Craibiodendron yunnanense

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Common products:
Fresh and processed edible kernels of Carya illinoinensis are marketed as almonds orpecans; processed kernels are split, halved, chopped, roasted, or ground into nut butters and pastes. Coconut (Cocos nucifera) endosperm yields copra for pressing into coconut oil; fresh coconut water is commercialized as a beverage and ingredient. The Caryocar genus yields edible fruits; Caryocar brasiliense pulp is marketed as pequi pulp, puree, and flavor concentrates. Mesocarp of Elaeis guineensis and Elaeis oleifera is milled into crude palm oil; kernels yield palm kernel oil.

Industrial and craft applications:
Trunk and frond fibers of Elaeis guineensis are used in thatch, coarse matting, and filler for composites. Coconut fiber (coir) from Cocos nucifera husk is used in brushes, doormats, erosion-control mats, upholstery, and reinforcing fibers in composites. Many palms provide structural fibers, including leaves and petioles used in palm frond roofing, brooms, and thatch; palm fiber also serves as biomass and a substrate for mushroom cultivation. Latex of Hevea brasiliensis is processed to RSS or TSR grades for tire and general-purpose rubber goods.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
Coconut oil and coconut milk from Cocos nucifera are culinary fats and flavoring ingredients. Palm oil and palm kernel oil are used as frying and baking fats and as cocoa butter equivalents in confectionery; refined, bleached, deodorized forms are common. Corylus avellana kernels are ground into nut flours and pastes; Carya illinoinensis kernels are roasted and seasoned. Mesocarp fiber (palm kernel meal) and coconut meal are used as feed ingredients; coconut water is pasteurized and aseptically packed as a beverage.

Colorants and tanning:
Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) from Anacardium occidentale, rich in phenolic compounds, is used to produce brown dyes and stains for wood and leather; it is also a base for resins and coatings. Sapote gum from Pouteria sapota provides water-soluble polysaccharides used as thickeners in food and cosmetics. Chia seed (Salvia hispanica) mucilage is a hydrocolloid.

Wood and fiber:
Cocos nucifera timber is used locally in light construction, decking, and joinery; coconut trunk plywood and laminated products are produced. Palm wood from Elaeis guiliensis and other trunk palms is used for flooring, veneer, and furniture; oil palm trunk is processed into laminated veneer lumber and MDF-like boards. Palm fronds (Arecaceae genera such as Phoenix, Chamaerops, and Sabal) provide fibers for thatch, brooms, and cordage; lignified petioles are used in structural elements of thatched roofs.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
Essential oil from Jasminum grandiflorum and J. sambac is used in perfumery; absolute and concrete are obtained by solvent extraction. Essential oil and absolute from Santalum album are used in fine fragrance. Coconut oil is used in hair and skin care as a base oil and emollient.

Properties relevant to use:
Coconut and palm kernel oils have lauric and medium-chain triglyceride profiles that give high SFC at 25–35°C, making them useful in confectionery; palm kernel oil has higher SFC than palm oil due to its higher lauric content. Palm oil has a higher oxidative stability (low IV) than many seed oils, which enables high-temperature frying; iodine value and slip melting point are typically used to select suitable fractions. Coconut oil solidifies near 24°C due to its lauric content. Coconut and palm fibers have high lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose content, with low extractives and high ash, providing toughness and moisture resistance suitable for rope and brush applications. CNSL’s phenolic cashew nut shell liquid provides crosslinking in resins and gives dark brown color to dyes; cashew nutshell resin is thermosetting and phenol-rich. Palm frond fibers exhibit high lignification and coarse tensile properties suited to thatch and brush manufacturing.

Standards and regulation:
Food-grade coconut oil and palm oils must meet national food standards (e.g., Codex Alimentarius CXS 33-1981 for coconut oil; Codex standard 210 for named vegetable oils). Environmental due diligence frameworks such as the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) and national deforestation policies (e.g., EU Deforestation Regulation 2023/1115) affect sourcing. Cosmetic ingredient use follows country-specific regulations (e.g., IFRA standards for essential oils; EU Cosmetic Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009). Rubber specifications for grades such as RSS/TSR are governed by national standards (e.g., ISO 247 for rubber and ISO 248 for raw rubber testing methods).

Sustainability and sourcing:
Coconut and palm oil production are associated with biodiversity and land-use change risks; certification (RSPO), traceability to mill, and high-carbon-stock avoidance are used to mitigate impacts. Cashew nut shell liquid is derived from processing of cashew nuts; environmental controls on solvent handling and emissions apply to industrial resin production. Harvesting of palm fronds is renewable when managed to prevent over-pruning; post-harvest utilization supports rural livelihoods. For Santalum album, CITES permits and national regulations govern trade due to listing in Appendix II.

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