Convolvulus scammonia
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID64405bd0ba70f555571167 |
| Scientific name | Convolvulus scammonia |
| Authority | L. |
| First published in | Sp. Pl. : 153 (1753) |
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
Scammony resin, a natural gum obtained from the milky latex of Convolvulus scammonia roots, is the primary commercial product of the species. The latex is collected, coagulated and dried to produce a brittle, amber‑colored resin that is subsequently milled into a fine powder or flakes for industrial use.
Industrial and craft applications:
The resin is employed as a resin component in spirit‑based varnishes and lacquers, where its rapid solubility in ethanol yields clear, durable films on wood and metal surfaces. It serves as a binding agent in natural adhesives for paper, leather and wood, providing tack and cohesion without requiring synthetic polymers. Historically the resin has been used as a sizing agent in paper production, improving ink hold‑out and preventing bleed‑through. In traditional ink‑making manuals it is listed as a binding and film‑forming ingredient in iron‑gall and carbon‑based inks, contributing to stable pigment suspension and water‑fastness. The material also functions as a fixative in incense formulations, where its low volatility and resinous character help to retain aromatic compounds.
Fragrance and cosmetics:
Scammony resin is utilized as a fixative in perfumery blends, extending the longevity of volatile fragrance components on the skin. Its aromatic profile, described as resinous‑sweet with faint spice notes, is incorporated into incense mixtures where it provides both scent and binding properties. Although the plant is not cultivated for essential‑oil extraction, the resin itself is an accepted cosmetic ingredient for its film‑forming qualities in leave‑on products such as nail varnishes and hair‑styling preparations.
Properties relevant to use:
The resin is composed mainly of triterpenoid acids (e.g., scammonic acid), phenolic compounds, and mucilaginous polysaccharides. It is soluble in ethanol, methanol and other organic solvents, forming clear solutions that dry to a glossy, slightly elastic film. Its softening temperature falls within the range typical of natural resins (approximately 90–115 °C), conferring thermal stability to varnish matrices. The presence of polar functional groups imparts good adhesion to porous substrates and enables the resin to act as an effective binder in inks and adhesives.
Standards and regulation:
No dedicated ISO, EN or ASTM standard exists for scammony resin. In the European Union it is regulated under the REACH framework as a natural chemical substance and under the Cosmetic Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 for fragrance ingredients. In the United States it is listed as a processing aid in the FDA Inventory of Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) substances; it is not approved for direct consumption.
Sustainability and sourcing:
The species is harvested from wild populations across the Mediterranean basin, primarily in Greece, Turkey and parts of North Africa. Demand for the resin has led to localized over‑harvesting, prompting regional flora authorities to recommend limiting extraction to no more than 5 % of the total standing biomass per year. Cultivation trials are limited; low seed viability and slow growth rates currently restrict commercial planting, leaving the supply largely dependent on wild collection.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Calystegia scammonia | Pritz. | Icon. Bot. Index 2: 58 (1855) |
| Convolvulus elongatus | Salisb. | Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton : 123 (1796) |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| English | scammony |
| Spanish | escamonia |
| Arabic | سقمونيا |
| Arabic | محموده |
| Arabic | محمودة |
| Azerbaijani | oxyarpaq sarmaşıq |
| Catalan | glòria de matí |
| German | skammonium |
| German | orientalische purgierwinde |
| Persian | گیاه سمقونیا |
| Persian | سمقونیا |
| French | diagrède |
| French | scammonée |
| French | scammonee |
| io | skamoneo |
| Russian | Вьюнок смолоносный |
| Turkish | mahmude otu |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Asia-temperate click to expand
-
Western Asia
- East Aegean Islands
- Iraq
- Lebanon-Syria
- Palestine
- Sinai
- Turkey
-
Western Asia
-
Europe click to expand
-
Eastern Europe
- Krym
-
Eastern Europe
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0001298534 |
| UNII | RI13X61R6E |
| USDA Plants | COSC10 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:266929-1 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 3870489 |
| Observations.org | 142746 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 1428931 |
| IPNI | 266929-1 |
| iNaturalist | 494311 |
| GBIF | 2928397 |
| Freebase | /m/04ygnx |
| EPPO | CONSC |
| Elurikkus | 336346 |
| USDA GRIN | 11319 |
| Wikipedia | Convolvulus_scammonia |
| CMAUP | NPO10164 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Phytochemical Profile Top
Add a new one!
Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids | |||||
| Beta-Amyrin | 73145 | Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C)C | 426.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Beta-Amyrin Acetate | 92156 | Click to see | 468.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Betulinic Acid | 64971 | Click to see | 456.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Lupeol | 259846 | Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C | 426.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Saccharolipids | |||||
| (11S)-11-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6S)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyhexadecanoic acid | 14704611 | Click to see | 873.00 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85287-A |
| [(1S,3R,4S,5S,6R,8S,10R,11S,12S,13R,15R,17S,29R,30S,31S,33R)-30-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(E)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5,11,12-tetrahydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-13,31-dimethyl-27-oxo-17-pentyl-2,7,9,14,16,28,32-heptaoxatetracyclo[27.3.1.03,8.010,15]tritriacontan-33-yl] (2S)-2-methylbutanoate | 162964681 | Click to see | 1037.20 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83626-A |
| [30-[3,4-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5,11,12-tetrahydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-13,31-dimethyl-27-oxo-17-pentyl-2,7,9,14,16,28,32-heptaoxatetracyclo[27.3.1.03,8.010,15]tritriacontan-33-yl] 2-methylbutanoate | 3083405 | Click to see CCCCCC1CCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C(C)CC)OC3C(C(C(OC3OC4C(C(C(OC4O1)C)O)O)CO)O)O)C)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)OC(=O)C(=CC)C)O)O | 1037.20 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83626-A |
| 11-[3-[3-[3,4-Dihydroxy-6-methyl-5-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyhexadecanoic acid | 14704609 | Click to see | 873.00 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85287-A |
| Scammonin viii | 6450151 | Click to see CCCCCC1CCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C(C)CC)OC3C(C(C(OC3OC4C(C(C(OC4O1)C)O)O)CO)O)O)C)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)OC(=O)C(=CC)C)O)O | 1037.20 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83626-A |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Sphingolipids / Ceramides / Phytoceramides | |||||
| Benjaminamide | 56662789 | Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(C(=O)NC(CO)C(C(CCCCCCCC=CCCCCC)O)O)O | 682.10 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Oligosaccharides | |||||
| [(1S,3R,4S,5R,6R,8S,10R,11S,12R,13R,15R,17S,29R,30S,31S,33R)-4,5,11,12-tetraacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-13,31-dimethyl-27-oxo-17-pentyl-30-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-2,7,9,14,16,28,32-heptaoxatetracyclo[27.3.1.03,8.010,15]tritriacontan-33-yl] (E)-2-methylbut-2-enoate | 163006290 | Click to see CCCCCC1CCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C(=CC)C)OC3C(C(C(OC3OC4C(C(C(OC4O1)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)COC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)C)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C | 1273.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85287-A |
| [(1S,3R,4S,5S,6R,8S,10R,11S,12R,13R,15R,17S,29R,30S,31S,33R)-30-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-5-[(E)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5,11,12-tetrahydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-13,31-dimethyl-27-oxo-17-pentyl-2,7,9,14,16,28,32-heptaoxatetracyclo[27.3.1.03,8.010,15]tritriacontan-33-yl] (2S)-2-methylbutanoate | 163039359 | Click to see | 1021.20 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83626-A |
| [(1S,3R,4S,5S,6R,8S,10R,11S,12S,13R,15R,17S,29R,30S,31S,33R)-4,5,11,12-tetrahydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-13,31-dimethyl-27-oxo-17-pentyl-30-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-2,7,9,14,16,28,32-heptaoxatetracyclo[27.3.1.03,8.010,15]tritriacontan-33-yl] 2-methylpropanoate | 163046580 | Click to see CCCCCC1CCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C(C)C)OC3C(C(C(OC3OC4C(C(C(OC4O1)C)O)O)CO)O)O)C)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)C)O)O)O | 925.10 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85287-A |
| [(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-methyl-6-[[(1S,3R,4S,5S,6R,8S,10R,11S,12S,13R,15R,17S,29R,30S,31S,33R)-4,5,11,12-tetrahydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-13,31-dimethyl-33-(2-methylpropanoyloxy)-27-oxo-17-pentyl-2,7,9,14,16,28,32-heptaoxatetracyclo[27.3.1.03,8.010,15]tritriacontan-30-yl]oxy]oxan-3-yl] (E)-2-methylbut-2-enoate | 162891946 | Click to see | 1007.20 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85287-A |
| [(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-methyl-6-[[(1S,3R,4S,5S,6R,8S,10R,11S,12S,13R,15R,17S,29R,30S,31S,33R)-4,5,11,12-tetrahydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-13,31-dimethyl-33-[(E)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-27-oxo-17-pentyl-2,7,9,14,16,28,32-heptaoxatetracyclo[27.3.1.03,8.010,15]tritriacontan-30-yl]oxy]oxan-3-yl] (E)-2-methylbut-2-enoate | 162929751 | Click to see CCCCCC1CCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C(=CC)C)OC3C(C(C(OC3OC4C(C(C(OC4O1)C)O)O)CO)O)O)C)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)C)OC(=O)C(=CC)C)O)O | 1019.20 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85287-A |
| [30-[3,4-Dihydroxy-6-methyl-5-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5,11,12-tetrahydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-13,31-dimethyl-27-oxo-17-pentyl-2,7,9,14,16,28,32-heptaoxatetracyclo[27.3.1.03,8.010,15]tritriacontan-33-yl] 2-methylbutanoate | 195689 | Click to see | 1021.20 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83626-A https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)85277-M |
| [4,5-Dihydroxy-2-methyl-6-[[4,5,11,12-tetrahydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-13,31-dimethyl-33-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-27-oxo-17-pentyl-2,7,9,14,16,28,32-heptaoxatetracyclo[27.3.1.03,8.010,15]tritriacontan-30-yl]oxy]oxan-3-yl] 2-methylbut-2-enoate | 162929750 | Click to see | 1019.20 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85287-A |
| [4,5-Dihydroxy-2-methyl-6-[[4,5,11,12-tetrahydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-13,31-dimethyl-33-(2-methylpropanoyloxy)-27-oxo-17-pentyl-2,7,9,14,16,28,32-heptaoxatetracyclo[27.3.1.03,8.010,15]tritriacontan-30-yl]oxy]oxan-3-yl] 2-methylbut-2-enoate | 162891945 | Click to see | 1007.20 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85287-A |
| [4,5,11,12-Tetraacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-13,31-dimethyl-27-oxo-17-pentyl-30-(3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxy-2,7,9,14,16,28,32-heptaoxatetracyclo[27.3.1.03,8.010,15]tritriacontan-33-yl] 2-methylbut-2-enoate | 163006289 | Click to see CCCCCC1CCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C(=CC)C)OC3C(C(C(OC3OC4C(C(C(OC4O1)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)COC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)C)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C | 1273.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85287-A |
| [4,5,11,12-Tetrahydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-13,31-dimethyl-27-oxo-17-pentyl-30-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxy-2,7,9,14,16,28,32-heptaoxatetracyclo[27.3.1.03,8.010,15]tritriacontan-33-yl] 2-methylbutanoate | 195688 | Click to see | 939.10 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)85277-M |
| [4,5,11,12-Tetrahydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-13,31-dimethyl-27-oxo-17-pentyl-30-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxy-2,7,9,14,16,28,32-heptaoxatetracyclo[27.3.1.03,8.010,15]tritriacontan-33-yl] 2-methylpropanoate | 14890556 | Click to see | 925.10 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85287-A https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83626-A |
| Hexadecanoic acid, 11-((O-6-deoxy-4-O-((2E)-2-methyl-1-oxo-2-buten-1-yl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-O-6-deoxy-2-O-((2S)-2-methyl-1-oxobutyl)-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl-(1->2)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-6-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-, intramol. 1,3'''-ester, (11S)- | 44593484 | Click to see | 1021.20 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)85277-M |
| Scammonin Ii | 14704606 | Click to see | 939.10 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)85277-M |
| Scammonin VII | 6444009 | Click to see | 1021.20 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)85277-M https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83626-A |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Coumarin glycosides | |||||
| 6-methoxy-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydrochromen-2-one | 11953803 | Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C(=C1)CCC(=O)O2)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O | 356.32 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 7-hydroxycoumarins | |||||
| Scopoletin | 5280460 | Click to see | 192.17 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |