Rubus occidentalis
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID64403e6c98bc1363937071 |
| Scientific name | Rubus occidentalis |
| Authority | L. |
| First published in | Sp. Pl. : 493 (1753) |
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
Fruit of Rubus occidentalis is harvested fresh, frozen, or dried and processed into jam, jelly, syrup, puree, pie filling, and wine. The same material is used in frozen desserts, fruit sauces and as a flavoring in dairy and baked goods.
Industrial and craft applications:
Anthocyanins are extracted from the fruit for use as natural purple food colorants (E163) in the food industry. The extracts have also been examined as natural dyes for textiles and craft work.
Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
Black raspberry fruit is eaten raw or cooked; it is a component of pies, tarts, muffins and sorbets. Juice, wine, cider and syrup are produced from the fruit, and the puree is used in yogurt, ice‑cream and confectionery as a flavoring.
Colorants and tanning:
The high anthocyanin content of the fruit (≈150–250 mg per 100 g fresh weight) makes the extract suitable as a natural purple food colour (E163). No documented tannin‑based tanning uses for this species have been reported.
Scientific/model‑organism use:
Rubus occidentalis serves as a model for fruit development and disease‑resistance studies in Rubus. A draft reference genome has been published, and the species is used for quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of traits such as black raspberry root rot resistance.
Properties relevant to use:
Fresh fruit typically has a pH of 3.2–3.4, titratable acidity of 0.7–1.0 % (as citric acid), soluble‑solids of 8–12 °Brix, and moisture ≈83 %. Major anthocyanins are cyanidin‑3‑glucoside, cyanidin‑3‑rutinoside and pelargonidin‑3‑glucoside. The high acidity and sugar concentration support stable jam and jelly formation.
Standards and regulation:
The fruit and its processed products are regulated as conventional food under the U.S. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Anthocyanin extracts (E163) are listed as permitted natural colourants in the United States (21 CFR 73.250) and the European Union (EU Regulation No 1333/2008), with maximum use levels specified for each food category.
Sustainability and sourcing:
Rubus occidentalis is native to eastern and central North America, allowing cultivation in its native range with low pesticide input. It is eligible for USDA NOP certification, and organic production of the crop has been expanding in recent years. The fruit provides food for wildlife, supporting pollinator and bird habitats. Sustainable harvesting practices include leaving a portion of the crop for wildlife, and certified organic acreage has increased steadily over the past decade.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Rubus idaeus var. americanus | Torr. | Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 2: 196 (1828) |
| Rubus occidentalis subsp. eu-occidentalis | Focke | ; 1874 147 1874 |
| Melanobatus occidentalis | Greene | Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 243 (1906) |
| Melanobatus michiganus | Greene | Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 244 (1906) |
| Rubus tomentosus | Bory | Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 2 (1794) |
| Rubus occidentalis var. pallidus | L.H.Bailey | Cycl. Amer. Hort. 4: 1582 (1902) |
| Rubus tomentosus | Borkh. | Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 2 (1794) |
| Rubus occidentalis var. grandiflorus | Focke | Bot. Gaz. 16: 3 (1891) |
| Rubus occidentalis var. incisus | Schltdl. | Linnaea 13: 271 (1839) |
| Rubus occidentalis subsp. euoccidentalis | Focke | Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 4: 147 (1874) |
| Rubus occidentalis var. japonicus | Miyabe | Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 4: 229 (1890) |
| Rubus fruticosus var. tomentosus | Fiori | Fl. Anal. Italia 1: 580 (1898) |
| Rubus occidentalis f. pallidus | (L.H.Bailey) Rehder | Bibliogr. Cult. Trees : 288 (1949) |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| English | black raspberry |
| Spanish | frambuesa negra |
| Arabic | عوسج الشمال |
| Czech | ostružiník ojíněný |
| Estonian | läänevaarikas |
| Persian | رزبری سیاه |
| Hungarian | fekete málna |
| Japanese | ブラックラズベリー |
| Russian | Чёрная малина |
| Chinese | 西方悬钩子 |
| Chinese | 黑覆盆莓 |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Europe click to expand
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Eastern Europe
- Central European Russia
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Middle Europe
- Czechoslovakia
- Poland
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Eastern Europe
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Northern America click to expand
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Eastern Canada
- New Brunswick
- Ontario
- Québec
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North-central U.S.A.
- Illinois
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Minnesota
- Missouri
- Nebraska
- North Dakota
- Oklahoma
- South Dakota
- Wisconsin
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Northeastern U.S.A.
- Connecticut
- Indiana
- Maine
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- New Hampshire
- New Jersey
- New York
- Ohio
- Pennsylvania
- Rhode Island
- Vermont
- West Virginia
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Northwestern U.S.A.
- Colorado
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Southeastern U.S.A.
- Alabama
- Arkansas
- Delaware
- District Of Columbia
- Georgia
- Kentucky
- Maryland
- Mississippi
- North Carolina
- South Carolina
- Tennessee
- Virginia
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Eastern Canada
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000983387 |
| UNII | QEN9684SNX |
| Flora of Alabama | 3214 |
| Cornell Woody Plants | 227 |
| Canadensys | 8940 |
| USDA Plants | RUOC |
| Tropicos | 27801319 |
| INPN | 810923 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:223350-2 |
| The Plant List | rjp-102 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 670811 |
| Observations.org | 136233 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 75079 |
| Nature Serve | 2.154082 |
| IPNI | 223350-2 |
| iNaturalist | 125489 |
| GBIF | 2991466 |
| Freebase | /m/045t8f |
| WisFlora | 4881 |
| EPPO | RUBOC |
| EOL | 244604 |
| Elurikkus | 349207 |
| USDA GRIN | 32401 |
| Wikipedia | Rubus_occidentalis |
| CMAUP | NPO8865 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Phytochemical Profile Top
Add a new one!
Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids | |||||
| Eicosanoic Acid | 10467 | Click to see | 312.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids | |||||
| (2S,3R,6S)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-3-methyl-2-(3-oxobutyl)cyclohexan-1-one | 15432583 | Click to see CC1CCC(C(=O)C1CCC(=O)C)C(C)(C)O | 240.34 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (2S,3R)-3-methyl-2-(3-oxobutyl)-6-propan-2-ylidenecyclohexan-1-one | 14137320 | Click to see CC1CCC(=C(C)C)C(=O)C1CCC(=O)C | 222.32 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| (1R,4R,4aS,8aS)-1,6-dimethyl-4-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydronaphthalene | 10899738 | Click to see | 204.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (4aR,5R,8R,8aS)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-3,8-dimethyl-4a,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-1H-naphthalen-2-one | 101672521 | Click to see CC1CCC(C2C1CC(=O)C(=C2)C)C(C)(C)O | 236.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (4aS,5R,8R,8aR)-8-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalene-2-carbaldehyde | 101672367 | Click to see | 236.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 2-[(1R,4R,4aS,8aR)-4,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-yl]propan-2-ol | 11020497 | Click to see CC1CCC(C2C1CCC(=C2)C)C(C)(C)O | 222.37 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Chamomillol | 102095305 | Click to see | 222.37 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids | |||||
| Oleanolic Acid | 10494 | Click to see | 456.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclic alcohols and derivatives | |||||
| (1R,2R,5R,7R,8S)-2,6,6,8-tetramethyltricyclo[6.2.1.01,5]undecan-7-ol | 101985389 | Click to see CC1CCC2C13CCC(C3)(C(C2(C)C)O)C | 222.37 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Sugar alcohols | |||||
| D-Arabitol | 94154 | Click to see | 152.15 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Phenylketones / Alkyl-phenylketones | |||||
| 4'-Hydroxyacetophenone | 7469 | Click to see | 136.15 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Acetovanillone | 2214 | Click to see | 166.17 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Hydroquinolines | |||||
| (5R)-2,5-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline | 13308943 | Click to see | 161.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| rel-(5R,8S)-5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-alpha,alpha,2,5-tetramethyl-8-quinolinemethanol | 442529 | Click to see | 219.32 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Coumarin glycosides | |||||
| Fabiatrin | 10994544 | Click to see | 486.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 7-hydroxycoumarins | |||||
| Scopoletin | 5280460 | Click to see | 192.17 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides | |||||
| Rutin | 5280805 | Click to see | 610.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |