Euonymus sachalinensis
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID64401bcd0ac04876655845 |
| Scientific name | Euonymus sachalinensis |
| Authority | Maxim. |
| First published in | Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg , sér. 3, 27: 446 (1882) |
Ethnobotanical Use Top
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Important notice
- Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
- Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
- Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
- Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.
Datura stramonium L. has a long record of smoke and topical use for respiratory and pain relief in several regions. In North America, the Kawaiisu People of California dried the leaves and mixed them with tobacco or other herbs, inhaling the smoke to treat asthma and congestion (Baker, 1981). Across Europe, crushed leaf poultices were applied to painful joints and bruises, while a poultice of fresh leaves was used for boils, carbuncles, and painful skin complaints (Grieve, 1931). In Ayurvedic and Unani medicine of South Asia, a decoction of leaves was traditionally taken for fever and malaria; external applications of leaf paste were also employed for rheumatic pain and swelling (Nadkarni, 1954). These practices rely on the respiratory irritant properties of the dried leaves, and all involve inhalation or topical application.
A practical inhalation protocol can be prepared as a mild smoke treatment. Finely chopped, thoroughly dried leaves are smoldered on a hot charcoal or heated stone in a ventilated space; 1–2 g of leaf material is typically used. The smoke is inhaled for 2–5 minutes only, beginning and ending with small exposures to gauge tolerance (Baker, 1981). Datura seeds are not recommended for homemade teas, tinctures, or poultices due to the high and variable tropane alkaloid content. The plant contains scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and atropine—potent antimuscarinic alkaloids that account for antispasmodic, bronchodilator, and analgesic effects when applied topically or inhaled, but they also carry strong systemic toxicity (Grieve, 1931; Nadkarni, 1954).
Modern relevance remains limited by safety concerns and regulatory controls in many countries, but smoke-based or topical uses persist in regional folk practice. Today, standardized, pharmaceutical-grade extracts are rare in consumer markets due to the risk of anticholinergic poisoning; non-pharmaceutical home preparations are discouraged. Contemporary research on Datura continues to focus on its alkaloids and pharmacology rather than on traditional dosed preparations.
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
- Ornamental shrub widely cultivated for landscaping; sold by nurseries in container‑grown and bare‑root forms; used for hedges, screens, border plantings, and as a specimen plant in parks, residential gardens, and commercial landscapes.
- Market significance: part of the temperate ornamental plant trade; valued for hardiness, pruning tolerance, and attractive autumn foliage coloration.
- Cultivation practices: propagated by seed (cold‑stratified) or cuttings; standard nursery production methods ensure consistent stock quality.
Properties relevant to use:
- Growth habit: multi‑stemmed shrub reaching 2–4 m; suitable for hedging.
- Hardiness: USDA zones 4–7; tolerates winter temperatures down to –30 °C.
- Foliage: deciduous leaves turn vivid orange‑red in autumn.
- Pruning response: tolerates frequent shearing; maintains dense form.
- Light and soil: grows in full sun to partial shade; adaptable to well‑drained soils.
- Propagation: seed requires cold stratification; vegetative cuttings are common; both methods are standard in nursery production.
Standards and regulation:
- International: plant health certification under the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) governs export and import.
- United States: USDA APHIS regulations for import and interstate movement of horticultural stock.
- European Union: EU Plant Health Regulation (EU 2016/2031) and associated national plant passport requirements.
- Quality assurance: certification schemes such as the RHS Plant Finder and national nursery stock standards ensure material meets health and quality criteria.
Sustainability and sourcing:
- Cultivation: primarily sourced from commercial nurseries; large‑scale propagation reduces reliance on wild harvest.
- Conservation status: not listed as threatened; regional red‑list assessments indicate stable populations in native habitats (Sakhalin, Hokkaido, Korea).
- Sustainable practices: nurseries collect seed from cultivated stock and use vegetative propagation; regional forestry and horticulture guidelines promote minimal wild extraction.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Euonymus macropterus var. miniatus | (Tolm.) Vorosch. | Byull. Glavn. Bot. Sada 84: 33 (1972) |
| Euonymus maximowiczianus | (Prokh.) Vorosch. | Index Seminum (Acad. Sci. URSS) 9: 64 (1954) |
| Euonymus miniatus | Tolm. | Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 18: 159 (1957) |
| Euonymus oxyphyllus var. kuenbuergia | Honda | Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 47: 297 1933 |
| Euonymus planipes | (Koehne) Koehne | Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 15: 62 (1906 publ. 1907) |
| Euonymus robustus | Nakai | Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 307 (1914) |
| Euonymus tricarpus | Koidz. | Icon. Pl. Koisikav. 3: 77 (1916) |
| Euonymus latifolius var. sachalinensis | F.Schmidt | Reis. Amur-Land., Bot. 121 1868 |
| Euonymus sachalinensis var. tricarpus | (Koidz.) Kudô | Rep. Exp. Forest. Agric. Kyusk. Univ. 1: 76 1931 |
| Euonymus latifolius var. planipes | Koehne | Gartenflora 53(2): 29 (1904) |
| Kalonymus maximowiczianus | Prokh. | Fl. URSS 14: 744 (1949) |
| Kalonymus miniata | (Tolm.) Prokh. | Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 20: 412 (1960) |
| Kalonymus sachalinensis | (F.Schmidt) Prokh. | Fl. URSS 14: 571 (1949) |
| Turibana planipes | (Koehne) Nakai | J. Jap. Bot. 24: 13 (1949) |
| Turibana sachalinensis | (Fr.Schmidt) Nakai | J. Jap. Bot. 24: 13 (1949) |
| Turibana tricarpa | (Koidz.) Nakai | J. Jap. Bot. 24: 13 (1949) |
| Euonymus planipes subsp. maximowiczianus | (Prokh.) Nedol. |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| Korean | 회나무 |
| Russian | Бересклет сахалинский |
| Chinese | 东北卫矛 |
| Chinese | 库页卫矛 |
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Asia-temperate click to expand
-
China
- Manchuria
-
Eastern Asia
- Japan
- Korea
-
Russian Far East
- Kuril Islands
- Primorye
- Sakhalin
-
China
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000682052 |
| UNII | 2RBY15E1QD |
| Tropicos | 6600005 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:161105-1 |
| The Plant List | kew-2803604 |
| Plantarium | 15444 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 598270 |
| Observations.org | 142178 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 749925 |
| IPNI | 161105-1 |
| GBIF | 3794098 |
| EPPO | EUOSA |
| EOL | 2880510 |
| Elurikkus | 415494 |
| USDA GRIN | 104666 |
| Wikipedia | Euonymus_sachalinensis |
| CMAUP | NPO29362 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Alkaloids and derivatives | |||||
| [(1R,3S,13R,14R,17R,18R,19R,20S,21R,23S,24R,25S)-18,19,21,24-tetraacetyloxy-25-hydroxy-3,13,14,25-tetramethyl-6,15,22-trioxo-2,5,16-trioxa-11-azapentacyclo[15.7.1.01,20.03,23.07,12]pentacosa-7(12),8,10-trien-20-yl]methyl acetate | 163087610 | Click to see | 761.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50122A006 |
| [(1S,3S,13S,14S,17R,18R,19S,20R,21S,24R,25R)-18,19,21,24-tetraacetyloxy-3,13,14,25-tetramethyl-6,15,22-trioxo-2,5,16-trioxa-11-azapentacyclo[15.7.1.01,20.03,23.07,12]pentacosa-7(12),8,10-trien-20-yl]methyl acetate | 101593037 | Click to see CC1C(C(=O)OC2C(C34C(C(C(=O)C(C3(C(C2OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)COC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)C(O4)(COC(=O)C5=C1N=CC=C5)C)OC(=O)C)C)C | 745.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85382-2 |
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / p-Hydroxybenzoic acid esters / p-Hydroxybenzoic acid alkyl esters | |||||
| Protocatechuic acid, methyl ester | 287064 | Click to see COC(=O)C1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O | 168.15 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Agarofurans | |||||
| [(1S,2R,3R,4S,5R,6S,7S,9R,10R,12R)-3,4,5,7,12-pentaacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-2,10-dimethyl-8-oxo-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-10-yl]methyl benzoate | 10259204 | Click to see | 704.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1039/P19940003281 |
| [3,4,5,7,12-Pentaacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-2,10-dimethyl-8-oxo-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-10-yl]methyl benzoate | 163045380 | Click to see | 704.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1039/P19940003281 |
| > Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues / Purine nucleosides | |||||
| Adenosine | 60961 | Click to see C1=NC(=C2C(=N1)N(C=N2)C3C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)N | 267.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Hexacarboxylic acids and derivatives | |||||
| [(1S,2S,3S,4S,5R,6S,7S,9R,10R,12R)-4,5,7,12-tetraacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-2-hydroxy-2,10-dimethyl-3-[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]-8-oxo-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-10-yl]methyl benzoate | 162848272 | Click to see | 746.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1039/P19940003281 |
| [(1S,2S,3S,4S,5R,6S,7S,9R,10R,12R)-4,5,7,12-tetraacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-3-(furan-3-carbonyl)-2-hydroxy-2,10-dimethyl-8-oxo-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-10-yl]methyl benzoate | 162913916 | Click to see CC(=O)OCC12C(C(C(C(C13C(C(C(=O)C2OC(=O)C)C(O3)(C)COC(=O)C4=CC=CC=C4)OC(=O)C)(C)O)C(=O)C5=COC=C5)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C | 756.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1039/P19940003281 |
| [4,5,7,12-Tetraacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-2-hydroxy-2,10-dimethyl-3-(2-methylbutanoyl)-8-oxo-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-10-yl]methyl benzoate | 162848271 | Click to see | 746.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1039/P19940003281 |
| [4,5,7,12-Tetraacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-3-(furan-3-carbonyl)-2-hydroxy-2,10-dimethyl-8-oxo-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-10-yl]methyl benzoate | 162913915 | Click to see | 756.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1039/P19940003281 |
| > Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Pentacarboxylic acids and derivatives | |||||
| [(1R,2S,4R,5S,6R,7R,9S,12S)-4,7,12-triacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-2,10,10-trimethyl-8-oxo-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-5-yl] benzoate | 162938304 | Click to see CC1CC(C(C2(C13C(C(C(=O)C2OC(=O)C)C(O3)(C)C)OC(=O)C)COC(=O)C)OC(=O)C4=CC=CC=C4)OC(=O)C | 588.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85549-7 |
| [(1S,2S,3S,4S,5R,6S,7S,9R,10R,12R)-4,5,7-triacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-2,12-dihydroxy-2,10-dimethyl-3-[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]-8-oxo-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-10-yl]methyl benzoate | 162907097 | Click to see | 704.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1039/P19940003281 |
| [4,5,7-Triacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-2,12-dihydroxy-2,10-dimethyl-3-(2-methylbutanoyl)-8-oxo-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-10-yl]methyl benzoate | 162907096 | Click to see | 704.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1039/P19940003281 |
| [4,7,12-Triacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-2,10,10-trimethyl-8-oxo-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-5-yl] benzoate | 75012107 | Click to see | 588.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85549-7 |
| [5,12-Diacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-4-benzoyloxy-2-hydroxy-2,10,10-trimethyl-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-7-yl] benzoate | 162960481 | Click to see CC(=O)OCC12C(CC3C(C1(C(CC(C2OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C4=CC=CC=C4)(C)O)OC3(C)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C5=CC=CC=C5 | 652.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50122A006 |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzopyrans / 1-benzopyrans / Xanthones | |||||
| Mangiferin | 5281647 | Click to see C1=C2C(=CC(=C1O)O)OC3=C(C2=O)C(=C(C(=C3)O)C4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O | 422.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / 2-arylbenzofuran flavonoids | |||||
| 3-(3,5-Dihydroxy-phenyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-benzofuran-5-carbaldehyde | 636845 | Click to see | 348.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 4-[(2R,3R)-3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-hydroxy-4-[(E)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)vinyl]-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-2-yl]benzene-1,2-diol | 5279244 | Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C=CC2=C3C(C(OC3=CC(=C2)O)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)C5=CC(=CC(=C5)O)O)O | 470.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Moracin M | 185848 | Click to see | 242.23 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives | |||||
| [(2R,3S,4S,5S)-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate | 11092923 | Click to see CC(=O)OCC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2(C(C(C(O2)COC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)OC)O)O)CO)O)O)O | 560.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 5-O-Caffeoylshikimic acid | 5281762 | Click to see | 336.29 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Helonioside A | 16745274 | Click to see | 694.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Helonioside B | 21636195 | Click to see | 736.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Methyl Caffeate | 689075 | Click to see | 194.18 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Smilaside L | 24862701 | Click to see | 870.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acid esters / Coumaric acid esters | |||||
| [(2S,3S,4R,5R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3-acetyloxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-3-[(E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy-5-[[(E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxymethyl]oxolan-2-yl]methyl (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate | 24862643 | Click to see CC(=O)OC1C(C(C(OC1OC2(C(C(C(O2)COC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)OC)O)OC(=O)C=CC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)OC)COC(=O)C=CC5=CC=C(C=C5)O)CO)O)O | 882.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(2S,3S,4R,5R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3-acetyloxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-5-[[(E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxymethyl]-3-[(E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate | 24862644 | Click to see | 852.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(2S,3S,4R,5R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-2,5-bis[[(E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxymethyl]oxolan-3-yl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate | 11593148 | Click to see | 882.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(2S,3S,4R,5R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-5-[[(E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxymethyl]-3-[(E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate | 24862642 | Click to see CC(=O)OCC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2(C(C(C(O2)COC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)OC)O)OC(=O)C=CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)COC(=O)C=CC5=CC=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O | 852.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 1-O-(4-Hydroxy-trans-cinnamoyl)-2-O-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-6-O-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-trans-cinnamoyl)-beta-D-fructofuranose | 11735009 | Click to see | 664.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| GlyTouCan:G35745RU | 24850451 | Click to see | 840.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Smilaside C | 10919948 | Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C=CC(=O)OCC2C(C(C(O2)(COC(=O)C=CC3=CC=C(C=C3)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)OC)O)O | 840.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Smilaside G | 24862591 | Click to see | 810.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones | |||||
| (2R)-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-4H-chromen-4-one | 667495 | Click to see C1C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C2C1=O)O)O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)O | 272.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols | |||||
| Quercetin | 5280343 | Click to see | 302.23 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid C-glycosides | |||||
| Isovitexin | 162350 | Click to see | 432.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid C-glycosides / Flavonoid 8-C-glycosides | |||||
| Vitexin | 5280441 | Click to see | 432.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides | |||||
| (2R)-2alpha-(3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-6-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-3alpha,7-diol | 10885307 | Click to see CC1=C(C2=C(C=C1O)OC(C(C2)O)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)OC)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O | 480.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(2R,3R)-3,7-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-5-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 11081337 | Click to see | 480.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides | |||||
| quercetin 3-O-beta-L-rhamnopyranoside | 5320854 | Click to see | 448.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 3-O-methylated flavonoids | |||||
| Tricin | 5281702 | Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O | 330.29 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Stilbenes | |||||
| Piceatannol | 667639 | Click to see | 244.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Resveratrol | 445154 | Click to see | 228.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |