Gaultheria procumbens in Genus Gaultheria

Details Top

Internal ID	UUID64401d61b1400796606676
Scientific name	Gaultheria procumbens
Authority	L.
First published in	Sp. Pl. : 895 (1753)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

Write a new one!

No ethnobotanical data added yet. Help us by writing one.

General Uses Top

Suggest a correction!

Common products:
• Wintergreen essential oil (steam-distilled from leaves and shoots; product designation “Gaultheria oil”); concentrated flavoring preparations with wintergreen character used in confectionery, chewing gum, baked goods, and some non-alcoholic beverages.

Industrial and craft applications:
• No industrial or craft uses beyond flavor and fragrance are documented for this taxon.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
• Leaf-derived wintergreen oil is employed as a flavoring agent in candies and chewing gum; some formulations are used in baked goods and soft drinks. Use is as a food additive rather than as a fresh berry or other raw plant material.

Colorants and tanning:
• No documented use for dyes, inks, or tannins in this taxon.

Wood and fiber:
• No documented timber, fiber, or pulp uses.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
• Wintergreen oil is used in perfumery and in fragrances for soaps, creams, and other toiletries for its characteristic aromatic note. It is not a standard cosmetic ingredient in major regulatory monographs and its use may be restricted in some jurisdictions.

Properties relevant to use:
• Leaves and young shoots yield an essential oil rich in methyl salicylate, which imparts the characteristic wintergreen aroma and taste. This composition underpins its primary applications as a flavor and fragrance material.

Standards and regulation:
• Flavor use: considered a flavoring substance with GRAS status in some national frameworks; concentrations are limited by the principle of good manufacturing practice for food use. Fragrance use: concentration limits and skin sensitization warnings may apply under industry standards (e.g., IFRA); cosmetic use is limited or restricted in some regulatory systems. National food and cosmetic safety laws apply.

Sustainability and sourcing:
• Commercial wintergreen oil is primarily derived from plantation-grown Gaultheria species; however, documented evidence specific to G. procumbens is limited, and the species is not a major commercial source. Availability is constrained by local plant size and distribution.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Brossaea procumbens	(L.) Kuntze	Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 387 (1891)
Gaultheria humilis	Salisb.	Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton : 289 (1796)
Gaultheria procumbens f. accrescens	Fernald & Hodgdon	Rhodora 36: 129 (1934)
Gaultheria procumbens f. elongata	Svenson	Rhodora 25: 184 (1923)
Gaultheria procumbens f. leucocarpa	MacKeever	Rhodora 63: 347. 1962
Gaultheria procumbens f. suborbiculata	Fernald	Rhodora 22: 155 (1920)
Gaultheria procumbens f. vitoidea	E.H.L.Krause	Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2. 32(2): 329. 1914
Gaultheria repens	Raf.	Med. Fl. 1: 202. 1828
Gautiera procumbens	(L.) Torr.	Fl. New York 1: 433 (1843)

Common names Top

Add a new one! Suggest a correction!

Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	eastern teaberry
English	wintergreen
Amharic	የቁራ ሻይ
Arabic	شاي كندا
Arabic	عنب الأرض
Czech	american wintergreen
Czech	boxberry
Czech	checkerberry
Czech	eastern teaberry
Czech	libavka položená
Czech	libavka poléhavá
Welsh	gweunlwyn ymlusgol
Danish	nedliggende bjergte
German	niedere scheinbeere
Persian	انگورک
Finnish	lamosalali
French	gaulthérie couchée
Hungarian	kúszó fajdbogyó
Japanese	ウィンターグリーン
Japanese	ヒメコウジ
Macedonian	зимзелен
Dutch	bergthee
Polish	golteria rozesłana
Russian	Гаультерия лежачая
Swedish	tuvvaktelbär
Chinese	東部茶莓
Chinese	匍枝白珠

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

Add a new one! Suggest a correction!

No subspecies added yet.

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

Add a new one! Suggest a correction!

No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

Add a new one! Suggest a correction!

No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

Add a new one! Suggest a correction!

No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

Suggest a correction or add new data!

Sow seeds at 20°C, expecting germination within 3 months without further temperature treatment.

Requires Light or Surface Sowing: These seeds need light to germinate and should not be covered with soil or only very lightly. They are often very small and sown directly on the surface of the growing medium.

Pulpy Coat Inhibits Germination: Seeds with a pulpy or fleshy outer coat need to have this material removed by soaking and rinsing in clean water daily for about a week. The inhibitory substances in the pulp are thus washed away, and germination rates improve.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Europe click to expand
- Northern Europe
  - Great Britain

Northern America click to expand
- Eastern Canada
  - New Brunswick
  - Newfoundland
  - Nova Scotia
  - Ontario
  - Prince Edward Island
  - Québec
- North-central U.S.A.
  - Illinois
  - Minnesota
  - Wisconsin
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Connecticut
  - Indiana
  - Maine
  - Massachusetts
  - Michigan
  - New Hampshire
  - New Jersey
  - New York
  - Ohio
  - Pennsylvania
  - Rhode Island
  - Vermont
  - West Virginia
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Alabama
  - Delaware
  - District Of Columbia
  - Georgia
  - Kentucky
  - Maryland
  - North Carolina
  - South Carolina
  - Tennessee
  - Virginia
- Western Canada
  - Manitoba

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000695341
UNII	F4VSS5DL67
Flora of Alabama	1732
Canadensys	5520
USDA Plants	GAPR2
UConn	189
Tropicos	12300028
INPN	99694
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:330655-1
The Plant List	kew-2817983
Missouri Botanical Garden	279938
PFAF	Gaultheria procumbens
Open Tree Of Life	643041
Observations.org	159190
NCBI Taxonomy	157519
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0000003897
Nature Serve	2.143319
IPNI	330655-1
iNaturalist	62376
GBIF	2882753
Freebase	/m/0539w7
WisFlora	3680
FEIS	plants/shrub/gaupro
EPPO	GAHPR
EOL	582117
Elurikkus	4859
USDA GRIN	360
Wikipedia	Gaultheria_procumbens

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Commodity risk assessment of Cornus alba and Cornus sanguinea plants from the UK

Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Manda RR, Schulz OM, Kariampa P, Akrivou A, Antonatos S, Beris D, Debode J, Kritikos C, Kormpi M, Manceau C, Papachristos D, Reppa C, Gardi C, Potting R

EFSA J

12-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10928767
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8657
PMID:	38476319

Commodity risk assessment of Ligustrum ovalifolium and Ligustrum vulgare plants from the UK

Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P

EFSA J

07-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10918603
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8648
PMID:	38455154

Commodity risk assessment of Corylus avellana plants from the UK

Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P

EFSA J

12-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10784871
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8495
PMID:	38222930

Essential Oil of Matricaria chamomilla Alleviate Psoriatic-Like Skin Inflammation by Inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR and p38MAPK Signaling Pathway

Chen G, Lv C, Nie Q, Li X, Lv Y, Liao G, Liu S, Ge W, Chen J, Du Y

Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol

08-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10785696
doi:	10.2147/CCID.S445008
PMID:	38222858

Phytochemistry and Biological Profile of Gaultheria procumbens L. and Wintergreen Essential Oil: From Traditional Application to Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets

Michel P, Olszewska MA

Int J Mol Sci

01-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10778675
doi:	10.3390/ijms25010565
PMID:	38203735

Safety profile of herbal medicines submitted for marketing authorization in Tanzania: a cross-sectional retrospective study

Mssusa AK, Holst L, Kagashe G, Maregesi S

J Pharm Policy Pract

20-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10658996
doi:	10.1186/s40545-023-00661-x
PMID:	37986124

Commodity risk assessment of Quercus robur plants from the UK

Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Iacopetti G, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P

EFSA J

30-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10613938
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8314
PMID:	37908449

Commodity risk assessment of Quercus petraea plants from the UK

Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Iacopetti G, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P

EFSA J

30-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10613939
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8313
PMID:	37908445

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Supplementation Boosts the Phytohormonal Profile in ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’-Infected Citrus

Nehela Y, Killiny N

Plants (Basel)

22-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10609878
doi:	10.3390/plants12203647
PMID:	37896110

Commodity risk assessment of Fagus sylvatica plants from the UK

Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Gardi C, Iacopetti G, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P

EFSA J

28-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10375364
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8118
PMID:	37522095

Biosynthetic Pathways of Hormones in Plants

Bajguz A, Piotrowska-Niczyporuk A

Metabolites

25-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10456939
doi:	10.3390/metabo13080884
PMID:	37623827

Commodity risk assessment of Acer palmatum plants from the UK

Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Gardi C, Iacopetti G, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P

EFSA J

06-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10323724
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8075
PMID:	37427020

Commodity risk assessment of Acer pseudoplatanus plants from the UK

Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Gardi C, Iacopetti G, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P

EFSA J

06-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10323731
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8074
PMID:	37427019

Commodity risk assessment of Acer campestre plants from the UK

Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Gardi C, Iacopetti G, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P

EFSA J

06-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10323733
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8071
PMID:	37427018

Commodity risk assessment of Acer platanoides plants from the UK

Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Gardi C, Iacopetti G, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P

EFSA J

06-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10323725
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8073
PMID:	37427021

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Benzoic acid esters / o-Hydroxybenzoic acid esters
Methyl Salicylate	4133	Click to see COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O	152.15	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1300/J133V04N01_05
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives
2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid	3469	Click to see	154.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNB-1964-0902 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)88025-5
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid	135	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C(=O)O)O	138.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNB-1964-0902
Protocatechuic Acid	72	Click to see	154.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)88025-5 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNB-1964-0902
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / M-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives
Vanillic Acid	8468	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(=O)O)O	168.15	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNB-1964-0902
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Salicylic acid and derivatives / Salicylic acids
Salicylic Acid	338	Click to see	138.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNB-1964-0902 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNB-1966-0509 https://doi.org/10.1300/J133V04N01_05
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids
3-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid	11968	Click to see	164.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNB-1966-0509
4-Coumaric acid	322	Click to see	164.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNB-1966-0509
Caffeic Acid	689043	Click to see	180.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)88025-5
O-Coumaric Acid	637540	Click to see	164.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)88025-5 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNB-1966-0509
P-Coumaric Acid	637542	Click to see	164.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNB-1966-0509

Gallery Top

We don't have an image yet. Upload an image!

Contributors Top

No known contributors. Be the first!

Collections Top

In private collections	0
In public collections	0

You need to be authenticated in order to add this taxon to a personal collection.

Gaultheria procumbens

Table of Contents

Details Top

Ethnobotanical Use Top

General Uses Top

Synonyms Top

Common names Top

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

Germination/Propagation Top

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Links to other databases Top

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Scientific Literature Top

Phytochemical Profile Top

Gallery Top

Contributors Top

Collections Top