Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Smyrnium olusatrum (L.)—commonly called Alexanders—has been a staple of European herb lore since the medieval period. Historical botanists noted that the plant’s aromatic leaves, bitter seeds and sturdy roots were all valued for culinary dishes as well as for a range of folk‑medicine preparations. Its reputation as a “food‑medicine” persisted into the early modern era, when herbalists began recording the precise methods of preparation.

In southern England, Grieve (1931) records that the fresh leaves were steeped in hot water to make a bitter tea taken after meals to relieve dyspepsia and flatulence. In the Italian‑Mediterranean region, Borghi & Russo (2004) describe a decoction of the dried seeds (roughly a handful of seeds per litre of water, boiled for fifteen minutes) that served as a diuretic and helped to expel urinary calculi. Across the Balkans, Stoyanov (1999) reports that fresh root slices were mashed into a poultice and applied to bruises or sprained joints after a brief maceration in warm water, a practice still remembered by older healers in rural villages. These accounts illustrate three distinct preparations—infusion, decoction and poultice—each using a different plant part and rooted in the medical traditions of England, Italy and the Balkans respectively.

A practical recipe that mirrors a traditional preparation is a simple leaf tea. Place one level teaspoon of dried Smyrnium olusatrum leaves (≈ 2 g) in a ceramic cup, pour 250 ml of just‑boiled water over the herb, cover and steep for five to seven minutes. Strain the liquid and drink the infusion warm, up to twice daily after meals. Because the plant contains coumarin‑type compounds that can influence blood clotting, pregnant women, individuals on anticoagulant medication and anyone with a known coumarin sensitivity should limit the drink to a single cup daily and discontinue if any unusual bleeding occurs.

Phytochemical analyses of Smyrnium olusatrum have identified a characteristic essential‑oil fraction rich in alpha‑pinene, beta‑phellandrene and limonene, together with flavonoid glycosides such as quercetin‑3‑O‑glucoside and simple coumarins including umbelliferone (Santos et al., 2021). These constituents align with the plant’s historic reputation for digestive support and mild diuretic activity. Recent pharmacological studies report antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory effects of leaf extracts, and the species remains cultivated by specialty herb nurseries for both culinary use and as the basis of herbal teas, confirming that its traditional applications continue to find relevance in contemporary practice.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
- Fresh leaf and stem shoots sold as a spring vegetable (often marketed as “Alexanders greens”).
- Whole or ground seeds used as a culinary spice.
- Potted ornamental plants supplied by horticultural nurseries for garden planting.

Food and beverages (non‑medicinal):
- Young shoots and leaves are harvested in early spring before flowering and used raw in salads, mixed with other Mediterranean greens.
- Mature stems are peeled, boiled, steamed, or sautéed and served as a potherb or asparagus‑like vegetable.
- The aromatic leaves are added to soups, stews, and grain dishes; when dried they retain flavor for later use.
- Seeds are toasted or ground and employed as a seasoning in fish, meat, and vegetable preparations (e.g., in Greek and Italian regional recipes).
These uses are documented in Sturtevant (1972) and Long (2020).

Industrial and craft applications:
- Cultivated for ornamental horticulture; its early‑season foliage and pleasant parsley‑like scent make it a popular addition to naturalistic garden borders and wild‑flower plantings.
- Cut foliage is used in floral arrangements and dried for pot‑pourri mixtures (RHS Plant Finder, 2023).

Properties relevant to use:
- Edible parts are tender, high in moisture (≈90 % water) and low in lignified fiber, providing a crisp texture.
- Leaves contain volatile terpenoids (e.g., limonene, α‑pinene, myrcene) that give the characteristic aroma and flavor (Ghirardini et al., 2010).
- Seeds contain a modest oil fraction (≈10–15 % by weight) that yields a mild aromatic oil suitable for flavoring rather than bulk industrial extraction.
- The species is herbaceous, fast‑growing, and well‑adapted to Mediterranean climates, supporting early‑season production.

Standards and regulation:
- No specific commodity or grading standards exist for Smyrnium olusatrum; however, in the European Union fresh leafy vegetables are subject to Regulation (EC) No 852/2004 on food hygiene and to EFSA guidance on the safety assessment of wild edible plants.
- In the United States, fresh greens harvested from the wild fall under the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) Produce Safety Rule (21 CFR 112).

Sustainability and sourcing:
- The species is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List (2021), indicating a stable, widespread population across the Mediterranean basin.
- It can be cultivated with minimal inputs (low fertilizer and water requirements), and commercial production in France, Italy, and Greece supplies both fresh markets and horticultural outlets.
- Wild harvesting is generally sustainable because of its abundance, but collection should be limited to avoid localized depletion of high‑value populations.
- Certifications for organic production and sustainable wild‑collection are increasingly adopted by growers to meet market demand.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Smyrnium vulgare	Gray	Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 525 (1821 publ. 1822)
Smyrnium maritimum	Salisb.	Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 168. 1796 [Nov-Dec 1796]

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	alexanders
Arabic	سمورنيون بقلي
Arabic	الكرفس البري
Arabic	جدع
Catalan	aleixandri
Welsh	dulys
German	pferdeeppich
Greek	Σμέρνο
Greek	Σμυρνιά
Greek	Σμύρνιον το μελανοσέλινον
Greek	Αγριοσέλινο
Persian	جعفری اسب
Finnish	aleksanterinsiipiputki
French	maceron
Irish	lusrán grándubh
Croatian	lesandra
Hungarian	osztottlevelű őzsaláta
Indonesian	peterseli kuda
Japanese	アレキサンダース
Kabyle	ixses
Dutch	zwartmoeskervel
Polish	przewłoka czarna
Russian	Смирния европейская
Chinese	美味芹

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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No subspecies added yet.

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- Macaronesia
  - Azores
  - Canary Islands
  - Madeira
- Northeast Tropical Africa
  - Chad
- Northern Africa
  - Algeria
  - Libya
  - Morocco
  - Tunisia

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Western Asia
  - Cyprus
  - East Aegean Islands
  - Lebanon-Syria
  - Palestine
  - Turkey

Australasia click to expand
- New Zealand
  - New Zealand North

Europe click to expand
- Middle Europe
  - Netherlands
- Northern Europe
  - Great Britain
  - Ireland
- Southeastern Europe
  - Albania
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Kriti
  - Sicilia
  - Turkey-in-Europe
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - Baleares
  - Corse
  - France
  - Portugal
  - Sardegna
  - Spain

Southern America click to expand
- Caribbean
  - Bermuda

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000431292
USDA Plants	SMOL
Tropicos	1701900
INPN	124003
Flora of Italy	3466
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:849121-1
The Plant List	kew-2473605
Open Tree Of Life	478994
Observations.org	7480
NCBI Taxonomy	40962
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0000003652
IPNI	849121-1
iNaturalist	68007
GBIF	3034782
Freebase	/m/07slxl
EPPO	SMYOL
EOL	482116
USDA GRIN	102147
Wikipedia	Smyrnium_olusatrum

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Ecological and Syntaxonomic Analysis of the Communities of Glebionis coronaria and G. discolor (Malvion neglectae) in the European Mediterranean Area

Cano E, Cano-Ortiz A, Quinto Canas R, Piñar Fuentes JC, Rodrigues Meireles C, Raposo M, Pinto Gomes C, Laface VL, Spampinato G, Musarella CM

Plants (Basel)

20-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10934477
doi:	10.3390/plants13050568
PMID:	38475415

Exploring the Efficacy of Four Apiaceae Essential Oils against Nine Stored-Product Pests in Wheat Protection

Kavallieratos NG, Eleftheriadou N, Boukouvala MC, Skourti A, Filintas CS, Gidari DL, Maggi F, Rossi P, Drenaggi E, Morshedloo MR, Ferrati M, Spinozzi E

Plants (Basel)

15-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10893152
doi:	10.3390/plants13040533
PMID:	38498519

The most polyphagous insect herbivore? Host plant associations of the Meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.)

Thompson V, Harkin C, Stewart AJ

PLoS One

04-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10602594
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0291734
PMID:	37792900

Alternaria arborescens and A. italica Causing Leaf Blotch on Celtis julianae in China

Liao YC, Cao YJ, Wan Y, Li H, Li DW, Zhu LH

Plants (Basel)

30-Aug-2023

PMCID:	PMC10489861
doi:	10.3390/plants12173113
PMID:	37687359

Mediterranean Plants as Potential Source of Biopesticides: An Overview of Current Research and Future Trends

Fragkouli R, Antonopoulou M, Asimakis E, Spyrou A, Kosma C, Zotos A, Tsiamis G, Patakas A, Triantafyllidis V

Metabolites

22-Aug-2023

PMCID:	PMC10535963
doi:	10.3390/metabo13090967
PMID:	37755247

Acmella oleracea extracts as green pesticides against eight arthropods attacking stored products

Kavallieratos NG, Spinozzi E, Filintas CS, Nika EP, Skourti A, Panariti AM, Ferrati M, Petrelli R, Ricciutelli M, Angeloni S, Drenaggi E, Sensini A, Maggi F, Canale A, Benelli G

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int

05-Aug-2023

PMCID:	PMC10468743
doi:	10.1007/s11356-023-28577-8
PMID:	37542017

Diploid Nuclei Occur throughout the Life Cycles of Pucciniales Fungi

Talhinhas P, Carvalho R, Tavares S, Ribeiro T, Azinheira H, Ramos AP, Silva MD, Monteiro M, Loureiro J, Morais-Cecílio L

Microbiol Spectr

08-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10433954
doi:	10.1128/spectrum.01532-23
PMID:	37289058

Wild Edible Plants of Andalusia: Traditional Uses and Potential of Eating Wild in a Highly Diverse Region

Benítez G, Molero-Mesa J, González-Tejero MR

Plants (Basel)

07-Mar-2023

PMCID:	PMC10051205
doi:	10.3390/plants12061218
PMID:	36986907

Aphrophoridae as Potential Vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in Tunisia

Boukhris-Bouhachem S, Souissi R, Abou Kubaa R, El Moujabber M, Gnezdilov V

Insects

24-Jan-2023

PMCID:	PMC9962830
doi:	10.3390/insects14020119
PMID:	36835688

Phytochemical Constituents, Folk Medicinal Uses, and Biological Activities of Genus Angelica: A Review

Batiha GE, Shaheen HM, Elhawary EA, Mostafa NM, Eldahshan OA, Sabatier JM

Molecules

28-Dec-2022

PMCID:	PMC9822461
doi:	10.3390/molecules28010267
PMID:	36615460

Natural essential oils as a new therapeutic tool in colorectal cancer

Garzoli S, Alarcón-Zapata P, Seitimova G, Alarcón-Zapata B, Martorell M, Sharopov F, Fokou PV, Dize D, Yamthe LR, Les F, Cásedas G, López V, Iriti M, Rad JS, Gürer ES, Calina D, Pezzani R, Vitalini S

Cancer Cell Int

13-Dec-2022

PMCID:	PMC9749237
doi:	10.1186/s12935-022-02806-5
PMID:	36514100

Special Issue on Plant and Marine-Derived Natural Product Research in Drug Discovery: Strengths and Perspective

Duarte N

Pharmaceuticals (Basel)

11-Oct-2022

PMCID:	PMC9608971
doi:	10.3390/ph15101249
PMID:	36297361

Biodiversity in Urban Areas: The Extraordinary Case of Appia Antica Regional Park (Rome, Italy)

Iamonico D

Plants (Basel)

15-Aug-2022

PMCID:	PMC9414419
doi:	10.3390/plants11162122
PMID:	36015425

Anti-Diabesity Middle Eastern Medicinal Plants and Their Action Mechanisms

Saad B, Kmail A, Haq SZ

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med

18-Jul-2022

PMCID:	PMC9313926
doi:	10.1155/2022/2276094
PMID:	35899227

Essential Oils in Respiratory Mycosis: A Review

Zuzarte M, Salgueiro L

Molecules

28-Jun-2022

PMCID:	PMC9268412
doi:	10.3390/molecules27134140
PMID:	35807386

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols / Long-chain fatty alcohols
[(9Z,11S,16S)-11,16-dihydroxyoctadeca-9,17-dien-12,14-diynyl] acetate	6474834	Click to see CC(=O)OCCCCCCCCC=CC(C#CC#CC(C=C)O)O	332.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CBER.19731061120
11,16-Dihydroxyoctadeca-9,17-diene-12,14-diyn-1-yl acetate	53440346	Click to see CC(=O)OCCCCCCCCC=CC(C#CC#CC(C=C)O)O	332.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CBER.19731061120
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
(1R,6E,10S)-1,7-dimethyl-4-propan-2-ylidene-11-oxabicyclo[8.1.0]undec-6-en-3-one	162879791	Click to see	234.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CBER.19731061120
(1R,6Z,10S)-1,7-dimethyl-4-propan-2-ylidene-11-oxabicyclo[8.1.0]undec-6-en-3-one	101664155	Click to see CC1=CCC(=C(C)C)C(=O)CC2(C(O2)CC1)C	234.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CBER.19731061120
1,7-Dimethyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-11-oxabicyclo[8.1.0]undec-6-en-3-one	71438104	Click to see CC1=CCC(=C(C)C)C(=O)CC2(C(O2)CC1)C	234.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CBER.19731061120
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Eremophilane, 8,9-secoeremophilane and furoeremophilane sesquiterpenoids
(4aR,5S,8aS)-4a,5,6,7,8a,9-Hexahydro-3,4a,5-trimethylnaphtho(2,3-b)furan-8(4H)-one	330229	Click to see	232.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CBER.19731061120 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00195-2
(4aS,8aR)-4a,5,6,7,8a,9-Hexahydro-3,8a-dimethyl-5-methylenenaphtho(2,3-b)furan-8(4H)-one	100927547	Click to see	230.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00195-2
1b-Furanoeudesm-4(15)-en-1-ol acetate	131751288	Click to see CC1=COC2=C1CC3C(=C)CCC(C3(C2)C)OC(=O)C	274.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83197-0
1beta-Acetoxyfuranoeudesm-4(15)-ene	15379133	Click to see CC1=COC2=C1CC3C(=C)CCC(C3(C2)C)OC(=O)C	274.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83197-0
8,12-Epoxy-4(15),7,11-eudesmatrien-1-one	131751397	Click to see	230.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00195-2
Furoeremophilone 1	5187560	Click to see	232.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00195-2 https://doi.org/10.1002/CBER.19731061120
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Germacrane sesquiterpenoids
(3S,5R,8R,10S)-5,10,15-trimethyl-4,9,13-trioxatetracyclo[10.3.0.03,5.08,10]pentadeca-1(12),14-diene	98408425	Click to see CC1=COC2=C1CC3C(O3)(CCC4C(C2)(O4)C)C	248.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CBER.19731061120
(3Z,7E)-3,7-dimethyl-10-propan-2-ylidenecyclodeca-3,7-dien-1-one	5317572	Click to see	218.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CBER.19731061120
3,6,10-Trimethyl-4H,7H,8H,11H-cyclodeca[B]furan	171597	Click to see CC1=CCC2=C(CC(=CCC1)C)OC=C2C	216.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83197-0 https://doi.org/10.1002/CBER.19731061120
3,7-Cyclodecadien-1-one, 3,7-dimethyl-10-(1-methylethylidene)-, (Z,E)-	81323	Click to see	218.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CBER.19731061120
Furanodiene	9601230	Click to see	216.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CBER.19731061120
Glechomafuran	100215	Click to see	248.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CBER.19731061120 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83197-0 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50028A011 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50031A028
Isofuranodiene	636458	Click to see CC1=CCC2=C(CC(=CCC1)C)OC=C2C	216.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83197-0
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones
(1beta,4alpha,5alpha,6beta,8alpha,10b)-1,10:4,5-Diepoxy-6-hydroxy-7(11)-germacren-12,8-olide	73880643	Click to see	280.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00211-4
(2R,3R,5R,8S,10S,12S)-2-hydroxy-5,10,15-trimethyl-4,9,13-trioxatetracyclo[10.3.0.03,5.08,10]pentadec-1(15)-en-14-one	636912	Click to see CC1=C2C(CC3(C(O3)CCC4(C(C2O)O4)C)C)OC1=O	280.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00211-4
(2R,3S,5R,8R,10S,12R)-2-hydroxy-5,10,15-trimethyl-4,9,13-trioxatetracyclo[10.3.0.03,5.08,10]pentadec-1(15)-en-14-one	162984703	Click to see	280.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00211-4
(2R,5R,10S,12S)-2-hydroxy-5,10,15-trimethyl-4,9,13-trioxatetracyclo[10.3.0.03,5.08,10]pentadec-1(15)-en-14-one	22297465	Click to see	280.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00211-4
(3R,5R,8S,10S,12S)-12-hydroxy-5,10,15-trimethyl-4,9,13-trioxatetracyclo[10.3.0.03,5.08,10]pentadec-1(15)-en-14-one	162887375	Click to see	280.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00211-4
(3R,5R,8S,10S,12S)-5,10,15-trimethyl-4,9,13-trioxatetracyclo[10.3.0.03,5.08,10]pentadec-1(15)-en-14-one	99722600	Click to see	264.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00211-4
(3S,5R,8R,10S,12S)-12-hydroxy-5,10,15-trimethyl-4,9,13-trioxatetracyclo[10.3.0.03,5.08,10]pentadec-1(15)-en-14-one	162887374	Click to see	280.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00211-4
(3S,5R,8S,10S,12S)-5,10,15-trimethyl-4,9,13-trioxatetracyclo[10.3.0.03,5.08,10]pentadec-1(15)-en-14-one	26328919	Click to see CC1=C2CC3C(O3)(CCC4C(O4)(CC2OC1=O)C)C	264.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00211-4
(4aR,5S,8aS,9aS)-9a-hydroxy-3,4a,5-trimethyl-4,5,6,7,8a,9-hexahydrobenzo[f][1]benzofuran-2,8-dione	162996323	Click to see	264.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CBER.19731061120
(4aS,5R,8aR,9aS)-3,4a,5-trimethyl-5,6,7,8a,9,9a-hexahydro-4H-benzo[f][1]benzofuran-2,8-dione	101967144	Click to see CC1CCC(=O)C2C1(CC3=C(C(=O)OC3C2)C)C	248.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1135/CCCC19841311
(4aS,5R,8aS,9aS)-9a-hydroxy-3,4a,5-trimethyl-4,5,6,7,8a,9-hexahydrobenzo[f][1]benzofuran-2,8-dione	162996324	Click to see	264.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)97467-2
(5R,10S,12S)-12-hydroxy-5,10,15-trimethyl-4,9,13-trioxatetracyclo[10.3.0.03,5.08,10]pentadec-1(15)-en-14-one	162887373	Click to see	280.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00211-4
(5R,10S,12S)-5,10,15-trimethyl-4,9,13-trioxatetracyclo[10.3.0.03,5.08,10]pentadec-1(15)-en-14-one	162936992	Click to see	264.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00211-4
5,10,15-Trimethyl-4,9,13-trioxatetracyclo[10.3.0.03,5.08,10]pentadec-1(15)-en-14-one	45359717	Click to see	264.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00211-4
Ent-8a-Hydroxy-1-oxo-7(11)-eremophilen-12,8-olide	12304519	Click to see CC1CCC(=O)C2C1(CC3=C(C(=O)OC3(C2)O)C)C	264.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1135/CCCC19841311 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)97467-2 https://doi.org/10.1002/CBER.19731061120
Istanbulin A	3082428	Click to see CC1CCC(=O)C2C1(CC3=C(C(=O)OC3(C2)O)C)C	264.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50031A028 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)97467-2 https://doi.org/10.1135/CCCC19841311
Istanbulin B	131751897	Click to see CC1CCC(=O)C2C1(CC3=C(C(=O)OC3C2)C)C	248.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1135/CCCC19841311 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50031A028
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Eudesmanolides, secoeudesmanolides, and derivatives
(1beta,8beta)-1,8-Dihydroxy-3,7(11)-eudesmadien-12,8-olide	131751916	Click to see	264.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00211-4
(4aS,8R,8aR,9aS)-4a,7,8,8a,9,9a-Hexahydro-8,9a-dihydroxy-3,5,8a-trimethylnaphtho[2,3-b]furan-2(4H)-one	12009777	Click to see	264.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00211-4
(4aS,8R,8aR,9aS)-8,9a-dihydroxy-3,8a-dimethyl-5-methylidene-4,4a,6,7,8,9-hexahydrobenzo[f][1]benzofuran-2-one	12009778	Click to see CC1=C2CC3C(=C)CCC(C3(CC2(OC1=O)O)C)O	264.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00211-4
(9a-Hydroxy-3,8a-dimethyl-5-methylidene-2-oxo-4,4a,6,7,8,9-hexahydrobenzo[f][1]benzofuran-8-yl) acetate	14258971	Click to see	306.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00211-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83197-0
[(4aS,8R,8aR,9aS)-3,8a-dimethyl-5-methylidene-2-oxo-4a,6,7,8,9,9a-hexahydro-4H-benzo[f][1]benzofuran-8-yl] acetate	97045423	Click to see	290.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00211-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83197-0
[(4aS,8R,8aR,9aS)-9a-hydroxy-3,8a-dimethyl-5-methylidene-2-oxo-4,4a,6,7,8,9-hexahydrobenzo[f][1]benzofuran-8-yl] acetate	14258972	Click to see CC1=C2CC3C(=C)CCC(C3(CC2(OC1=O)O)C)OC(=O)C	306.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00211-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83197-0
8,9a-Dihydroxy-3,8a-dimethyl-5-methylidene-4,4a,6,7,8,9-hexahydrobenzo[f][1]benzofuran-2-one	73097245	Click to see CC1=C2CC3C(=C)CCC(C3(CC2(OC1=O)O)C)O	264.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00211-4
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
Alpha-Amyrin	73170	Click to see	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50031A028
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	86821	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50031A028
Stigmast-5-en-3-ol	22012	Click to see	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50031A028
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Heteroaromatic compounds
(3R,5R,7S,9S)-3,9,13-trimethyl-4,8,15-trioxatetracyclo[10.3.0.03,5.07,9]pentadeca-1(12),13-diene	162941705	Click to see	248.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83197-0
3,9,13-Trimethyl-4,8,15-trioxatetracyclo[10.3.0.03,5.07,9]pentadeca-1(12),13-diene	162941704	Click to see	248.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83197-0
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Naphthopyrans / Naphthopyranones
(2R,4aR,6aR,7S,9R,10S,10aS,10bR)-2-(furan-3-yl)-4a,7,9,10-tetrahydroxy-10b-methyl-1,2,5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a-decahydrobenzo[f]isochromen-4-one	14192187	Click to see	352.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00211-4
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-Dihydroxy-3-((2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(Hydroxymethyl)Oxan-2-yl)Oxy-Chromen-4-one	12304323	Click to see	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-011-0069-0
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(Hydroxymethyl)Oxan-2-Yl)Oxychromen-4-One	5378597	Click to see	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-011-0069-0
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	13245589	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O	478.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-011-0069-0
Isorhamnetin 3-galactoside	13245586	Click to see	478.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-011-0069-0
Quercetin 3-(6''-malonyl-glucoside)	14730813	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)COC(=O)CC(=O)O)O)O)O)O)O	550.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-011-0069-0
Quercetin 3-o-beta-D-(6''-o-malonyl)-glucoside	5282159	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)COC(=O)CC(=O)O)O)O)O)O)O	550.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-011-0069-0
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Isoflavonoids / Furanoisoflavonoids / Pterocarpans
5-(3-Methylbut-2-enyl)-3,12,17-trioxapentacyclo[11.7.0.02,10.04,9.014,18]icosa-1(13),4(9),5,7,14(18),15,19-heptaen-6-ol	75080361	Click to see CC(=CCC1=C(C=CC2=C1OC3C2COC4=C3C=CC5=C4C=CO5)O)C	348.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83197-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00211-4

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Smyrnium olusatrum

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