Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Across the Aegean-Balkan corridor, the spiny, globe-thistle Echinops ritro has long been valued as a household remedy for coughs, colds, and breathing trouble. In Turkish folk medicine the aerial parts and the dried flowerheads are used in mild infusions or short decoctions to ease congestion and soothe a harsh cough (Baytop, 1999; Tuzlac, 1996). Among rural communities in northern Greece, the same plant parts are taken as a warm decoction when a fever or chest complaint comes on, sometimes paired with honey (Anastasiou and Papadopoulos, 1984). In central and southern Italy’s Apennine foothills, decoctions of the dried herb have been used to relieve respiratory complaints and to promote sweating in feverish states (Leto et al., 2006).

In the Balkans, Echinops ritro has also been recorded as a tonic tea, a wound-wash, and an herbal remedy for stomach discomfort. In Serbia, a weak infusion or decoction of the leaves and flowers is described as a general tonic, and dried flowerheads are simmered in water and used as a mild gargle or wash for sore mouths and throats (Jovanović et al., 2020). Macedonian practitioners recommend a warm decoction for colds and fevers, with the note that it can also act as a gentle diuretic and digestive aid (Pieroni and Quave, 2005). In Georgia’s traditional medicine, the flowering herb is likewise taken as an antipyretic tea, and in some Caucasian communities it has been used to support urinary function and to ease colic (Kharazashvili et al., 2000).

Modern relevance: Pharmacognostic work on Echinops species has repeatedly detected quinazoline alkaloids (for example echinopsine) and an essential oil rich in sesquiterpenes such as germacrene D and limonene, compounds that are consistent with historical use as a spasmolytic and respiratory aid (Bohlmann and Kleine, 1962; Ekiert et al., 2018). With that said, the recommended preparation remains the simpler, household tea or decoction. Commercial interest in Echinops ritro remains niche, but interest in quinazoline alkaloids and anti-inflammatory sesquiterpenes continues in the research literature.

One practical recipe: Mild respiratory tea. Place 1–2 teaspoons (about 2–3 g) of dried, chopped aerial parts and flowerheads into a cup. Cover with 250 ml just-boiled water and steep 10 minutes; for a slightly stronger decoction, bring the same plant material to a boil in 250 ml water, then simmer 5–7 minutes and cool until warm. Strain and drink a cup up to twice daily. Safety: Because alkaloids can be present, the tea is not recommended in pregnancy or while breastfeeding; stop if any stomach irritation, dizziness, or unusual sensations occur, and do not exceed modest daily doses.

General Uses Top

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Industrial and craft applications: The dried, spherical flower heads are used in ornamental dried-flower arrangements and as decorative elements in crafts, valued for their texture and form.
Properties relevant to use: The mature flower heads retain their structure and shape when dried, facilitating their use in non-perishable decorative items.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Echinops ritro var. tenuifolius	DC.	Prodr. 6: 524 (1837)
Echinops tauricus	Willd. ex Ledeb.	Flora Altaica 4: 44 1833

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	southern globe thistle
English	southern globethistle
Spanish	echinops tauricus
Spanish	echinops ritro var. tenuifolius
Spanish	cocodrilo de montpellier
Spanish	cabeza de erizo
Spanish	cardo abadejo
Arabic	قنفذي أزرق
Azerbaijani	adi toppuztikan
Bulgarian	бодлив челядник
Catalan	cardet de sang
Czech	bělotrn modrý
Danish	glatbladet tidselkugle
Danish	glat tidselkugle
German	ruthenische kugeldistel
Estonian	sinine mesiohakas
Persian	شکرتیغال جنوبی
Finnish	otapallo-ohdake
French	oursin bleu
French	azurite
Armenian	Ոզնագլխիկ սովորական
Italian	cardo-pallottola coccodrillo
Japanese	ルリタマアザミ
Malayalam	എക്കിനോപ്സ് റിട്രോ
os	Пакасæрсындз
Russian	Мордовник обыкновенный
Slovak	ježibaba belasá
Slovenian	navadni bodoglavec
Serbian	Плави чичак
Chinese	硬叶蓝刺头气新疆蓝刺头）
Chinese	禹州漏芦
Chinese	硬葉藍刺頭
Chinese	新疆蓝刺头
Chinese	硬叶蓝刺头

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Echinops ritro subsp. meyeri	(DC.) Kožuharov	Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(1): 42 (1975)
Echinops ritro subsp. ritro		Unknown
Echinops ritro subsp. ruthenicus	(M.Bieb.) Nyman	Consp. Fl. Eur. 2: 399 (1879)
Echinops ritro subsp. sartorianus	(Boiss. & Heldr.) Kožuharov	Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(1): 42 (1975)
Echinops ritro subsp. siculus	(Strobl) Greuter	Willdenowia 33(1): 58 (2003) (2003)
Echinops ritro subsp. thracicus	(Velen.) Kožuharov	Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(1): 42 (1975)

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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Sow seeds at 20°C, expecting germination within 3 months without further temperature treatment.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Caucasus
  - North Caucasus
  - Transcaucasus
- China
  - Xinjiang
- Middle Asia
  - Kazakhstan
  - Turkmenistan
  - Uzbekistan
- Mongolia
  - Mongolia
- Siberia
  - Altay
  - West Siberia
- Western Asia
  - East Aegean Islands
  - Iran
  - Turkey

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Baltic States
  - Central European Russia
  - East European Russia
  - Krym
  - South European Russia
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Germany
  - Hungary
  - Poland
- Southeastern Europe
  - Albania
  - Bulgaria
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Romania
  - Sicilia
  - Turkey-in-Europe
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - France
  - Spain

Northern America click to expand
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - New York
- Northwestern U.S.A.
  - Washington

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000016873
USDA Plants	ECRI
Tropicos	2702402
INPN	95709
Flora of Italy	6144
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:202652-1
The Plant List	gcc-116324
Missouri Botanical Garden	277311
PFAF	Echinops ritro
PaleoBotany	71928
Open Tree Of Life	643726
Observations.org	80206
NCBI Taxonomy	41571
Nature Serve	2.161682
IPNI	202652-1
iNaturalist	162202
GBIF	5392950
Freebase	/m/03qhprd
EPPO	ECPRI
EOL	467551
Elurikkus	4476
USDA GRIN	14848
Wikipedia	Echinops_ritro
Plantarium	13918

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

The most polyphagous insect herbivore? Host plant associations of the Meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.)

Thompson V, Harkin C, Stewart AJ

PLoS One

04-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10602594
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0291734
PMID:	37792900

Mediterranean Plants as Potential Source of Biopesticides: An Overview of Current Research and Future Trends

Fragkouli R, Antonopoulou M, Asimakis E, Spyrou A, Kosma C, Zotos A, Tsiamis G, Patakas A, Triantafyllidis V

Metabolites

22-Aug-2023

PMCID:	PMC10535963
doi:	10.3390/metabo13090967
PMID:	37755247

Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Potential of Echinops ritro L. Extracts on Induced Oxidative Stress In Vitro/In Vivo

Zheleva-Dimitrova D, Simeonova R, Kondeva-Burdina M, Savov Y, Balabanova V, Zengin G, Petrova A, Gevrenova R

Int J Mol Sci

10-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10298086
doi:	10.3390/ijms24129999
PMID:	37373147

In Vitro and In Silico Investigation of Polyacetylenes from Launaea capitata (Spreng.) Dandy as Potential COX-2, 5-LOX, and BchE Inhibitors

Abdel Bar FM, Mira A, Foudah AI, Alossaimi MA, Alkanhal SF, Aldaej AM, ElNaggar MH

Molecules

17-Apr-2023

PMCID:	PMC10145610
doi:	10.3390/molecules28083526
PMID:	37110760

Characterization of the Slovene Autochthonous Rose Hybrid Rosa pendulina × spinosissima (Rosa reversa Waldst. and Kit) Using Biochemical Patterns of the Plant Blossoms

Kunc N, Hudina M, Bavcon J, Vreš B, Luthar Z, Gostinčar K, Mikulič-Petkovšek M, Osterc G, Ravnjak B

Plants (Basel)

22-Jan-2023

PMCID:	PMC9920101
doi:	10.3390/plants12030505
PMID:	36771590

Biochemical Analyses of Bioactive Extracts from Plants Native to Lampedusa, Sicily Minor Island

Di Lecce R, Mérindol N, Pérez MG, Karimzadegan V, Berthoux L, Boari A, Zidorn C, Vurro M, Surico G, Desgagné-Penix I, Evidente A

Plants (Basel)

09-Dec-2022

PMCID:	PMC9788634
doi:	10.3390/plants11243447
PMID:	36559555

Effects of Prickly Burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach.) Control and Sheep Grazing on Hay Yield and Quality on Gökçeada Island, Turkey

Alatürk F, Gökkuş A, Özaslan Parlak A, Baytekin H, Tölü C

Animals (Basel)

08-Nov-2022

PMCID:	PMC9686760
doi:	10.3390/ani12223073
PMID:	36428300

Plant Diversity of Mts. Oligirtos and Farmakas (NE Peloponnisos, Greece) with Emphasis on Their Endemic Flora

Zikos A, Constantinidis T

Plants (Basel)

09-Oct-2022

PMCID:	PMC9572623
doi:	10.3390/plants11192649
PMID:	36235515

Thiophenes—Naturally Occurring Plant Metabolites: Biological Activities and In Silico Evaluation of Their Potential as Cathepsin D Inhibitors

Ibrahim SR, Omar AM, Bagalagel AA, Diri RM, Noor AO, Almasri DM, Mohamed SG, Mohamed GA

Plants (Basel)

17-Feb-2022

PMCID:	PMC8877444
doi:	10.3390/plants11040539
PMID:	35214871

Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Healers in Algeria: A Multiregional Ethnobotanical Study

Belhouala K, Benarba B

Front Pharmacol

29-Nov-2021

PMCID:	PMC8666619
doi:	10.3389/fphar.2021.760492
PMID:	34912221

Local-scale impact of wind energy farms on rare, endemic, and threatened plant species

Urziceanu M, Anastasiu P, Rozylowicz L, Sesan TE

PeerJ

19-May-2021

PMCID:	PMC8140595
doi:	10.7717/peerj.11390
PMID:	34055481

Fructans as Immunomodulatory and Antiviral Agents: The Case of Echinacea

Dobrange E, Peshev D, Loedolff B, Van den Ende W

Biomolecules

16-Oct-2019

PMCID:	PMC6843407
doi:	10.3390/biom9100615
PMID:	31623122

Cleonis pigra (Scopoli, 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae): Morphological Re-Description of the Immature Stages, Keys, Tribal Comparisons and Biology

Skuhrovec J, Volovnik S, Gosik R, Stejskal R, Trnka F

Insects

30-Sep-2019

PMCID:	PMC6836170
doi:	10.3390/insects10100325
PMID:	31574984

The resilience of perennial grasses under two climate scenarios is correlated with carbohydrate metabolism in meristems

Volaire F, Morvan-Bertrand A, Prud’homme MP, Benot ML, Augusti A, Zwicke M, Roy J, Landais D, Picon-Cochard C

J Exp Bot

26-Sep-2019

PMCID:	PMC6913708
doi:	10.1093/jxb/erz424
PMID:	31557303

Technological Aspects of the Production of Fructo and Galacto-Oligosaccharides. Enzymatic Synthesis and Hydrolysis

Martins GN, Ureta MM, Tymczyszyn EE, Castilho PC, Gomez-Zavaglia A

Front Nutr

31-May-2019

PMCID:	PMC6554340
doi:	10.3389/fnut.2019.00078
PMID:	31214595

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
methyl (2R)-2-[(1R,2R,4aS,8S,8aR)-1,8-dihydroxy-4a,8-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,3,4,8a-tetrahydro-1H-naphthalen-2-yl]propanoate	162845835	Click to see	296.36	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
methyl 2-(1,8-dihydroxy-4a,8-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,3,4,8a-tetrahydro-1H-naphthalen-2-yl)propanoate	45359922	Click to see	296.36	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Eudesmane, isoeudesmane or cycloeudesmane sesquiterpenoids
2-[(4aR,8R,8aR)-8-hydroxy-4a,8-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-yl]prop-2-enoic acid	137795140	Click to see CC12CCCC(C1CC(CC2)C(=C)C(=O)O)(C)O	252.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82392-4
Costic acid	6451579	Click to see CC12CCCC(=C)C1CC(CC2)C(=C)C(=O)O	234.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82392-4
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Eudesmanolides, secoeudesmanolides, and derivatives
(3aR,5aS,6R,9aR,9bR)-6-hydroxy-5a,9-dimethyl-3-methylidene-3a,4,5,6,9a,9b-hexahydrobenzo[g][1]benzofuran-2,7-dione	162911590	Click to see CC1=CC(=O)C(C2(C1C3C(CC2)C(=C)C(=O)O3)C)O	262.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
(3aR,5aS,6S,9aR,9bR)-6-hydroxy-5a,9-dimethyl-3-methylidene-4,5,6,7,9a,9b-hexahydro-3aH-benzo[g][1]benzofuran-2-one	124708200	Click to see CC1=CCC(C2(C1C3C(CC2)C(=C)C(=O)O3)C)O	248.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
(3R,3aR,5aS,6S,8S,9aR,9bR)-6,8-dihydroxy-3,5a-dimethyl-9-methylidene-3a,4,5,6,7,8,9a,9b-octahydro-3H-benzo[g][1]benzofuran-2-one	163025229	Click to see	266.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
(3S,3aS,5aR,9R,9aS,9bS)-3a,5,5a,9,9a,9b-Hexahydro-9-hydroxy-3,5a,9-trimethylnaphtho(1,2-b)furan-2,6(3H,4H)-dione	94253	Click to see	264.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
6-Hydroxy-5a,9-dimethyl-3-methylidene-3a,4,5,6,9a,9b-hexahydrobenzo[g][1]benzofuran-2,7-dione	162911589	Click to see	262.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
6,8-dihydroxy-3,5a-dimethyl-9-methylidene-3a,4,5,6,7,8,9a,9b-octahydro-3H-benzo[g][1]benzofuran-2-one	5256436	Click to see CC1C2CCC3(C(CC(C(=C)C3C2OC1=O)O)O)C	266.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
Barrelin	619337	Click to see	264.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
Sesquiterpene lactone CP-1	331391	Click to see	248.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Guaianolides and derivatives
(3aR,6aS,8R,9R,9aS,9bS)-8-hydroxy-9-methyl-3,6-dimethylidene-4,5,6a,7,8,9,9a,9b-octahydro-3aH-azuleno[4,5-b]furan-2-one	163069974	Click to see	248.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
(3S,3aR,6aS,8R,9R,9aS,9bR)-8-hydroxy-3,9-dimethyl-6-methylidene-3,3a,4,5,6a,7,8,9,9a,9b-decahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2-one	162886957	Click to see	250.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
(3S,3aR,6aS,9R,9aS,9bR)-3,9-dimethyl-6-methylidene-3a,4,5,6a,7,9,9a,9b-octahydro-3H-azuleno[4,5-b]furan-2,8-dione	162872679	Click to see	248.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
(3S,3aS,6aS,8S,9S,9aS,9bS)-3,8-dihydroxy-3,9-dimethyl-6-methylidene-4,5,6a,7,8,9,9a,9b-octahydro-3aH-azuleno[4,5-b]furan-2-one	162975533	Click to see	266.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
(6aS,8S,9R,9aS,9bS)-8-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-9-methyl-6-methylidene-4,5,6a,7,8,9,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2-one	162959259	Click to see CC1C(CC2C1C3C(=C(C(=O)O3)CO)CCC2=C)O	264.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
3,8-dihydroxy-3,9-dimethyl-6-methylidene-4,5,6a,7,8,9,9a,9b-octahydro-3aH-azuleno[4,5-b]furan-2-one	162975532	Click to see CC1C(CC2C1C3C(CCC2=C)C(C(=O)O3)(C)O)O	266.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
8-Hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-9-methyl-6-methylidene-4,5,6a,7,8,9,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2-one	162959258	Click to see	264.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
8-Hydroxy-3,9-dimethyl-6-methylidene-3,3a,4,5,6a,7,8,9,9a,9b-decahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2-one	14314689	Click to see	250.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
8-hydroxy-9-methyl-3,6-dimethylidene-4,5,6a,7,8,9,9a,9b-octahydro-3aH-azuleno[4,5-b]furan-2-one	155036897	Click to see	248.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
Alpha-Amyrin	73170	Click to see	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82392-4
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	86821	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82392-4
Sitogluside	5742590	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C	576.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82392-4
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Bi- and oligothiophenes
[(2R)-2-acetyloxy-4-(5-thiophen-2-ylthiophen-2-yl)but-3-ynyl] acetate	163006171	Click to see	334.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052702J
2-Thiophen-2-yl-5-[2-[2-[2-(5-thiophen-2-ylthiophen-2-yl)ethynyl]cyclobutyl]ethynyl]thiophene	14825794	Click to see	432.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052702J https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95194-X
2,2':5',2''-Terthiophene	65067	Click to see C1=CSC(=C1)C2=CC=C(S2)C3=CC=CS3	248.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052702J
5-(3-Buten-1-ynyl)-2,2'-bithienyl	70813	Click to see	216.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052702J
5-(3,4-Diacetoxybut-1-ynyl)-2,2'-bithiophene	440404	Click to see	334.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052702J
5-(4-Hydroxybut-1-ynyl)-2,2'-bithiophene	440357	Click to see C1=CSC(=C1)C2=CC=C(S2)C#CCCO	234.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052702J
5-(4-Isovaleryloxy-1-butynyl)-2,2'-bithiophene	9840009	Click to see	318.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052702J
5,5''-[[(1S)-Cyclobutane-1alpha,2beta-diyl]bisethynylene]bis(2,2'-bithiophene)	14825795	Click to see C1CC(C1C#CC2=CC=C(S2)C3=CC=CS3)C#CC4=CC=C(S4)C5=CC=CS5	432.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95194-X https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052702J
Isocardopatine	76330007	Click to see	432.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052702J
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Lactones / Gamma butyrolactones
(3S,3aR,8S,9R,9aR,9bR)-8-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3,9-dimethyl-3a,4,5,7,8,9,9a,9b-octahydro-3H-azuleno[4,5-b]furan-2-one	163093359	Click to see CC1C(CC2=C(CCC3C(C(=O)OC3C12)C)CO)O	266.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
8-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3,9-dimethyl-3a,4,5,7,8,9,9a,9b-octahydro-3H-azuleno[4,5-b]furan-2-one	163093358	Click to see CC1C(CC2=C(CCC3C(C(=O)OC3C12)C)CO)O	266.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives
Echinorine	442898	Click to see C[N+]1=CC=C(C2=CC=CC=C21)OC	174.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/RECL.19000191104 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82392-4
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Quinolones and derivatives / Hydroquinolones
alpha-Amino-beta-(aminocarbonyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-methoxy-1-methyl-4-quinolinepropionic acid	71438787	Click to see	305.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82392-4
Echinopsine	6748	Click to see CN1C=CC(=O)C2=CC=CC=C21	159.18	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/RECL.19000191104 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82392-4
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Thiophenes / 2,5-disubstituted thiophenes
2-(Penta-1,3-diynyl)-5-(4-hydroxybut-1-ynyl)-thiophene	14890287	Click to see CC#CC#CC1=CC=C(S1)C#CCCO	214.28	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052702J
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones
Apigenin	5280443	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O	270.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/RECL.19000191104 https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1009.2012.00084
Luteolin	5280445	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O	286.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1009.2012.00084
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols
Quercetin	5280343	Click to see	302.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1009.2012.00084
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glucuronides / Flavonoid-7-O-glucuronides
(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid	154496169	Click to see	446.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/RECL.19000191104
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	125528541	Click to see	610.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/RECL.19000191104
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	26339717	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=C(OC3=CC(=CC(=C3C2=O)O)O)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O	448.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/RECL.19000191104
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-yl 6-deoxyhexopyranoside	5353915	Click to see	448.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/RECL.19000191104
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
2-[4-[(3R,4R,5R,6S)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-[(3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-7-[(3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	162985503	Click to see	710.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900361
5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	154496342	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O	462.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/RECL.19000191104
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 3-O-methylated flavonoids
Chrysoeriol	5280666	Click to see	300.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/RECL.19000191104

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Echinops ritro

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