Common products:
- Live Lemna trisulca cultures are supplied by culture collections for use in standardized ecotoxicological assays, including OECD 221 “Duckweed Growth Inhibition Test,” where L. trisulca is an approved test species.
- Dried whole‑plant material is employed as a reference sample in laboratory protocols for nutrient uptake, metal accumulation and growth analysis in environmental monitoring.

Industrial and craft applications:
- The species is deployed in constructed wetlands and pilot‑scale bioreactors to lower concentrations of ammonium nitrogen, phosphate and selected heavy metals from municipal and industrial effluents.
- Its rapid vegetative propagation and large surface‑area fronds enable efficient nutrient scavenging, making it suitable for low‑energy water‑treatment systems; documented batch studies report high removal efficiencies for both nitrogen and phosphorus, contributing to compliance with typical discharge limits.

Properties relevant to use:
- Lemna trisulca exhibits fast frond multiplication under a wide range of light, temperature and nutrient regimes, supporting repeated harvests from a single culture.
- Experimental work demonstrates its capacity to accumulate nitrogen and phosphorus in tissue and to sequester divalent metal ions such as cadmium, lead and zinc.
- The frond morphology provides a high surface area for ion exchange, facilitating contact with dissolved contaminants and supporting the observed nutrient‑removal performance.

Standards and regulation:
- Lemna trisulca is referenced in international testing guidelines such as OECD 221 and ISO 16387 for assessing chemical toxicity to aquatic plants, ensuring consistency across laboratories.
- The use of L. trisulca in ecotoxicological testing complies with the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) framework adopted by many national regulatory agencies.

Sustainability and sourcing:
- The taxon has a cosmopolitan distribution in temperate freshwater habitats and can be cultivated in shallow ponds, raceways or integrated wastewater basins without the need for additional arable land.
- Harvesting does not require replanting; regrowth of fronds after removal enables continuous sustainable production, and the captured nutrients can be recovered as biomass for further environmental or research purposes.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Hydrophace trisulca	(L.) Bubani	Fl. Pyren. 4: 23 (1901)
Lemna bisulca	Veesenm.	Beitr. Pflanzenk. Russ. Reiches 9: 104 (1854)
Lemna cruciata	Roxb.	Fl. Ind. ed. 1832 , 3: 566 (1832)
Lemna intermedia	Ruthe	Fl. Mark Brandenburg , ed. 2: 277 (1834)
Lenticula ramosa	Lam.	Fl. Franç. 2: 189 (1779)
Lenticula trisulca	(L.) Scop.	Fl. Carniol. , ed. 2, 2: 213 (1772)
Staurogeton trisulcus	(L.) Schur	Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 4: 70 (1853)
Lemna trisulca var. sagittata	Makino	J. Jap. Bot. 3: 10. 1926
Lemna trisulca var. pygmaea	Henn.	Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 33: 8. 1891

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	ivy duckweed
English	duckweed
English	star duckweed
Spanish	la chula
Arabic	لمنة ثلاثية الأخاديد
Belarusian	лягушачча дзяружка
Belarusian	раска трайчастая
Bulgarian	триделна водна леща
Czech	okřehek trojbrázdý
Welsh	llinad dail eiddew
German	dreifurchige wasserlinse
German	untergetauchte wasserlinse
Esperanto	trisulka lemno
Estonian	ristlemmel
Persian	عدسک آبی ستارهای
Persian	عدسک ستارهای
Finnish	ristilimaska
French	lentille à trois lobbes
French	lentille bourgeonnante
French	lentille d'eau à trois sillons
French	lentille d’eau
French	lentille trilobee
Upper Sorbian	podnurjena kačizna
Japanese	ヒンジモ
Lithuanian	trilypė plūdena
Dutch	puntkroos
Norwegian Nynorsk	krossandemat
Polish	rzęsa trójrowkowa
Romanian	lentiță
Russian	ряска трёхдольная
Russian	ряска тройчатая
Russian	ряска трехдольная
Slovak	žaburinka trojbrázdová
Swedish	korsandmat
Chinese	品萍
Chinese	品藻

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- East Tropical Africa
  - Kenya
  - Tanzania
  - Uganda
- Northern Africa
  - Algeria
  - Morocco

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Caucasus
  - North Caucasus
  - Transcaucasus
- China
  - China North-central
  - China South-central
  - China Southeast
  - Inner Mongolia
  - Manchuria
  - Xinjiang
- Eastern Asia
  - Japan
  - Taiwan
- Middle Asia
  - Kazakhstan
  - Kirgizstan
  - Tadzhikistan
  - Uzbekistan
- Mongolia
  - Mongolia
- Russian Far East
  - Amur
  - Kamchatka
  - Khabarovsk
  - Kuril Islands
  - Magadan
  - Primorye
  - Sakhalin
- Siberia
  - Altay
  - Buryatiya
  - Chita
  - Irkutsk
  - Krasnoyarsk
  - Tuva
  - West Siberia
  - Yakutskiya
- Western Asia
  - Afghanistan
  - Iran
  - Palestine
  - Turkey

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Bangladesh
  - Pakistan
  - West Himalaya
- Indo-China
  - Myanmar
- Malesia
  - Philippines
  - Sumatera
- Papuasia
  - New Guinea

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - New South Wales
  - Norfolk Island
  - Northern Territory
  - Queensland
  - South Australia
  - Tasmania
  - Victoria
  - Western Australia

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Baltic States
  - Belarus
  - Central European Russia
  - East European Russia
  - Krym
  - North European Russia
  - Northwest European Russia
  - South European Russia
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
  - Belgium
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Germany
  - Hungary
  - Netherlands
  - Poland
  - Switzerland
- Northern Europe
  - Denmark
  - Finland
  - Great Britain
  - Ireland
  - Norway
  - Sweden
- Southeastern Europe
  - Bulgaria
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Romania
  - Sicilia
  - Turkey-in-Europe
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - France
  - Portugal
  - Sardegna
  - Spain

Northern America click to expand
- Eastern Canada
  - Ontario
  - Québec
- Mexico
  - Mexico Central
  - Mexico Northeast
  - Mexico Southwest
- North-central U.S.A.
  - Illinois
  - Iowa
  - Kansas
  - Minnesota
  - Missouri
  - Nebraska
  - North Dakota
  - Oklahoma
  - South Dakota
  - Wisconsin
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Connecticut
  - Indiana
  - Maine
  - Massachusetts
  - Michigan
  - New Hampshire
  - New Jersey
  - New York
  - Ohio
  - Pennsylvania
  - Rhode Island
  - Vermont
  - West Virginia
- Northwestern U.S.A.
  - Colorado
  - Idaho
  - Montana
  - Oregon
  - Washington
  - Wyoming
- South-central U.S.A.
  - New Mexico
  - Texas
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Alabama
  - Arkansas
  - Delaware
  - District Of Columbia
  - Florida
  - Georgia
  - Kentucky
  - Louisiana
  - Maryland
  - Mississippi
  - North Carolina
  - South Carolina
  - Tennessee
  - Virginia
- Southwestern U.S.A.
  - Arizona
  - California
  - Nevada
  - Utah
- Subarctic America
  - Alaska
  - Yukon
- Western Canada
  - Alberta
  - British Columbia
  - Manitoba
  - Saskatchewan

Southern America click to expand
- Caribbean
  - Cuba

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000224474
Canadensys	6491
USDA Plants	LETR
Tropicos	18100003
INPN	105441
Flora of Italy	7865
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:526223-1
The Plant List	kew-109339
Open Tree Of Life	483437
Observations.org	6963
NCBI Taxonomy	161105
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0000002357
Nature Serve	2.154220
IUCN Red List	164467
IPNI	526223-1
iNaturalist	77655
GBIF	2867579
Freebase	/m/04g1d9v
WisFlora	4038
EPPO	LEMTR
EOL	1142157
Elurikkus	5427
Calflora (Californian flora)	4659
USDA GRIN	400081
Wikipedia	Lemna_trisulca
CMAUP	NPO26383

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Pb uptake, accumulation, and translocation in plants: Plant physiological, biochemical, and molecular response: A review

Ur Rahman S, Qin A, Zain M, Mushtaq Z, Mehmood F, Riaz L, Naveed S, Ansari MJ, Saeed M, Ahmad I, Shehzad M

Heliyon

07-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10945279
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27724
PMID:	38500979

The evolution of the duckweed ionome mirrors losses in structural complexity

Smith KE, Zhou M, Flis P, Jones DH, Bishopp A, Yant L

Ann Bot

02-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC11089258
doi:	10.1093/aob/mcae012
PMID:	38307008

Taxonomy, ecology, and relevance to food safety of the genus Listeria with a particular consideration of new Listeria species described between 2010 and 2022

Orsi RH, Liao J, Carlin CR, Wiedmann M

mBio

21-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10865800
doi:	10.1128/mbio.00938-23
PMID:	38126771

Impact of Arieş River Contaminants on Algae and Plants

Halmagyi A, Butiuc-Keul A, Keul M, Dobrotă C, Fodorpataki L, Pintea A, Mocan A, Pop V, Coste A

Toxics

28-Sep-2023

PMCID:	PMC10611376
doi:	10.3390/toxics11100817
PMID:	37888668

Exogenous application of glutathione enhanced growth, nutritional orchestration and physiochemical characteristics of Brassica oleracea L. under lead stress

Ahmad M, Ahmed S, Yasin NA, Wahid A, Sardar R

Physiol Mol Biol Plants

26-Aug-2023

PMCID:	PMC10564701
doi:	10.1007/s12298-023-01346-0
PMID:	37829699

A basic community dynamics experiment: Disentangling deterministic and stochastic processes in structuring ecological communities

Jewell MD, Bell G

Ecol Evol

04-Dec-2022

PMCID:	PMC9720002
doi:	10.1002/ece3.9568
PMID:	36479026

Assessment of the Effects of Chitosan, Chitooligosaccharides and Their Derivatives on Lemna minor

Boros BV, Dascalu D, Ostafe V, Isvoran A

Molecules

19-Sep-2022

PMCID:	PMC9502776
doi:	10.3390/molecules27186123
PMID:	36144862

Biodiversity of Duckweed (Lemnaceae) in Water Reservoirs of Ukraine and China Assessed by Chloroplast DNA Barcoding

Chen G, Stepanenko A, Lakhneko O, Zhou Y, Kishchenko O, Peterson A, Cui D, Zhu H, Xu J, Morgun B, Gudkov D, Friesen N, Borysyuk M

Plants (Basel)

30-May-2022

PMCID:	PMC9182681
doi:	10.3390/plants11111468
PMID:	35684242

Time Course of Age-Linked Changes in Photosynthetic Efficiency of Spirodela polyrhiza Exposed to Cadmium

Peršić V, Antunović Dunić J, Domjan L, Zellnig G, Cesar V

Front Plant Sci

25-May-2022

PMCID:	PMC9175006
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2022.872793
PMID:	35693160

The effects of aqueous extract from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) peel on the growth and physiological characteristics of Dolichospermum flos-aquae

Yan J, Xu P, Zhang F, Huang X, Cao Y, Zhang S

Sci Rep

16-May-2022

PMCID:	PMC9110734
doi:	10.1038/s41598-022-12124-5
PMID:	35577831

The influence of land use in the catchment area of small waterbodies on the quality of water and plant species composition

Szpakowska B, Świerk D, Dudzińska A, Pajchrowska M, Gołdyn R

Sci Rep

04-May-2022

PMCID:	PMC9068702
doi:	10.1038/s41598-022-11115-w
PMID:	35508674

Macrophyte communities as indicators of the ecological status of drainage canals and regulated rivers (Eastern Poland)

Tarkowska-Kukuryk M, Grzywna A

Environ Monit Assess

22-Feb-2022

PMCID:	PMC8863726
doi:	10.1007/s10661-022-09777-0
PMID:	35194688

New Insights into Interspecific Hybridization in Lemna L. Sect. Lemna (Lemnaceae Martinov)

Braglia L, Breviario D, Gianì S, Gavazzi F, De Gregori J, Morello L

Plants (Basel)

15-Dec-2021

PMCID:	PMC8703825
doi:	10.3390/plants10122767
PMID:	34961238

Known but not called by name: recreational fishers’ ecological knowledge of freshwater plants in Hungary

Löki V, Nagy J, Nagy A, Babai D, Molnár Z, Lukács BA

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

04-Nov-2021

PMCID:	PMC8567722
doi:	10.1186/s13002-021-00489-2
PMID:	34736491

Duckweeds: their utilization, metabolites and cultivation

Baek G, Saeed M, Choi HK

Appl Biol Chem

19-Oct-2021

PMCID:	PMC8525856
doi:	10.1186/s13765-021-00644-z
PMID:	34693083

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acid esters / Fatty acid methyl esters
Methyl (8z,11z,14z)-8,11,14-hexadecatrienoate	129866281	Click to see	264.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84777-9
Methyl hexadeca-8,11,14-trienoate	162963326	Click to see CC=CCC=CCC=CCCCCCCC(=O)OC	264.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84777-9
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols
methyl (8Z,10E,12S,14Z)-12-hydroxyhexadeca-8,10,14-trienoate	162992535	Click to see CC=CCC(C=CC=CCCCCCCC(=O)OC)O	280.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84777-9
methyl (E,8S)-8-hydroxy-10-[(1S,5R)-5-methyl-4-oxocyclopent-2-en-1-yl]dec-9-enoate	101635705	Click to see CC1C(C=CC1=O)C=CC(CCCCCCC(=O)OC)O	294.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84777-9
Methyl 8-hydroxy-10-(5-methyl-4-oxocyclopent-2-en-1-yl)dec-9-enoate	163008189	Click to see	294.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84777-9
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Diterpene lactones
Helioscopinolide E	11565893	Click to see	314.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Jolkinolide E	5318716	Click to see	300.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
[(3S,5R,9R,10R,13S,14S,17S)-4,4,10,13,14-pentamethyl-17-[(2S)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]-2,3,5,6,9,11,12,15,16,17-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl] (2E,4E)-deca-2,4-dienoate	44233678	Click to see	576.90	unknown	via CMAUP database
11-oxo-ganoderiol D	139587296	Click to see CC(CCC(C(C)(CO)O)O)C1CCC2(C1(CC(=O)C3=C2C(=O)CC4C3(CCC(=O)C4(C)C)C)C)C	502.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84777-9
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Cycloartanols and derivatives
(1S,3R,6S,8R,11S,12S,15R,16R)-15-[(2R,5R)-5-hydroxy-6-methylhept-6-en-2-yl]-7,7,12,16-tetramethylpentacyclo[9.7.0.01,3.03,8.012,16]octadecan-6-ol	14313591	Click to see	442.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
24-Methylenecycloartanol	94204	Click to see	440.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
24-Methylenecycloartanone	14635659	Click to see	438.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
3beta-[[(2E,4E)-1-Oxo-2,4-decadienyl]oxy]-24-methylene-5alpha-cycloartane	44233424	Click to see CCCCCC=CC=CC(=O)OC1CCC23CC24CCC5(C(CCC5(C4CCC3C1(C)C)C)C(C)CCC(=C)C(C)C)C	591.00	unknown	via CMAUP database
Cycloeucalenol	101690	Click to see CC1C2CCC3C4(CCC(C4(CCC35C2(C5)CCC1O)C)C(C)CCC(=C)C(C)C)C	426.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Ergostane steroids / Ergosterols and derivatives
(+)-Obtusifoliol	65252	Click to see	426.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Naphthofurans
(1S,2R,5R,7S,8R,11S,17R)-11-hydroxy-2,7,14-trimethyl-16-oxapentacyclo[9.7.0.02,8.05,7.013,17]octadec-13-ene-12,15-dione	44233196	Click to see CC1=C2C(CC3C4(CCC5CC5(C4CCC3(C2=O)O)C)C)OC1=O	330.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1S,2R,5R,7S,8R,13R,14R,17R)-2,7,14-trimethyl-16-oxapentacyclo[9.7.0.02,8.05,7.013,17]octadec-10-ene-12,15-dione	44233421	Click to see	314.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glucuronides / Flavonoid-3-O-glucuronides
(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-3-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid	101005581	Click to see	640.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Querciturone	5274585	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)C(=O)O)O)O)O)O)O	478.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
Isoquercetin	5280804	Click to see	464.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Quercitrin	5280459	Click to see	448.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Rutin	5280805	Click to see	610.50	unknown	via CMAUP database

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Lemna trisulca

Table of Contents

Details Top

Ethnobotanical Use Top

General Uses Top

Synonyms Top

Common names Top

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

Germination/Propagation Top

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Links to other databases Top

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Scientific Literature Top

Phytochemical Profile Top

Gallery Top

Contributors Top

Collections Top