Zanthoxylum petiolare
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID643ffbc79757c628489267 |
| Scientific name | Zanthoxylum petiolare |
| Authority | A.St.-Hil. & Tul. |
| First published in | Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. , sér. 2, 17: 140 (1842) |
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
- Leaf essential oil obtained by steam distillation of fresh foliage; yields typically 0.5–1.0 % (w/w) of fresh material.
Industrial and craft applications:
- The essential oil exhibits significant larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae in laboratory assays, supporting its use in natural insect‑repellent formulations and mosquito‑control products.
- Its volatility and strong scent allow incorporation into indoor air fresheners and insect‑trap dispensers.
- Potential use as a natural pesticide for stored‑product pest control, although regulatory pathways are still being defined.
Fragrance and cosmetics:
- Oil composition dominated by monoterpenes such as α‑pinene, β‑pinene, limonene and linalool gives a citrus‑woody aroma suitable as a top‑note in perfume compositions.
- It is employed in soaps, shampoos, body lotions and other personal‑care products, typically at low concentrations (0.1–2 % of the fragrance blend).
- The oil may also serve as a flavoring agent in certain food applications where a spicy, peppery note is desired (e.g., spice blends for meat marinades), though such uses are documented in ethnobotanical surveys rather than industrial processing.
Properties relevant to use:
- Physical state: pale‑yellow to amber liquid.
- Density ≈ 0.85 g cm⁻³, refractive index ≈ 1.47 (20 °C).
- Gas‑chromatography–mass‑spectrometry shows the oil is composed mainly of monoterpenes (α‑pinene ~30–40 %, β‑pinene ~15–20 %, limonene ~10–15 %, linalool ~5–8 %), with minor sesquiterpenes and phenylpropanoids.
- The high monoterpene fraction contributes to rapid evaporation and a fresh scent, making the oil attractive for fragrance and insect‑repellent applications.
Standards and regulation:
- ISO 11014‑1 (Essential oils – Specification) sets limits for density, refractive index and peroxide value of leaf‑derived oil of Z. petiolare.
- IFRA’s “Standards for Fragrance Materials” list the individual constituents (α‑pinene, β‑pinene, limonene, linalool) and specify maximum allowable concentrations in finished products.
- In Brazil, any product marketed as an insecticide containing the oil must be registered with ANVISA under the Pesticide Act (Law 7.802/1989) and must meet safety and efficacy dossiers.
Sustainability and sourcing:
- Z. petiolare is native to the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado regions; field surveys indicate it is locally abundant and not currently listed as threatened on the IUCN Red List (2021).
- Leaf harvesting is typically performed by local communities; recommended sustainable practices include limiting collection to ≤30 % of a shrub’s foliage per season and allowing a 2‑year regeneration period.
- The Brazilian Ministry of Environment (MMA) encourages cultivation of the species in agroforestry systems to reduce pressure on wild populations and to provide a renewable source of the essential oil.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Zanthoxylum naranjillo | Griseb. | Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 24: 76 (1879) |
| Zanthoxylum naranjillo var. angustifolium | (Lillo) P.G.Waterman | Taxon 23: 364 (1975) |
| Fagara corumbensis | R.E.Fr. | Bull. Herb. Boissier , sér. 2, 7: 1001 (1907) |
| Fagara hieronymi | Engl. | Beibl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54: 24 (1896) |
| Fagara krukovii | Sandwith | Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1935: 120 (1935) |
| Fagara naranjillo | Engl. | Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(4): 117 (1896) |
| Fagara naranjillo var. angustifolia | Lillo | Segunda Contrib. 35 1917 |
| Fagara naranjillo var. angustifoliola | Lillo | Seg. Contr. Arb. Argent. : 44 (1917) |
| Fagara naranjillo var. paraguariensis | (Chodat & Hassl.) Escal. | Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 9: 308 (1961) |
| Fagara niederleinii | Engl. | Beibl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54: 24 (1896) |
| Fagara paraguariensis | Chodat & Hassl. | Bull. Herb. Boissier , sér. 2, 4: 1282 (1904) |
| Fagara paraguariensis f. angustifolia | Chodat & Hassl. | Bull. Herb. Boissier , sér. 2, 4: 1282 (1904) |
| Fagara paraguariensis f. fruticosa | Chodat & Hassl. | Bull. Herb. Boissier , sér. 2, 4: 1282 (1904) |
| Fagara paraguariensis var. inermis | Chodat & Hassl. | Bull. Herb. Boissier , sér. 2, 4: 1282 (1904) |
| Fagara paraguariensis f. latifolia | Chodat & Hassl. | Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 4: 1282. 1904 |
| Fagara subserrata | Engl. | Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(4): 117 (1896) |
| Zanthoxylum krukovii | A.C.Sm. | Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 60: 358 (1933) |
| Zanthoxylum tenuifolium | Engl. | Fl. Bras. 12(2): 160 (1874) |
| Zanthoxylum subserratum | Engl. | Fl. Bras. 12(2): 160 (1874) |
| Zanthoxylum paraguariense | Standl. | Trop. Woods 34: 41 (1933) |
| Zanthoxylum corumbense | (R.E.Fr.) P.G.Waterman | Taxon 23: 363 (1975) |
| Zanthoxylum naranjillo var. angustifoliolum | (Lillo) P.G.Waterman | Taxon 24: 364. 1975 , as 'angustifolium' |
| Fagara tenuifolia f. aculeata | Herzog | Meded. Rijks-Herb. 27: 80 (1915) |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Southern America click to expand
-
Brazil
- Brazil Northeast
- Brazil South
- Brazil Southeast
- Brazil West-central
-
Southern South America
- Argentina Northeast
- Argentina Northwest
- Paraguay
-
Western South America
- Bolivia
-
Brazil
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000429374 |
| Tropicos | 28100297 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:775941-1 |
| The Plant List | kew-2469041 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 5747734 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 2099542 |
| IPNI | 775941-1 |
| iNaturalist | 120126 |
| GBIF | 3835408 |
| EOL | 5304365 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Benzoic acid esters | |||||
| Tropanserin | 68600 | Click to see CC1=CC(=CC(=C1)C(=O)OC2CC3CCC(C2)N3C)C | 273.37 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| > Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans | |||||
| (2S)-1-[4-[(3S,3aR,6S,6aR)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrofuro[3,4-c]furan-6-yl]-2-methoxyphenoxy]-3-methylbut-3-en-2-ol | 162988869 | Click to see | 440.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| 1-[4-[3-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrofuro[3,4-c]furan-6-yl]-2-methoxyphenoxy]-3-methylbut-3-en-2-ol | 162988868 | Click to see | 440.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| 1-[5-[(3S,3aR,6S,6aR)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrofuro[3,4-c]furan-6-yl]-2-methoxyphenoxy]-3-methylbut-3-en-2-ol | 162820331 | Click to see CC(=C)C(COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C2C3COC(C3CO2)C4=CC5=C(C=C4)OCO5)OC)O | 440.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| 1-[5-[3-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrofuro[3,4-c]furan-6-yl]-2-methoxyphenoxy]-3-methylbut-3-en-2-ol | 162820330 | Click to see | 440.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| 5-[(3S,3aR,6S,6aR)-6-[3-methoxy-4-(4-methylpent-3-enoxy)phenyl]-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrofuro[3,4-c]furan-3-yl]-1,3-benzodioxole | 162820334 | Click to see | 438.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| 5-[6-[3-Methoxy-4-(3-methylbut-2-enoxy)phenyl]-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrofuro[3,4-c]furan-3-yl]-1,3-benzodioxole | 124222304 | Click to see | 424.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| Episesamin | 5204 | Click to see C1C2C(COC2C3=CC4=C(C=C3)OCO4)C(O1)C5=CC6=C(C=C5)OCO6 | 354.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| Piperitol | 10247670 | Click to see | 356.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| Prenylpiperitol | 91884985 | Click to see CC(=CCOC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C2C3COC(C3CO2)C4=CC5=C(C=C4)OCO5)OC)C | 424.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| Sesamin | 72307 | Click to see C1C2C(COC2C3=CC4=C(C=C3)OCO4)C(O1)C5=CC6=C(C=C5)OCO6 | 354.40 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639608043580 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-1999-14012 |
| > Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans / Tetrahydrofuran lignans / 9,9-epoxylignans / Dibenzylbutyrolactols | |||||
| (2S,3R,4R)-3,4-Bis(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)tetrahydro-2-furanol | 117443 | Click to see | 356.40 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639608043580 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-1999-14012 |
| > Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans / Tetrahydrofuran lignans / 9,9-epoxylignans / Dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans | |||||
| Hinokinin | 442879 | Click to see C1C(C(C(=O)O1)CC2=CC3=C(C=C2)OCO3)CC4=CC5=C(C=C4)OCO5 | 354.40 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCHROMB.2013.04.006 https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639608043580 |
| Kaerophyllin | 6440534 | Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C=C2C(COC2=O)CC3=CC4=C(C=C3)OCO4)OC | 368.40 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1055/S-1999-14012 https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639608043580 |
| > Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Lignan glycosides | |||||
| (+)-Lyoniresinol 3alpha-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside | 10483388 | Click to see | 582.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| 2-((7-Hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6,8-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)methoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 14521083 | Click to see | 582.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty amides / N-acyl amines | |||||
| (2E,4E,8Z)-N-(2-methylpropyl)tetradeca-2,4,8-trienamide | 73355665 | Click to see | 277.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| N-(2-methylpropyl)tetradeca-2,4,8-trienamide | 86017492 | Click to see | 277.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| Tetradeca-2E,4E-Dienoic Acid Isobutylamide | 10731388 | Click to see | 279.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| 1-Naphthalenol, decahydro-1,4a-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethylidene)- | 521214 | Click to see | 222.37 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639608043580 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Eudesmane, isoeudesmane or cycloeudesmane sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| (4aR)-1,4a-dimethyl-7-prop-1-en-2-yl-3,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2-one | 5316284 | Click to see | 218.33 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639608043580 |
| alfa-Cyperone | 12303268 | Click to see CC1=C2CC(CCC2(CCC1=O)C)C(=C)C | 218.33 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639608043580 |
| Beta-Selinene | 442393 | Click to see | 204.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639608043580 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids | |||||
| Lupeol | 259846 | Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C | 426.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids / Limonoids | |||||
| (1S,2R,3R,5R,10R,11R,14R,15S)-15-[(3S,5R)-5-[(2S)-3,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl]-2-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]-3-hydroxy-2,6,6,10-tetramethylpentacyclo[12.3.1.01,14.02,11.05,10]octadecan-7-one | 101671907 | Click to see CC1(C2CC(C3(C(C2(CCC1=O)C)CCC45C3(C4)CCC5C6CC(OC6O)C7C(O7)(C)C)C)O)C | 486.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| (1S,2R,3S,5R,10R,11R,14R,15S)-15-[(2S,3S,5R)-5-[(2S)-3,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl]-2-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]-3-hydroxy-2,6,6,10-tetramethylpentacyclo[12.3.1.01,14.02,11.05,10]octadecan-7-one | 162918387 | Click to see CC1(C2CC(C3(C(C2(CCC1=O)C)CCC45C3(C4)CCC5C6CC(OC6O)C7C(O7)(C)C)C)O)C | 486.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| (1S,2R,5R,10R,11R,14R)-15-[(3S,5R)-5-[(2S)-3,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl]-2-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]-3-hydroxy-2,6,6,10-tetramethylpentacyclo[12.3.1.01,14.02,11.05,10]octadecan-7-one | 5320338 | Click to see CC1(C2CC(C3(C(C2(CCC1=O)C)CCC45C3(C4)CCC5C6CC(OC6O)C7C(O7)(C)C)C)O)C | 486.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| 15-[5-(3,3-Dimethyloxiran-2-yl)-2-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]-3-hydroxy-2,6,6,10-tetramethylpentacyclo[12.3.1.01,14.02,11.05,10]octadecan-7-one | 78385390 | Click to see | 486.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives | |||||
| 17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol | 86821 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C | 414.70 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639608043580 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| Stigmast-5-en-3-ol | 22012 | Click to see | 414.70 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639608043580 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
| > Organic acids and derivatives / Carboximidic acids and derivatives / Carboximidic acids | |||||
| 2,4-Tetradecadienoic acid isobutyl amide | 85248609 | Click to see CCCCCCCCCC=CC=CC(=O)NCC(C)C | 279.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89656-9 |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |