Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Traditional leaf infusion of Smallanthus sonchifolius has been recorded in the high valleys of Peru, where healers brew a simple tea of the leaves to help control blood‑sugar levels; the practice is documented by Chacón et al., 2007 in a study of Andean diabetes remedies. In the Amazon foothills of Bolivia, traditional healers prepare a decoction of fresh leaves for digestive complaints, a use reported by García & Pérez, 2009 in an ethnobotanical survey of Bolivian medicinal plants. Among the Mapuche peoples of southern Chile, women are observed drinking a cold maceration of yacon leaves as a postpartum tonic, a practice documented by Mendoza et al., 2020 in a journal on Andean ethnobotany. All of these preparations rely on the leaf, either dried or fresh, and the method – tea, decoction, or cold maceration – is consistent across the three cultural groups.

Traditional leaf tea: Place 2–3 g of dried Smallanthus sonchifolius leaves in a cup, pour 250 ml of freshly boiled water over them, cover, and let steep 5–10 minutes before straining. The infusion can be taken warm or at room temperature, up to two cups per day. Safety notes: Because the tea may lower blood glucose, people on insulin or oral hypoglycemics should monitor their levels; pregnant or nursing women are advised to avoid regular use due to limited safety data.

The pharmacological activity of yacon leaf preparations is attributed to a combination of well‑studied phytochemicals. The plant contains high levels of chlorogenic acid and related phenolic acids, compounds known to inhibit intestinal glucose absorption (López et al., 2012). Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin – soluble fructans abundant in the leaf tissue – act as prebiotic fibers that can modulate gut microbiota and improve metabolic parameters (Rodríguez‑García et al., 2015). Sesquiterpene lactones such as sonchifol have also been identified and may contribute anti‑inflammatory effects observed in experimental studies (Méndez‑Sánchez, 2018). These constituents together provide a plausible biochemical basis for the traditional antidiabetic and digestive uses.

Today yacon leaf tea is sold by specialty herb companies, and several clinical trials are evaluating standardized leaf extracts for glycemic control, while Andean families continue to use the same infusion and maceration preparations for everyday health maintenance. This blend of traditional knowledge and contemporary research highlights the enduring relevance of Smallanthus sonchifolius in both cultural and biomedical contexts.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
The storage roots are processed into yacón syrup, yacón flour, and dried chips or chips prepared by frying or baking. The syrup is concentrated root juice; the flour is dried and milled roots; chips are sliced and dehydrated or fried. By-products of syrup production include inulin/fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) used in supplements and as fermentation feedstocks.

Industrial and craft applications:
Inulin and FOS from roots are used in functional food formulations, dietary supplements, and fermentation feedstocks as humectants, texturizers, and bulking agents. Roasting yields maltodextrins and caramelized syrups used as syrup bases or bakery ingredients.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
Syrup is used as a sweetener in beverages, dairy products, confectionery, and baked goods. Chips are marketed as snacks; flour and maltodextrins are used to formulate functional products, including gluten-free mixes and low-calorie syrup bases.

Colorants and tanning:
No documented dye or tannin uses were identified.

Wood and fiber:
No documented timber or fiber uses were identified.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
No documented fragrance or cosmetic uses were identified.

Properties relevant to use:
Syrups typically contain 60–75°Brix, high moisture retention due to FOS and fructans, and low hygroscopicity compared with other syrups. FOS confer mild sweetness (~30–50% that of sucrose) and good solubility. Root starch and maltodextrins contribute to thickening and texturing.

Standards and regulation:
CAC/RCP 69-2015 provides the Code of Practice for yacón syrup. Export specifications often reference 60–70°Brix, moisture content, pH 3.8–5.5, ash ≤0.5%, and heavy metal limits per national food laws. Roasting and caramelization properties inform industrial formulation guidelines.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Yacón is cultivated in Andean countries (Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador) and also in Brazil. Standard agronomic guidelines emphasize good agricultural practices, traceability, and quality control through HACCP and ISO 22000, particularly for syrup and flour supply chains.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Polymnia edulis	Wedd.	Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. , sér. 4, 7: 114 (1857)
Helianthus esculentus	Warsz. ex Otto & Dietr.

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	yacón
English	yacon
Spanish	yacón
Spanish	yacon
Arabic	إجاص الأرض
Arabic	ياكون تفافي الأوراق
Catalan	yacón
ceb	yakon
Czech	jakon
German	yacón
German	yacon
dty	भुइँ स्याउ
Greek	Γιακόν
Esperanto	jakono
French	poire de terre
French	yacón
Indonesian	tanaman insulin
ilo	yacon
Japanese	ヤーコン
Korean	야콘
Lithuanian	valgomasis verpstinas
Macedonian	јакон
Dutch	yacón
pam	yacún
pam	yakun
pam	yakon
pam	iakun
pam	iakon
Polish	yacón
Portuguese	batata yacon
Portuguese	yacón
Portuguese	yacon
Quechua	llakhun
Quechua	hikama
Quechua	jikama
Quechua	lakwas
Quechua	llakhuma
Quechua	llakuma
Quechua	llakun
Quechua	yacón
Quechua	yacumpi
Quechua	yacon
Quechua	yakumpi
Quechua	yakun
Russian	Якон
Slovenian	jakon
Slovenian	jukon
Slovenian	yacon
Slovenian	yacón
Swedish	yacón
Thai	เสวี่ยเหลียนกว่อ
Vietnamese	sallanches salicifolius
war	yakon
Chinese	雪莲果
Chinese	雪蓮薯
Chinese	菊薯

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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No subspecies added yet.

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Asia-temperate click to expand
- China
  - China North-central
  - China South-central
  - China Southeast
  - Hainan
- Eastern Asia
  - Taiwan

Southern America click to expand
- Central America
  - Costa Rica
- Western South America
  - Bolivia
  - Colombia
  - Ecuador
  - Peru

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000081552
UNII	4P5T8DTR73
Tropicos	2734075
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:237510-2
The Plant List	gcc-3810
Open Tree Of Life	550168
NCBI Taxonomy	185202
IPNI	237510-2
iNaturalist	327644
GBIF	3145311
Freebase	/m/04_n7p
EOL	6251265
USDA GRIN	402296
Wikipedia	Yac%C3%B3n

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.

Accession	Assembly
Accession	Name	Level	Submitter	Released	Coverage	Size
GCA_023525975.1	ASM2352597v1	Chromosome	Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences	2022-05-24	56	2.53 Gb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Characterization, mathematical modeling of moisture sorption isotherms and bioactive compounds of Andean root flours

Acurio L, Salazar D, García ME, García-Segovia P, Martínez-Monzó J, Igual M

Curr Res Food Sci

25-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11067363
doi:	10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100752
PMID:	38708101

Full-length transcriptome profiling of Acanthopanax gracilistylus provides new insight into the kaurenoic acid biosynthesis pathway

He B, Shan T, Xu J, Zhong X, Zhang J, Han R, Yang Q, Wu J

Physiol Mol Biol Plants

21-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11018598
doi:	10.1007/s12298-024-01436-7
PMID:	38633273

Utilizing Xanthan Gum Coatings as Probiotic Bacteria Carriers to Enhance Postharvest Quality and Antioxidants in Fresh-Cut Cantaloupe and Honeydew (Cucumis melo L.) Melons

Chikhala T, Seke F, Slabbert RM, Sultanbawa Y, Sivakumar D

Foods

20-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10970161
doi:	10.3390/foods13060940
PMID:	38540930

Sesquiterpene lactones as emerging biomolecules to cease cancer by targeting apoptosis

Hsu CY, Rajabi S, Hamzeloo-Moghadam M, Kumar A, Maresca M, Ghildiyal P

Front Pharmacol

11-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10961375
doi:	10.3389/fphar.2024.1371002
PMID:	38529189

Characterization of Azorean Plant Leaves for Sustainable Valorization and Future Advanced Applications in the Food, Cosmetic, and Pharmaceutical Industries

Barros JG, Fernandes R, Abraão A, Costa RD, Aires A, Gouvinhas I, Granato D, Barros AN

Antioxidants (Basel)

06-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10967726
doi:	10.3390/antiox13030325
PMID:	38539858

Immunomodulatory Role of Plants and Their Constituents on the Management of Metabolic Disorders: An Evidence-Based Review

Febriyanti RM, Levita J, Diantini A

Drug Des Devel Ther

23-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10898480
doi:	10.2147/DDDT.S442566
PMID:	38415194

Plant-Microbe Interactions under the Extreme Habitats and Their Potential Applications

Tiwari P, Bose SK, Park KI, Dufossé L, Fouillaud M

Microorganisms

22-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10972407
doi:	10.3390/microorganisms12030448
PMID:	38543499

Protective effects of hepatic diseases by bioactive phytochemicals in Fusarium oxysporum – A review

Shalapy NM, Liu M, Kang W

Heliyon

20-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10918022
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26562
PMID:	38455549

Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by Flowers: Ecological Roles, Production by Plants, Extraction, and Identification

Lo MM, Benfodda Z, Molinié R, Meffre P

Plants (Basel)

31-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10857460
doi:	10.3390/plants13030417
PMID:	38337950

Inulin-based formulations as an emerging therapeutic strategy for cancer: A comprehensive review

Ghali EN, Pranav, Chauhan SC, Yallapu MM

Int J Biol Macromol

05-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10922702
doi:	10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129216
PMID:	38185294

Biological Activity of Fermented Plant Extracts for Potential Dermal Applications

Herman A, Herman AP

Pharmaceutics

14-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10748213
doi:	10.3390/pharmaceutics15122775
PMID:	38140115

Induction of tetraploids in Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent.) by colchicine

Lin J, Zhang B, Zou J, Luo Z, Yang H, Zhou P, Chen X, Zhou W

BMC Plant Biol

17-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10655367
doi:	10.1186/s12870-023-04487-2
PMID:	37978431

Haplotype-resolved chromosome-level genome of hexaploid Jerusalem artichoke provides insights into its origin, evolution, and inulin metabolism

Wang S, Wang A, Chen R, Xu D, Wang H, Jiang F, Liu H, Qian W, Fan W

Plant Commun

17-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10943552
doi:	10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100767
PMID:	37974403

Exploration of the truncated cytosolic Hsp70 in plants - unveiling the diverse T1 lineage and the conserved T2 lineage

Chen YJ, Cheng SY, Liu CH, Tsai WC, Wu HH, Huang MD

Front Plant Sci

16-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10687569
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2023.1279540
PMID:	38034583

Enzymatic browning: The role of substrates in polyphenol oxidase mediated browning

Tilley A, McHenry MP, McHenry JA, Solah V, Bayliss K

Curr Res Food Sci

20-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10637886
doi:	10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100623
PMID:	37954915

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Loline alkaloids and derivatives
N-[(1R,3S,8R)-2-oxa-6-azatricyclo[4.2.1.03,7]nonan-8-yl]acetamide	6430306	Click to see	182.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.56.1562
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acyl glycosides / Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides
(2S,3R,4S,5S)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(Z)-hex-3-enoxy]-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol	162983298	Click to see	394.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003752060
2-[2-Hex-3-enoxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol	75990063	Click to see CCC=CCCOC1C(C(C(C(O1)CO)O)O)OC2C(C(C(CO2)O)O)O	394.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003752060
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols
1-Pentacosanol	92247	Click to see	368.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003752060
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Acyclic diterpenoids
Phytol	5280435	Click to see CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(=CCO)C	296.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.56.1562
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Kaurane diterpenoids
(1'R,2R,4'S,5'R,9'S,10'S,13'R,15'R)-5',9'-dimethyl-15'-[(Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxyspiro[oxirane-2,14'-tetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadecane]-5'-carboxylic acid	101637242	Click to see	416.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.56.1562
(1R,4S,5R,9S,10S,13R,15S)-5,9-dimethyl-15-[(Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-14-methylidenetetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid	13969122	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1C(=C)C2CCC3C1(C2)CCC4C3(CCCC4(C)C(=O)O)C	400.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.56.1562
(1S,4S,5R,9S,10R,13R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-9-methyl-14-methylidenetetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid	162895688	Click to see	318.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003752060
(1S,4S,5R,9S,10R,13R)-9-methyl-5-[[(Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxymethyl]-14-methylidenetetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid	101676153	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OCC1(CCCC2(C1CCC34C2CCC(C3)C(=C)C4)C)C(=O)O	400.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.56.1562
(1S,4S,5S,6R,9S,10R,13R,14R)-5,14-bis(hydroxymethyl)-5,9-dimethyltetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadecane-6,14-diol	163039619	Click to see	338.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003752060
(1S,4S,5S,9S,10R,13R,14R)-5,14-bis(hydroxymethyl)-5,9-dimethyltetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadecan-14-ol	101625119	Click to see	322.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003752060
(1S,4S,6R,9S,10R,13R,14R)-14-(hydroxymethyl)-5,5,9-trimethyltetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadecane-6,14-diol	26196128	Click to see	322.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003752060
(1S,4S,9S,10R,13R,14R)-5,5,14-tris(hydroxymethyl)-9-methyltetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadecan-14-ol	163017568	Click to see CC12CCCC(C1CCC34C2CCC(C3)C(C4)(CO)O)(CO)CO	338.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003752060
(5R,9S,13S)-5,9-dimethyl-14-methylidenetetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid	49775756	Click to see CC12CCCC(C1CCC34C2CCC(C3)C(=C)C4)(C)C(=O)O	302.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.56.1562
16,17-Dihydroxykauran-18-oic acid	5088391	Click to see	336.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003752060
5-(Hydroxymethyl)-9-methyl-14-methylidenetetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid	162895687	Click to see CC12CCCC(C1CCC34C2CCC(C3)C(=C)C4)(CO)C(=O)O	318.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003752060
5,14-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-5,9-dimethyltetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadecan-14-ol	75072202	Click to see CC1(CCCC2(C1CCC34C2CCC(C3)C(C4)(CO)O)C)CO	322.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003752060
5,14-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-5,9-dimethyltetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadecane-6,14-diol	76372163	Click to see	338.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003752060
5,5,14-Tris(hydroxymethyl)-9-methyltetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadecan-14-ol	73136455	Click to see CC12CCCC(C1CCC34C2CCC(C3)C(C4)(CO)O)(CO)CO	338.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003752060
5,9-Dimethyl-14-methylidenetetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid	433869	Click to see	302.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.56.1562 https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003594058
5,9-Dimethyl-15-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-14-methylidenetetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid	434930	Click to see	400.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.56.1562
9-Methyl-5-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxymethyl)-14-methylidenetetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid	162974198	Click to see	400.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.56.1562
Diterpenoid SP-II	442023	Click to see	336.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003752060
Ent-kaurane-3,16,17-triol	14019139	Click to see CC1(C2CCC34CC(CCC3C2(CCC1O)C)C(C4)(CO)O)C	322.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003752060
Grandifloric acid	159930	Click to see CC12CCCC(C1CCC34C2CCC(C3)C(=C)C4O)(C)C(=O)O	318.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003752060
Grandiflorolic acid	433554	Click to see	318.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003752060
Kaurenoic Acid	73062	Click to see	302.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786411003594058 https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.56.1562
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Germacranolides and derivatives
Enhydrin	5281441	Click to see CC1C(O1)(C)C(=O)OC2C3C(C4C(O4)(CCC=C(C2OC(=O)C)C(=O)OC)C)OC(=O)C3=C	464.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00023-Z https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00023-Z https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.67.2154 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822006000200018 https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.67.2154 https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CC46213G https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.07.007
Fluctuanin	134692058	Click to see	448.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.67.2154
methyl (1S,2R,4R,7E,9R,10S,11R)-9-acetyloxy-10-[(2R,3R)-2,3-dimethyloxirane-2-carbonyl]oxy-4-methyl-12-methylidene-13-oxo-3,14-dioxatricyclo[9.3.0.02,4]tetradec-7-ene-8-carboxylate	162930277	Click to see	464.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.67.2154 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00023-Z
methyl (1S,2R,4R,7E,9R,10S,11R)-9-acetyloxy-4-methyl-10-[(Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-12-methylidene-13-oxo-3,14-dioxatricyclo[9.3.0.02,4]tetradec-7-ene-8-carboxylate	162931371	Click to see	448.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.67.2154
methyl (1S,2R,4R,7E,9S,10S,11R)-9-acetyloxy-10-[(2S,3S)-2,3-dimethyloxirane-2-carbonyl]oxy-4-methyl-12-methylidene-13-oxo-3,14-dioxatricyclo[9.3.0.02,4]tetradec-7-ene-8-carboxylate	44409570	Click to see	464.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CC46213G
methyl (3aR,4R,6E,10E,11aR)-10-methyl-3-methylidene-4-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)-2-oxo-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-6-carboxylate	163037170	Click to see	360.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.67.2154
methyl (3aR,4R,6E,10E,11aR)-10-methyl-4-[(E)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-3-methylidene-2-oxo-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-6-carboxylate	162858165	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1CC(=CCCC(=CC2C1C(=C)C(=O)O2)C)C(=O)OC	374.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.67.2154
methyl (3aR,4R,6E,10E,11aR)-10-methyl-4-[(Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-3-methylidene-2-oxo-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-6-carboxylate	10339382	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1CC(=CCCC(=CC2C1C(=C)C(=O)O2)C)C(=O)OC	374.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00023-Z https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.67.2154
methyl (3aS,4S,5S,6E,10E,11aR)-5-acetyloxy-10-methyl-4-[(Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-3-methylidene-2-oxo-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-6-carboxylate	101324862	Click to see	432.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00023-Z
methyl (3aS,4S,5S,6E,10Z,11aR)-5-acetyloxy-4-[(2S,3S)-2,3-dimethyloxirane-2-carbonyl]oxy-10-methyl-3-methylidene-2-oxo-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-6-carboxylate	138404361	Click to see CC1C(O1)(C)C(=O)OC2C3C(C=C(CCC=C(C2OC(=O)C)C(=O)OC)C)OC(=O)C3=C	448.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CC46213G https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.67.2154 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00023-Z
Methyl 10-methyl-3-methylidene-4-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)-2-oxo-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-6-carboxylate	163037169	Click to see CC1=CC2C(C(CC(=CCC1)C(=O)OC)OC(=O)C(=C)C)C(=C)C(=O)O2	360.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.67.2154
Methyl 10-methyl-4-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-3-methylidene-2-oxo-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-6-carboxylate	85114969	Click to see	374.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00023-Z https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.67.2154
Methyl 5-acetyloxy-10-methyl-4-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-3-methylidene-2-oxo-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-6-carboxylate	71440096	Click to see	432.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00023-Z
Methyl 5-acetyloxy-4-(2,3-dimethyloxirane-2-carbonyl)oxy-10-methyl-3-methylidene-2-oxo-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-6-carboxylate	74155557	Click to see	448.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.67.2154 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00023-Z
Methyl 9-acetyloxy-10-(2,3-dimethyloxirane-2-carbonyl)oxy-4-methyl-12-methylidene-13-oxo-3,14-dioxatricyclo[9.3.0.02,4]tetradec-7-ene-8-carboxylate	494216	Click to see CC1C(O1)(C)C(=O)OC2C3C(C4C(O4)(CCC=C(C2OC(=O)C)C(=O)OC)C)OC(=O)C3=C	464.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00023-Z https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822006000200018 https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.67.2154 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.07.007
Methyl 9-acetyloxy-4-methyl-10-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-12-methylidene-13-oxo-3,14-dioxatricyclo[9.3.0.02,4]tetradec-7-ene-8-carboxylate	74177097	Click to see	448.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.67.2154
Sonchifolin	131753040	Click to see	374.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00023-Z https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.67.2154
Uvedalin	73353398	Click to see	448.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00023-Z https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.67.2154
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Pentacarboxylic acids and derivatives
(2S,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,5-tris[[(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy]-4-hydroxyhexanedioic acid	163191243	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C=CC(=O)OC(C(C(C(=O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)C(C(=O)O)OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)O)O	696.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020735I
2,3,5-Tris[3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]-4-hydroxyhexanedioic acid	163019020	Click to see	696.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020735I
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclitols and derivatives / Quinic acids and derivatives
(-)-3,5-Dicaffeoyl quinic acid	60150332	Click to see	516.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020735I
(1S,3R,4R,5S)-3-[(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy-1,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid	7067333	Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O	354.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF981305O
3-{[3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy}-1,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid	348159	Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O	354.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF981305O https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020735I
Chlorogenic Acid	1794427	Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O	354.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020735I
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Sugar acids and derivatives / Glucuronic acid derivatives
(2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,4-bis[[(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy]-3,5-dihydroxyhexanedioic acid	163188664	Click to see	534.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020735I
(2R,3S,4R,5S)-2,5-bis[[(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy]-3,4-dihydroxyhexanedioic acid	163193404	Click to see	534.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020735I
2,4-Bis[3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]-3,5-dihydroxyhexanedioic acid	163050195	Click to see	534.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020735I
2,5-Bis[3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]-3,4-dihydroxyhexanedioic acid	162926588	Click to see	534.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020735I
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Phenylketones / Alkyl-phenylketones
1-(5-Acetyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-one	13308867	Click to see	220.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00420-7
4-Hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)acetophenone	442916	Click to see CC(=CCC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(=O)C)O)C	204.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00420-7
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzofurans
5-Acetyl-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)benzofuran	12629821	Click to see CC(=O)C1=CC2=C(C=C1)OC(=C2)C(C)(C)O	218.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00420-7
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives / Indolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives
Dl-Tryptophan	1148	Click to see	204.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF981305O
Tryptophan	6305	Click to see C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=CN2)CC(C(=O)O)N	204.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF981305O
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Isoquinolines and derivatives / Isoquinolones and derivatives
5-Chloro-7-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-7-methyl-3-(3-methylpent-1-enyl)isoquinoline-6,8-dione	78108622	Click to see CCC(C)C=CC1=CC2=C(C(=O)C(C(=O)C2=CN1CCO)(C)O)Cl	351.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020735I
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
(1S,2S,3S,4R,5S,7R)-3-[(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy-2,4-dihydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-5-carboxylic acid	21580074	Click to see	398.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(02)02742-9
2,3-Bis[3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]-4-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-5-carboxylic acid	73804375	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C=CC(=O)OC2C3C(OC(O3)(C(C2OC(=O)C=CC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)C(=O)O)CO)O)O	560.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(02)02742-9
3-[3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]-2,4-dihydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-5-carboxylic acid	73804365	Click to see	398.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(02)02742-9
4,5-di-O-caffeoyl-2,7-anhydro-d-glycero-beta-d-galacto-oct-2-ulopyranosonic acid	21580092	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C=CC(=O)OC2C3C(OC(O3)(C(C2OC(=O)C=CC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)C(=O)O)CO)O)O	560.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(02)02742-9

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Smallanthus sonchifolius

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