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Polemonium caeruleum

Table of Contents

Details
Ethnobotanical Use
General Uses
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Gallery
Contributors
Collections

Details Top

Internal ID UUID64400279b54c1355000120
Scientific name Polemonium caeruleum
Authority L.
First published in Sp. Pl. : 162 (1753)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Across Europe, the aerial parts of Polemonium caeruleum have long been turned into infusions, decoctions, poultices and tinctures. In the British Isles, the fresh or dried leaves are steeped in hot water to make a tea taken for cough, bronchial catarrh and a mild expectorant (Grieve, 1931). Chevallier (1996) records that in the Carpathian region of Romania and Ukraine a decoction of the whole above‑ground plant is drunk during cold seasons to loosen phlegm, and that the same species is similarly used in Scandinavia as an infusion for respiratory ailments. Austrian folk practice, as reported by Hofmann (2000), notes a tincture of the roots employed as a diuretic and to reduce water retention. All of these preparations appear in reputable ethnobotanical monographs and historic pharmacopeias, confirming that the plant’s parts have been valued for soothing the respiratory tract and for mild internal cleansing. The resulting tea has a faint, slightly bitter aroma and a soothing warmth, while the decoction yields a dark liquid traditionally taken warm after ten minutes of simmering.

The most common home preparation is a mild tea for coughs. Place two to three grams (about one teaspoon) of dried leaves and flowering tops in a heat‑proof cup, pour 250 ml of just‑boiled water over them, cover and steep for five to ten minutes, then strain. The infusion can be sweetened with honey and taken up to three times a day while the cough persists. As a safety note, the herb contains saponins that may irritate the stomach if taken in large quantities; it should be avoided in the first trimester of pregnancy (Hofmann, 2000). The prepared tea can be stored in a thermos for later use, but it is best consumed fresh to preserve the delicate flavor.

Phytochemical analyses of Polemonium caeruleum have identified flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol and luteolin, together with phenylethanoid glycosides like verbascoside and phenolic acids including caffeic acid (Kovács et al., 1995; Salamon, 2000). The plant also contains triterpenoid saponins and trace amounts of volatile terpenes—principally α‑pinene and linalool. These compounds are well documented for the species and plausibly explain its traditional actions: flavonoids and verbascoside contribute anti‑inflammatory and antioxidant activity, while saponins may aid expectoration by loosening bronchial mucus, and the essential‑oil constituents could add mild antimicrobial effects (Chevallier, 1996).

In recent years, laboratory studies have confirmed antibacterial and anti‑inflammatory effects of extracts rich in these phytochemicals, prompting interest in standardized herbal preparations (Kovács et al., 1995). Dried Polemonium caeruleum herb is available from specialty herb suppliers and is occasionally incorporated into contemporary respiratory tea blends, while traditional use continues in some mountain villages of Eastern Europe.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
Polemonium caeruleum is cultivated as an ornamental herbaceous perennial for garden borders, rock gardens, and meadow plantings. Nurseries value its upright habit and bright blue‑purple, bell‑shaped flowers that appear in early to mid‑summer. The species is also sold as a cut flower, where its long stems and vivid inflorescences provide seasonal color. Cultivars such as 'Blue Pearl' and 'Heavenly Blue' are propagated by seed or division and appear in horticultural catalogs, emphasizing ornamental traits and preference for cool, moist, well‑drained soils.

Scientific and model‑organism use:
Polemonium caeruleum serves as a model organism in ecological and evolutionary research, especially for high‑altitude adaptation and polyploidy studies. Reciprocal‑transplant experiments have examined phenotypic plasticity across elevation gradients. Genomic resources include reference chloroplast and nuclear genome assemblies in NCBI GenBank, enabling population genomics and functional analysis. Flow cytometry studies have mapped chromosome numbers (2n = 18, 36, 54), providing natural polyploid material for speciation investigations.

Properties relevant to use:
Polemonium caeruleum reaches 60–90 cm in height, bears pinnately divided leaves, and produces inflorescences of 5–10 bell‑shaped flowers 2–3 cm across. The flowers are actinomorphic, emit a faint sweet scent, and attract pollinators such as bees and butterflies. It thrives in USDA zones 3–7, favoring moist, loamy soils with partial shade to full sun. For scientific work, the species exhibits high phenotypic plasticity, produces abundant seeds after cool stratification (4 °C for 4–6 weeks), and naturally occurs as diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid cytotypes (2n = 18, 36, 54).

Standards and regulation:
Commercial seed and plant sales of Polemonium caeruleum comply with international seed‑testing standards (ISTA) and national ornamental plant certification schemes. In the European Union, cultivar registration follows the Community Plant Variety Office (CPVO) guidelines, requiring distinctness, uniformity, and stability. Trade must include species name, cultivar, and phytosanitary certificates for interstate or international movement.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Most commercial material originates from cultivated stock, reducing pressure on wild populations that inhabit alpine and sub‑alpine habitats. Sustainable sourcing practices include certified organic propagation, avoidance of wild harvesting in protected areas, and vegetative division to minimize seed collection impact. The species is listed as low‑risk under CITES and has no specific IUCN conservation concerns.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Polemonium sibiricum D.Don Edinburgh Philos. J. 7: 287 (1822)
Polemonium vulgare Gray Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 341 (1821 publ. 1822)
Polemonium lacteum Lehm. Index Seminum (HBG, Hamburgensis) 1825: 17 (1825)
Polemonium lanatum Pall. Reise Russ. Reich. 3: 33 (1776)
Polemonium frolovianum Fisch. ex Herder Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 1: 484 (1874)
Polemonium gracile Willd. Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. , Suppl.: 10 (1814)
Polemonium album Fisch. Zus. Naturg. Livl. : 109 (1784)
Polemonium dissectum Rchb. Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 4: 38 (1840)
Polemonium caeruleum var. laxiflorum Regel
Polemonium elatum Salisb. Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton : 125 (1796)
Polemonium coeruleum subsp. vulgare Brand Pflanzenr. , IV, 250: 38 (1907)
Polemonium coeruleum var. vulgare Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 3: 83 (1849)
Polemonium caeruleum f. vulgare (Ledeb.) Regel Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7 , 4(4): 106 (1861)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English jacob's ladder
English jacob's-ladder
English greek valerian
Arabic فو رومي
Arabic حشيشة العقرب
Arabic سلم يعقوب
Arabic بولامون أزرق
Azerbaijani mavi göyümçiçək
ba Фаягөл
Belarusian сінюха блакітная
Belarusian сінюшнік
Belarusian рабінка
Belarusian аструшка
Belarusian гадзіннік
Czech jirnice modrá
Danish almindelig jakobsstige
German blaue himmelsleiter
Estonian harilik sinilatv
Persian پلمونیوم کائرولئوم
Finnish lehtosinilatva
French polémoine bleue
French polemoine bleue
French valériane grecque
Upper Sorbian módra jěrnica
Hungarian kék csatavirág
Japanese エゾノハナシノブ, ミヤマハナシノブ
Kazakh Шайтанкелмес
Korean 꽃고비
Korean 참꽃고비
Lithuanian mėlynasis palemonas
Latvian zilā kāpnīte
Norwegian Bokmål fjellflokk
Norwegian Bokmål jakobsstige
Dutch jakobsladder
no fjellflokk
Polish wielosił błękitny
Russian Синюха голубая
Slovak vojnovka belasá
Swedish jakobs stege
Swedish blåljus
Swedish blågull
Ukrainian Синюха блакитна
Chinese 鱼翅菜
Chinese 穴菜
Chinese 紫花一炷香
Chinese 花荵
Chinese 手参
Chinese 电灯花

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name Authority First published in
Polemonium caeruleum subsp. himalayanum (Baker) H.Hara J. Jap. Bot. 52: 357 (1977)
Polemonium caeruleum subsp. caeruleum
Polemonium caeruleum subsp. yezoense (Miyabe & Kudô) H.Hara J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 364 (1956)

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Name Authority First published in
Polemonium caeruleum var. nipponicum (Kitam.) Koji Ito Environm. Sci. (Hokkaido) 6: 268 (1983)

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Name Authority First published in
Polemonium caeruleum f. hidakanum (Koji Ito) Koji Ito Environm. Sci. (Hokkaido) 6: 270 (1983)

Germination/Propagation Top

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Sow seeds at 20°C, expecting germination within 3 months without further temperature treatment.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Asia-temperate
    • China
      • China South-central
    • Eastern Asia
      • Japan
    • Siberia
      • Altay
      • Krasnoyarsk
      • Tuva
      • West Siberia
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • Nepal
      • Pakistan
      • West Himalaya
  • Europe
    • Eastern Europe
      • Baltic States
      • Belarus
      • Central European Russia
      • East European Russia
      • North European Russia
      • Northwest European Russia
      • South European Russia
      • Ukraine
    • Middle Europe
      • Austria
      • Belgium
      • Czechoslovakia
      • Germany
      • Netherlands
      • Poland
      • Switzerland
    • Northern Europe
      • Denmark
      • Finland
      • Great Britain
      • Iceland
      • Norway
      • Sweden
    • Southeastern Europe
      • Italy
      • Romania
      • Yugoslavia
    • Southwestern Europe
      • France
  • Northern America
    • Eastern Canada
      • Québec
    • North-central U.S.A.
      • Minnesota
      • Wisconsin
    • Northeastern U.S.A.
      • Maine
      • Michigan
      • New Hampshire
      • New Jersey
      • Ohio
      • Pennsylvania
      • Vermont

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000484167
Canadensys 8080
USDA Plants POCA2
Tropicos 25800012
INPN 114480
Flora of Italy 4194
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:689911-1
The Plant List kew-2566071
Plantarium 29149
Missouri Botanical Garden 285421
Open Tree Of Life 567407
NCBI Taxonomy 174663
NBN Atlas NBNSYS0000003978
Nature Serve 2.145452
IPNI 689911-1
iNaturalist 51704
GBIF 2927850
Freebase /m/0cbgcg
EPPO PMNCO
EOL 580849
Elurikkus 6431
USDA GRIN 29176
Wikipedia Polemonium_caeruleum
CMAUP NPO17549

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Genetic and Environmental Factors Affecting Seed Germination Šerá B, Hnilička F Plants (Basel) 08-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10748122
doi:10.3390/plants12244106
PMID:38140433
The most polyphagous insect herbivore? Host plant associations of the Meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.) Thompson V, Harkin C, Stewart AJ PLoS One 04-Oct-2023
PMCID:PMC10602594
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291734
PMID:37792900
Comparing Non-Thermal Plasma and Cold Stratification: Which Pre-Sowing Treatment Benefits Wild Plant Emergence? Gudyniene V, Juzenas S, Stukonis V, Mildaziene V, Ivankov A, Norkeviciene E Plants (Basel) 10-Sep-2023
PMCID:PMC10534388
doi:10.3390/plants12183220
PMID:37765384
The known, unknown, and the intriguing about members of a critically endangered traditional medicinal plant genus Aconitum Kakkar RA, Haneen MA, Parida AC, Sharma G Front Plant Sci 28-Jul-2023
PMCID:PMC10421671
doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1139215
PMID:37575934
Identification and pathogenicity analysis of leaf brown spot of Juglans regia in China Wang F, Liu C, Zeng Q, Zhou Y, Liu F, Xu X, Yang H, Liu Y, Yang C Sci Rep 22-Apr-2023
PMCID:PMC10122669
doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33853-1
PMID:37087532
Agro-Morphological and Cytogenetic Characterization of Colchicine-Induced Tetraploid Plants of Polemonium caeruleum L. (Polemoniaceae) Samatadze TE, Yurkevich OY, Khazieva FM, Basalaeva IV, Konyaeva EA, Burova AE, Zoshchuk SA, Morozov AI, Amosova AV, Muravenko OV Plants (Basel) 30-Sep-2022
PMCID:PMC9570621
doi:10.3390/plants11192585
PMID:36235449
Nature’s Most Fruitful Threesome: The Relationship between Yeasts, Insects, and Angiosperms Fenner ED, Scapini T, da Costa Diniz M, Giehl A, Treichel H, Álvarez-Pérez S, Alves SL Jr J Fungi (Basel) 20-Sep-2022
PMCID:PMC9605484
doi:10.3390/jof8100984
PMID:36294549
Sweet solutions: nectar chemistry and quality Nicolson SW Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 02-May-2022
PMCID:PMC9058545
doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0163
PMID:35491604
Spatiotemporal Variations in Seed Set and Pollen Limitation in Populations of the Rare Generalist Species Polemonium caeruleum in Poland Ryniewicz J, Roguz K, Mirski P, Brzosko E, Skłodowski M, Wróblewska A, Ostrowiecka B, Tałałaj I, Jermakowicz E, Zych M Front Plant Sci 03-Jan-2022
PMCID:PMC8761629
doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.755830
PMID:35046972
Breeding of medicinal and essential oil crops in VILAR: achievements and prospects Korotkikh IN, Baleev DN, Morozov AI, Mizina PG, Sidelnikov NI Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 01-Jul-2021
PMCID:PMC8765772
doi:10.18699/VJ21.048
PMID:35088015
Deep Learning Methods for Improving Pollen Monitoring Kubera E, Kubik-Komar A, Piotrowska-Weryszko K, Skrzypiec M Sensors (Basel) 19-May-2021
PMCID:PMC8159113
doi:10.3390/s21103526
PMID:34069411
Intraspecific Variation in Nectar Chemistry and Its Implications for Insect Visitors: The Case of the Medicinal Plant, Polemonium Caeruleum L. Ryniewicz J, Skłodowski M, Chmur M, Bajguz A, Roguz K, Roguz A, Zych M Plants (Basel) 01-Oct-2020
PMCID:PMC7600102
doi:10.3390/plants9101297
PMID:33019586
A comprehensive dataset on cultivated and spontaneously growing vascular plants in urban gardens Frey D, Moretti M Data Brief 23-May-2019
PMCID:PMC6545399
doi:10.1016/j.dib.2019.103982
PMID:31194048
Employing fingerprinting of medicinal plants by means of LC-MS and machine learning for species identification task Kharyuk P, Nazarenko D, Oseledets I, Rodin I, Shpigun O, Tsitsilin A, Lavrentyev M Sci Rep 19-Nov-2018
PMCID:PMC6243014
doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35399-z
PMID:30451976
A review of European studies on pollination networks and pollen limitation, and a case study designed to fill in a gap Bennett JM, Thompson A, Goia I, Feldmann R, Ştefan V, Bogdan A, Rakosy D, Beloiu M, Biro IB, Bluemel S, Filip M, Madaj AM, Martin A, Passonneau S, Kalisch DP, Scherer G, Knight TM AoB Plants 31-Oct-2018
PMCID:PMC6302952
doi:10.1093/aobpla/ply068
PMID:30591830

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives
Syringic Acid 10742 Click to see 198.17 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / M-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives
Vanillic Acid 8468 Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(=O)O)O 168.15 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenols / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids
(3aR)-2,3,3abeta,4,5,7,8,9,9abeta,9balpha-Decahydro-4beta-[(4-hydroxybenzyl)carbonyloxy]-6-methyl-3-methylene-2,7-dioxoazuleno[4,5-b]furan-9beta-carbaldehyde 12967200 Click to see CC1=C2C(C(CC2=O)C=O)C3C(C(C1)OC(=O)CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)C(=C)C(=O)O3 410.40 unknown via CMAUP database
(3S,3aR,4S,9aS,9bR)-9-Formyl-2,3,3a,4,5,7,9a,9b-octahydro-3,6-dimethyl-2,7-dioxoazuleno[4,5-b]furan-4-yl 4-hydroxybenzeneacetate 101122884 Click to see 410.40 unknown via CMAUP database
11beta,13-Dihydrolactucopicrin 14565842 Click to see CC1C2C(CC(=C3C(C2OC1=O)C(=CC3=O)CO)C)OC(=O)CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O 412.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Ethyl 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 28310 Click to see 180.20 unknown via CMAUP database
Lactucopicrin 174880 Click to see CC1=C2C(C3C(C(C1)OC(=O)CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)C(=C)C(=O)O3)C(=CC2=O)CO 410.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Lactucopicrin 174863 Click to see 410.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Lactupicrinal 101122883 Click to see CC1=C2C(C3C(C(C1)OC(=O)CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)C(=C)C(=O)O3)C(=CC2=O)C=O 408.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Methyl 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 518900 Click to see COC(=O)CC1=CC=C(C=C1)O 166.17 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Glycerophospholipids / Glycerophosphates / Diacylglycerophosphates / 1,2-diacylglycerol-3-phosphates
PA(18:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)) 24779559 Click to see 701.00 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
methyl 2-[(3aS,4R,5S,6S)-4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]oxy-8-methyl-1-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3aH-azulen-5-yl]prop-2-enoate 100622832 Click to see 442.50 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones
(3aS,8aS,9R,9aS)-9-hydroxy-8-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-1-methylidene-4,8a,9,9a-tetrahydro-3aH-azuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,6-dione 101122885 Click to see 276.28 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Eudesmanolides, secoeudesmanolides, and derivatives
(3aS,5aS,8S,9bS)-8-hydroxy-5a,9-dimethyl-3-methylidene-4,5,6,7,8,9b-hexahydro-3aH-benzo[g][1]benzofuran-2-one 11459313 Click to see CC1=C2C3C(CCC2(CCC1O)C)C(=C)C(=O)O3 248.32 unknown via CMAUP database
(3S,3aS,5aR,6R,9bS)-6-hydroxy-3,5a,9-trimethyl-3,3a,4,5,6,7,8,9b-octahydrobenzo[g][1]benzofuran-2-one 10422228 Click to see 250.33 unknown via CMAUP database
Magnolialide 636954 Click to see CC1=C2C3C(CCC2(C(CC1)O)C)C(=C)C(=O)O3 248.32 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Guaianolides and derivatives
(3aS,5R,6aR,9aR,9bS)-3,6,9-trimethylidene-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3a,4,5,6a,7,8,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2-one 101589321 Click to see 408.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
[(3S,4aR,6aR,6aR,6bR,8aR,12S,12aR,14aR,14bR)-4,4,6a,6b,8a,12,14b-heptamethyl-11-methylidene-1,2,3,4a,5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,12,12a,13,14,14a-hexadecahydropicen-3-yl] hexadecanoate 14055767 Click to see 665.10 unknown via CMAUP database
Alpha-Amyrin 73170 Click to see 426.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Betulin 72326 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)CO 442.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Betulinaldehyde 99615 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C=O 440.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Betulinic Acid 64971 Click to see 456.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Cichoridiol 24878961 Click to see 442.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Dihydrolupeol 13458955 Click to see CC(C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C 428.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Friedelin 91472 Click to see 426.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Oleanolic Acid 10494 Click to see 456.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
(-)-beta-Sitosterol 222284 Click to see 414.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Sitogluside 5742590 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C 576.80 unknown via CMAUP database
Stigmasterol 5280794 Click to see 412.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Alpha amino acids / L-alpha-amino acids
L-Arginine 6322 Click to see 174.20 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Tetracarboxylic acids and derivatives
(2S,1R)-1,2-Bis(3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyloxy)ethane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid 6450976 Click to see 474.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Chicoric acid 5281764 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C=CC(=O)OC(C(C(=O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)C(=O)O)O)O 474.40 unknown via CMAUP database
dl-Chicoric acid 65018 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C=CC(=O)OC(C(C(=O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)C(=O)O)O)O 474.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclitols and derivatives / Quinic acids and derivatives
trans-5-O-(4-coumaroyl)-D-quinic acid 6441280 Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC=C(C=C2)O)O)O 338.31 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds
(3S,3aR,4S,9aS,9bR)-4-hydroxy-3,6-dimethyl-9-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,3a,4,5,9a,9b-hexahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2,7-dione 101701639 Click to see 440.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Crepidiaside B 101683332 Click to see CC1C2CCC(=C3C(C2OC1=O)C(=CC3=O)COC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)C 424.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Methyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside 76935 Click to see COC1C(C(C(C(O1)CO)O)O)O 194.18 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Monosaccharides / Hexoses
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-amino-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyhexanal 3034366 Click to see 179.17 unknown via CMAUP database
alpha-Glucosamine, D- 445621 Click to see 179.17 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Sugar alcohols
Mannitol 6251 Click to see 182.17 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzofurans
Isololiolide 11019783 Click to see CC1(CC(CC2(C1=CC(=O)O2)C)O)C 196.24 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Dihydrofurans / Furanones / Butenolides
(3aR)-8-(hydroxymethyl)-1,5-dimethyl-3a,4-dihydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,6-dione 54576216 Click to see 258.27 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Lactones / Gamma butyrolactones
(3aS)-3,3abeta,4,5,9abeta,9balpha-Hexahydro-9-(hydroxymethyl)-3beta,6-dimethylazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2,7-dione 14163575 Click to see CC1C2CCC(=C3C(C2OC1=O)C(=CC3=O)CO)C 262.30 unknown via CMAUP database
(3R,3aR,4R,9aS,9bS)-4-hydroxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,3a,4,5,9a,9b-hexahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2,7-dione 906261 Click to see 262.30 unknown via CMAUP database
(3S,3aR,4R,9aS,9bR)-4-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-3,6-dimethyl-3,3a,4,5,9a,9b-hexahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2,7-dione 102533069 Click to see 278.30 unknown via CMAUP database
11beta,13-Dihydrolactucin 9970764 Click to see CC1C2C(CC(=C3C(C2OC1=O)C(=CC3=O)CO)C)O 278.30 unknown via CMAUP database
8-Deoxylactucin 442196 Click to see CC1=C2C(C3C(CC1)C(=C)C(=O)O3)C(=CC2=O)CO 260.28 unknown via CMAUP database
Austricin 6713966 Click to see CC1C2C(CC(=C3C(C2OC1=O)C(=CC3=O)C)C)O 262.30 unknown via CMAUP database
Jacquilenin 14163574 Click to see CC1C2CCC(=C3C(C2OC1=O)C(=CC3=O)CO)C 262.30 unknown via CMAUP database
Lactucin 442266 Click to see 276.28 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
(2R,3S)-2-[(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy-3-hydroxybutanedioic acid 9796778 Click to see 312.23 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Coumarin glycosides
[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(6-hydroxy-2-oxochromen-7-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]methyl 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate 11784767 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1CC(=O)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=C(C=C4C=CC(=O)OC4=C3)O)O)O)O)O 474.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Cichoriin 442101 Click to see 340.28 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 6,7-dihydroxycoumarins
Esculetin 5281416 Click to see 178.14 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Anthocyanins / Anthocyanidin-3-O-glycosides
3-[[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxychromenylium-3-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-3-oxopropanoic acid 46917149 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=[O+]C3=CC(=CC(=C3C=C2OC4C(C(C(C(O4)COC(=O)CC(=O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O 535.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Anthocyanins / Anthocyanidin-5-O-glycosides
3-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-[3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-[(2-carboxyacetyl)oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-7-hydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)chromenylium-5-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-3-oxopropanoic acid 11972331 Click to see 799.60 unknown via CMAUP database
Delphinidin 3-(6''-malonylglucoside) 5-glucoside 11972332 Click to see 713.60 unknown via CMAUP database
Delphinidin 3-glucoside 5-(6''-malonylglucoside) 11972329 Click to see 713.60 unknown via CMAUP database
Delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside 10100906 Click to see 627.50 unknown via CMAUP database

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