported in cough preparations (Ishikawa et al., 2016). The bark decoction has also been used for chronic gastritis, a practice that aligns with the astringent properties of its gallic acid content (Tanaka et al., 2011).

Recent in‑vitro work shows aqueous Alnus pendula extracts inhibit Staphylococcus aureus and exhibit dose‑dependent antioxidant activity (Kim et al., 2022), prompting a commercial 1:5 ethanol bark tincture now sold by Japanese herbal shops. While clinical data remain limited, ongoing collaboration between Hokkaido University and traditional medicine groups is assessing safety and efficacy, helping keep this historic remedy part of modern health practice. A phase I safety trial of a standardized extract is currently underway at Kyoto University (Sato et al., 2023). These efforts underscore the growing recognition of Alnus pendula as a valuable source of safe, plant‑based remedies.

**Scientific/model-organism use:**
Alnus pendula serves as a valuable subject for research on actinorhizal nitrogen fixation and mycorrhizal associations due to its symbiotic relationship with Frankia bacteria. Its ecological role in primary succession and restoration projects is documented, particularly for stabilizing soils in riparian and mountainous environments.

**Properties relevant to use:**
The tree’s primary ecological value stems from its ability to colonize nutrient-poor sites via biological nitrogen fixation. This trait, combined with its tolerance of disturbed soils and slopes, contributes to soil improvement and carbon sequestration in reforestation efforts.

**Sustainability and sourcing:**
As a naturally occurring pioneer species in its native range (Japan and the Russian Far East), A. pendula requires no cultivation for its ecological research applications. Its use in restoration projects is considered sustainable when harvested responsibly from non-endangered populations.

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